Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 13

CONTEMPORARY

Globalization is the process of interaction and integration between people,


companies, and governments worldwide. Globalization has grown due to
advances in transportation and communication technology. With increased
global interactions comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and
culture.
It describes the way countries and people of the world interact and integrate.
Many things have become globalized as people come into contact.
Economic globalization is how countries are coming together as one big
global economy, making international trade easier.
Theories of globalization
Economic globalization refers to the free movement of goods, capital,
services, technology and information. It is the increasing economic
integration and interdependence of national, regional, and local economies
across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of
goods, services, technologies and capital. Whereas globalization is a broad
set of processes concerning multiple networks of economic, political, and
cultural interchange, contemporary economic globalization is propelled by
the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive
activities and marketization, and by developments in science and
technology.
Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production,
finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions,
corporations, and labour. While globalization has radically increased
incomes and economic growth in developing countries and lowered
consumer prices in developed countries, it also changes the power balance
between developing and developed countries and affects the culture of each
affected country. And the shifting location of goods production has caused
many jobs to cross borders, requiring some workers in developed countries
to change careers.
Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings,
and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social
relations.[1] This process is marked by the common consumption
of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media,
and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity
exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural
meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to
partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders.
The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed
on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared
norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and
collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among
different populations and cultures.
CONTEMPORARY

Environmental globalization refers to the internationally coordinated


practices and regulations (often in the form of international treaties)
regarding environmental protection.[1][2] An example of environmental
globalization would be the series of International Tropical Timber Agreement
treaties (1983, 1994, 2006), establishing International Tropical Timber
Organization and promoting sustainable management of tropical forests.
Environmental globalization is usually supported by non-governmental
organizations and governments of developed countries, but opposed by
governments of developing countries which see pro-environmental
initiatives as hindering their economic development.
Challenges and Opportunities of globalization
What is Global Inequality?
 The study of global economic inequality focuses primarily on the
income inequalities across states or across individuals in the world.
 Former type of inequality is defined as “international inequality,” the
latter kind is generally referred to as “global inequality.”
When was the start of Global Inequality?
• First Age of Globalization, between 1850 and 1914, when living
standards and labor productivity levels converged in the global north.
• Gilded Age between 1870 and 1914, when domestic inequality rose in
the global north as entrepreneurship, industrialization, and financial
manipulation channeled new gains mostly to the wealthiest families.
What Causes Global Inequality?
 Geography - is a key factor in understanding global inequality
 Colonialism - Colonialism has been a critical factor in understanding
global inequality today.
 Population Growth - has also been said to have an impact on global
inequality.
 Government Policies - are also believed to have a part in global
inequality. Corruption in governments, for example, can greatly affect
inequalities in a state.
 Political Unrest - can have impact development and can be a cause
of global inequality. A country may have resources, or may
have capital and infrastructure in place, but if there is domestic unrest,
this could hurt economic development (Payne, 2013), and could also
have an effect on citizen health, education, etc…
 Natural Disasters - A country that experiences a natural disaster (such
as an earthquake, tsunami, hurricane, etc…) can have a difficult time
with providing necessary materials for citizens
CONTEMPORARY

How to Fix Inequality?


• Establishment of education (Payne, 2013) -Education has been found
to be a critical component for economic development, and for the
reduction of global inequality.
• Reducing corruption in society (Payne, 2013) - high levels of corruption
often divert resources from where they are most needed, which in turn
continues to cause global inequality.
• Governments need to provide support for improving the agricultural
sectors of their economic
• Local activism - volunteering can be a way in which local inequalities
can help be stopped.

HUMAN SECURITY
Means safety for people from both violent and non-violent threats. It is the
condition or state of being characterized by freedom from pervasive
threats to people’s rights, their safety, or even their lives.
ECONOMIC SECURITY
Include insured basic income and employment, and access to such social
safety net.
FOOD SECURITY
Access to basic nutrition and food supply.
HEALTH SECURITY
Defined as the activities required to minimize the danger and impact of
acute public health events that endanger the collective health of
populations living across geographical regions and international
boundaries.
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
Examines threats posed by environmental events and trends to
individuals, communities or nations.
PERSONAL SECURITY
Aims to protect people from physical violence, whether from the state or
external states, from violent individuals and sub-state actors, from
domestic abuse, or from predatory adults.
COMMUNITY SECURITY
CONTEMPORARY

Defined as protection against the breakdown of communities, as a result


of loss of traditional relationships and values, and from sectarian and
ethnic violence
POLITICAL SECURITY
Is concerned with whether people live in a society that honors their basic
human rights.
Balkanization, or Balkanisation, is a geopolitical term for the process of
fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states
that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another.
Regionalization is the tendency to form decentralized regions.
Regionalization or land classification can be observed in various disciplines:
In agriculture, see Agricultural Land Classification. In biogeography, see
Biogeography#Biogeographic units. In ecology, see Ecological land
classification.
Secularism and sectariarism
Sectarianism is a form of bigotry, discrimination, or hatred arising from
attaching relations of inferiority and superiority to differences between
subdivisions within a group
RELIGIOUS SECTARIANISM
TO DISCRIMINATE ON THE BASIS ON RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCE
POLITICAL SECTARIANISM
TO DIFFERENTIATE ON THE BASIS OF POLITICAL DIFFERENCES
CULTURAL/ETHNIC/
LINGUISTIC SECTARIANISM
TO SEGREGATION ON BASIS OF ETHNICITY, LANGUAGE, CULTURE,
CASTE, ETC.
Effects of Sectarianism
 The peace of the nation is greatly affected
 No one will consider him self safe even at home
 Gateway for terrorism will becomes open
 Outer inelegance deportments will able to destroy peace in our country
 Hatred will develop in people of country
 Union of country will end
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions
and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institutions
and religious dignitaries
Secularism is a principal that mainly involves two basic preposition
CONTEMPORARY

• Strict separation of state from religious institutions


• Believers of different religion are equal before law
Advantages of Secularism
 Secularism protects both believers and non-believers
 Religious freedom
 Secularism is about democracy and fairness
 Equal access to public services
 Secularism is not atheism
 Secularism protects free speech and expression

ECONOMICS
The social science that deals with the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services and with the theory and
management of economies or economic systems.
MACROECONOMICS
The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national
economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among
diverse economic sectors.
MICROECONOMICS
A branch of economics that deals with small units, including
individual companies and small groups of consumers.
Globalization of Economics and Development –
Two Sites of One Process
• The main spheres of life are inseparable;
• Economics is one of these spheres of life;
• The technological development fosters the development of all other
spheres;
• Simultaneousness development of communication technologies,
culture, education and etc.;
• Trends for universality of development;
• Economic activity of the society has changed;
• The universal and national development are tightly bounded

Socio-Cultural
A set of beliefs, customs, practices and behavior that exists within a
population. International companies often include an examination of the
socio-cultural environment prior to entering their target markets.
CHANGING SOCIAL VALUES
It is not that globalization tends to damage the social values only but
it has helped in bringing some positive social changes in a society such as
CONTEMPORARY

providing employment opportunities in organized sector to down trodden


section of society and Dalits(Mishra & Nayak, 2010).
FAMILY STRUCTURE AND VALUES
Family values and structure has been affected by the globalization.
LIFE STYLE
There are quite significant differences between the Indian and western
life styles and similarly Indian urban and rural life style. But the process of
globalization is changing the whole way of life in India as whole (Pais, 2005).
ATTITUDE AND IDENTITY
Liberalization of economy has increased India's cultural and social
contacts with other societies and cultures. This is having huge impact on the
overall attitude of people of India towards their identity and self image.
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
This is having impact on the literature as well. English literature has
become very rich and has been accepted as language.
FESTIVALS
MUSIC
The whole spectra of music have been hit by the process of
globalization.
Negative Effect
 Globalization allow people to compare and contrast their cultures with
any other culture.
 People are losing their identity
 Our product become inferior to our foreign counterparts.
 Loss of individualism

Multiculturalism
 Is a co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes
racial, religious, and or cultural groups and is manifested in
customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, pattern of
thinking and communicative
Positive Effect
 It can become a platform to mobilize ideas, viewpoints, campaigns and
strategies to protect and cultivate interests and garner cultural activity.
CONTEMPORARY

 Utilizing global networking provides the opportunity to problem-solve


and strategize with other cultures that are experiencing similar
challenges in acclimatizing to technological change
 Allowed people to become familiar with the culture of other country.
Negative Effect
 Globalization allow people to compare and contrast their cultures with
any other culture.
 People are losing their identity
 Colonization
 Western ideal of individualism
 Loss of indigenous culture

Education
• Is one of the key elements of human capital formation
• Is a prerequisite for the production of highly competent experts which
in turn, contributes to the development of organization and the
economy
• The role of education in human captal formation are as follows; An
educated society facilitates better development than an iliterate one.
• Education provide new aspirations and imports a modern outlook to
children
• Education makes people concerned for themselves and others,
improve productivity and prosperity.
• It is not only contribute towards the growth of an individual but also
help in the developing of the society as a whole.
• Along with increasing the efficiency of the government, education also
increase the national income along with other richness.
• The impact of globalization has been both positive and negative in the
sector of education
• Globalization enhances the student’s ability to acquire and utilize
knowledge.
• Globalization enhances the ability of learners to access, assess, adopt,
and apply knowledge, to think independently to exercise appropriate
judgment and to collaborate with others to make sense of new
situations.
CONTEMPORARY

• Globalization produces an increased quantity of scientifically and


technically trained persons.
Human capital
 refers to the production skills embodied to workers
 play an important role in the economic process
 Globalization is a term in business that refers to the integration of an
organization's operations, processes and strategies into diverse
cultures, products, services and ideas.
Evolution
of
New Media
Pre-industrial Age
From people using cave walls in writing they change their means of
communication through developing paper from plants.
Industrial Age
› People used the power of steam, developed machine tools,
established iron production, thus the manufacturing of various products
like books through printing press flourished.
Electronic Age
The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People
harnessed the power of the transistors that led to the invention of transistor
radio, electronic machines and the early computers. In this age, long
distance communication became more efficient
New/Information Age
› The internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation
of the social network. People advanced the use of Microelectronics
with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices and wearable
technology. Images, voice and audio are digitalized. We are now living
in the information age.

NEW MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION


What makes “new media” new media?
› It's a term for the many different forms of electronic communication that
are made possible through the use of computer technology.
› The term is in relation to “old” media forms, such as print newspapers
and magazines, that are static representations of text and graphics.
CONTEMPORARY

› Use of the term new media implies that communication is happening


between computers and humans resulting in a medium for expression.
› One needs to know about artistic creation and about computer
technologies.
Conceptualizing New Media
› Manovich outlines eight possible concepts about new media in his
essay “New Media from Borges to HTML,” from the book The New
Media Reader. These theoretical considerations build upon new media
as digital and cultural expressions.
New Media versus Cyberculture
› Cyberculture is the study of various social phenomena associated with
the Internet and other new forms of network communication, such as
online communities, cellphone usage in various communities and
issues of gender and identity in Internet usage. In contrast, new media
is concerned with the new possibilities that network communication
technologies and all forms of computing present.
New media as using computer technology as a distribution platform.
› New media uses digital computer technology for distribution. This
definition must be revised every few years as computing technology
advances
New media as digital data controlled by software
› New media is digital data that can be manipulated by software. This
allows automation for media operations to produce multiple versions of
the same object.
› For instance, a picture can be altered or generated automatically by
running algorithms like sharpen, blue and colorize
New media as the mix between existing cultural conventions and the
conventions of software.
› Hollywood films keep computers out of key creative decisions, yet
computer games use automation much more thoroughly, such as with
3-D character models and storyline events. New media becomes a
combination of old data and new data; old data relies on visual reality
and human reality, and new data relies on digital data.
New media as the aesthetics that accompany the early stage of every
new modern media and communication technology
› Instead of looking at how digital computers function as media creation,
media distribution and telecommunication devices, the focus can be on
aesthetic techniques that accompany every new media and
telecommunication technology.
CONTEMPORARY

New media as faster execution of algorithms previously executed


manually or through other technologies
› Digital computing can be thought of as a way to massively speed up
manual techniques that already exist. The modern digital computer can
be thought of as a faster calculator.
New media as the encoding of modernist avant-garde; new media as
metamedia.
› Artists in this period invented a new set of visual and spatial languages
and communication techniques still used today. New media represents
the new avant-garde, which is no longer concerned with seeing or
representing the world in new ways; rather, it seeks to access and use
previously accumulated media. Thus, new media is post-media or
metamedia.
Role of New Media in the Society
› Media of today is playing an outstanding role in creating and shaping
of public opinion and strengthening of society.
› Media is the sword arm of democracy
› Media acts as watchdog to protect public interest against malpractice
and create public awareness
CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES
POVERTY LINE, THRESHOLD, POVERTY
Poverty
• is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the
financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of
living.
• Types of Poverty
• Absolute Poverty
• it refers to the state of severe deprivation of basic human needs.
• Relative Poverty
• it is defined contextually as economic inequality in location or
society in which people live.
Poverty Line
• it is also called poverty threshold or poverty level.
• A minimum income level used as an official standard for
determining the proportion of a population living in poverty.
CONTEMPORARY

• It is an imaginary line drawn by the experts which has a particular


amount. If anybody earn income which is lower than this amount
is known as poor.
Global Poverty
– used in news programs detailing hunger and disease in
third world country.
– The state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable
amount of money or material possessions.
International Poverty Line
• is a monetary threshold under which an individual is considered
to be living in poverty.
• The World Bank sets the international poverty line at periodic
intervals as the cost of living for basic food, clothing and shelter
around the world changes.
The Major Factors behind the slow reduction of poverty include:
 Minimal growth and productivity in agriculture
 high inequality of income
 natural disasters and conflict
 low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years.
 Rapid population growth among the poor
 Debts
What then can be done?
 Creating more jobs for both skilled and unskilled workers.
 boosting the quality of basic education and completion of secondary
school
 equip with skills needed for the 21st century economy
 improving natural disaster risk management and protection systems
 improving productivity, esp. in agriculture
 promoting peace and resolving conflict
CONTEMPORARY

Current Environmental Issues


Overpopulation
• occurs when the ecological footprint of a human population in a specific
geographical location exceeds the carrying capacity of the place
occupied by that group
Urban Sprawl
• the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.
Deforestation
Clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the
land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.
Loss of Biodiversity
Human activity is leading to the extinction of species and habitats and loss
of bio-diversity.
Waste Disposal
The over consumption of resources and creation of plastics are creating a
global crisis of waste disposal.
Air Pollution
-It is caused by various gases and toxins released by industries and factories
and combustion of fossil fuels
Water Pollution
-is caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban run off
Soil Pollution
it is majorly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from essential
nutrients.
Climate Change
• occurs due to rise in global warming which occurs due to increase in
temperature of atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels and release of
harmful gases by industries.
Global Warming
• Climate changes like global warming is the result of human practices
like emission of Greenhouse gases.
Natural Resource Depletion
• is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished.
CONTEMPORARY

Ocean Acidification
The ocean acidity has increased by the last 250 years but by 2100, it may
shoot up by 150%.
Ozone Layer Depletion
is simply the wearing out (reduction) of the amount of ozone in the
stratosphere.
Acid Rain
• rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes
environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main cause is
the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases
from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with
atmospheric water to form acids.
Genetic Engineering
• is the modification of an organism's genetic composition by artificial
means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one
organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species.
Public Heath Issues
The current environmental problems pose a lot of risk to health of humans,
and animals.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi