Kasaysayan 1 Historical Models

 Flow of history/events
History
 Greek, historía 1) Linear model
 Knowledge obtained inquiry or investigation  There is a definite start and end
o Aristotle observed animals (investigation), and  Providential (like the bible)
created the history of  Fatalistic (everything is destined)
o Ibn Khladun 2) Cyclical model
 Book: Al-Muqaddimah  History repeats itself
 History is the study of the past  Repetition
 Study of changes/development of the  Argument: according to the 3 elements, same
society events will never occur at the same time
 It is a social science 3) Spiral model
o Jose Rizal  Intersections are similarities, but time is not the
 When studying history, there are the same
achievements of the people (Filipino) 4) Chaotic view
 Shows the historian’s perspective  History has no pattern
 There should be content  There is no definite start or end

Definitions and Characteristics Historical Sources

1) History is a narrative about the past 1) According to form
 It is like a story/record of what happened a. Written/published sources – eg. archives
a. History is not equal to the past b. Non-written – eg. photos, fossils, artifacts
b. Relevant i. Archaeological sources
c. Has 3 elements 1. Artifacts
i. Time – helps in interpretation 2. Fossils
ii. Place ii. Audio-visual sources
iii. People – always has human iii. Oral sources
involvement; affected 1. Legends
d. Has no finality 2. Myths
o Open-ended argument 3. Epics
o New evidences might arise; you can’t 2) Sources according to importance
ignore it a. Primary sources
o New perspectives: ‘each generation  Eye witnesses
writes its own history’  Contemporaneous (present during the
event. Eg. buildings, interviews
2) History is a discipline/branch of knowledge  Government records
a. Relevant b. Secondary sources
b. It is objective  Derived
o Sources, evidences, facts  Interpretation
c. Highly subjective
o Choosing which data/narratives Historical Criticism
o Interpretation/perspective  Evaluation of sources
o Eg. Marcoses from Ilocanos perspective
d. Evolving/growing 1) External/Surface
o Established authenticity
(Evolving/Growing) a) Physical attributes (eg. if from the 16th century,
a) Pre-20th century expect that it is not type-written or on scented
 Traditional historiography (practice of writing paper)
history) b) Provenance (origin of document)
 Focus: political, economic, diplomatic c) Originality (reproduced? Tampered?)
 Methodology: positivism (august comte) – No 2) Internal/Higher Criticism
document, No history o Content analysis (context – eg. ‘malibog’ meant
 Elite-centric luxurious before)
 Thomas Carlyne – “the great men theory” o Motives of the author
o Corroboration (find other documents to support
b) 20th century or refute)
 Nouvelle histoine
o Movement that started in France Historiography
(Annales School)
 Focus: Rural History and Women’s History (1) Pre-colonial
o Social/cultural history Chinese
o History of mentalities  Trade records
 Method:  Sung, Yuan, Ming Dynasty
o Social sciences – linguistics, psychology  Chau Ju-Kua’s Accounts on the Various Barbarians
o New sources – artifacts, oral history  Wang Ta-Yuan’s Summary Notices on the Barbarians of the
methodology Isles
o Masses: “history from below”  Place Names (Ma-i)
o According to William Henry Scott, Mindoro is the
richest
o Some accounts say Malolos and Bay
o Another place name: “Li-han” – Malolos
o “Gat sa Li-han” – Malolos was the middle of PH
 o Pa-lau-yu (Palawan) Peopling Process
o Pai-pu-yen) (Babuyan Island) 1) Cultural Perspective
o Liu-sun (Luzon)  Religion
 Culture – Buddha from India  Zoroastrianism
o Indianization – George Coedés o Ahura Mazda + Angra Mainyu
o Son: Gayomartan (first human being)
(2) Colonial Period o Masha (came from petchay) + Mashyoi
a) Spanish Friars  Sikalak/sikabay
 Says Filipinos are ‘uncivilized’  Minokawa (birth that eats the moon/sun if may eclipse)
 Juan de Plascencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs  Bakunawa (serpent) – visayas
 Pedro Chirino’s Events in the PH Islands  Hinduism
o The accounts were descriptive o Ganesh (shiva + parvati)
o Babaylan hechiceras (witch) o Trimurti  Ganesh
o Sacerdotisas del demonios 2) Evolutionary Perspective
o They brought civilization  Australopithecus
b) American Statesmen o 4 to 1.5 million years ago
 Philippines, Past & Present by Dean Worcester o East Africa
o Descriptive o Afarensis, Enamensis, Africanus, Robustus, Boisei
o Anti-Imperialist League o Lucy (1974, Ethiopia, discovered by Donald Carl
o Anti-Spanish Johanson, afarensis)

(3) Post-colonial  Homo

 Prominent Filipino historians o 2.8 million years ago to present
 Traditional (50’s – 60’s; very colonial; contributions of o East Africa
Spanish and American)
o Gregorio Zaide a) Homo Habilis
o Nicolas Zafra  Handy man
o Horacio dela Costa  Stone tools
 Nationalist (70’s; highlight Filipino Revolution)  500-800 cc. brain cavity
o Teodoro Agoncillo’s Lost History  1.3 metes height
 Says PH history starts 1872  Foraging
o Renato Constantino b) Homo erectus
 Upright man
Geography in the Study of History  Bipedal
1) Place as an element of history  1.7 meters
 First mass was held is Mazaua according to Antonio Piga  750-1,3500 cc. brain cavity
Fetta between Limasawa and Butuan  Uses fire
2) Geographic determinism  Foraging
 Environmental/climatic determinism c) Homo sapiens
 Culture is heavily influenced by geography  Agriculture: plants and animals
 Eg. Ivatan at Batanes wears headdress called Vakul and  250,000 years ago
have stone houses because of typhoons  1350 – 1500 cc. brain cavity
 Eg. 18th century philosopher Charles-Louis Montesquieu
 Eg. 19th century Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Neolithic Revolution
o 5-race scheme (based on skin color)  10,000 B.C.
 White (Caucasian  Fertile Crescent
 Black (Ethiopians)  Agriculture
 Yellow (Mongoloid) a. Permanent settlements
 Red (Indians) b. Surplus – due to pottery and trading
 Brown (Malayans) c. Social relationships – population growth
o Degenerative Hypothesis d. Life expectancy
 The farther you are from the origin, the e. Social stratification
more inferior you are – the blacks are f. Labor specialization
most inferior g. Political/religious leaders
 Eg. Greg Bankoff
o La Indolencia de los Filipinos Peopling Process in the Philippines
o Trade winds
(1) Waves of Migration Theory
Philippines  Henry Otley Beyer, 1947
 Insular southeast Asia  Artifacts in Novaliches, 1921
 Archipelagic a) Each set of artifact belong to a specific group of people
o 7,100 islands b) These groups of people are (1) prehispanic and (2)
o Multi-ethnic foreign
o Took look to establish the Philippines  PH c) These groups resulted to variation in current Philippine
revolution population
o American colonialism – Navy – Coastline (Military  300,000 – 250,000 years ago: homo erectus
Playground)  30,000 – 25,000: Negritos; land bridges
 Land formations  6,000 – 5,000: Indones A and B (boats)
o Volcanoes (Pacific Ring of Fire)  2,000 ya: Malays, metal implements
 200 volcanoes
 20 active (2) Core Population Theory
o Mountainous (Sierra Madre, Cordilleras, Pataron)  1960s
o Rivers (Rio Grande de Cagayan)  Felipe Landa Jocano
  “Core Populations” Social Stratification
o Formative Phase 1) Uring Namumuno
 50,000 – 2,500 BC  Luzon: “Maginoo”
 Stone tools (crude)  Visayas: “Kadatoan”
 Agriculture  Has political/economic power
o Incipient Phase  Gat, ginoo, dayang (girl)
 3,000 – 2,500 BS  Datu (political/economic)
 Stone tools (polished) o Rajah (coastal)
 Metal implements o Lakan (Tagalog)
o Emergent Phase o Pinion (founder)
 2,000 BC – 100AD o Pangulo (if its an alliance, pangulo is the
 Trading with South East Asia more powerful one)
(3) Austronesian Migration Theory  How do they make alliances?
 Language Family (1,200 – 380 million) o Kasi-kasi (blood compact)
o South East Asia, Taiwan, Pacific Islands, o Intermarriages
Madagascar, (rapa nui)  DATU
 Proto-Austronesians* o Can be acquired if:
o Language  Inherited
o Rice-eaters, cocout, taro, banana  Has wealth
o Terraces (Apayao)  Has followers
o Pottery  Physically fit
o Boat-builders  Has military skills
a) Out-of-Taiwan/Mainland Origin Hypothesis  Has administrative skills
 Peter Bellwood o His role encompasses:
 Protecting his territory and his
Southern
China
constituents
 Creation/revision of laws
 Judge (hukon)
Indian Pacific
Ocean Philippines  Legitimizes agreements/contracts
Ocean
 Peace and order
o In return, he gets TAXES (buhis/ handug)
Insular
South  The Datu also has helpers
East Asia o Bagani (soldiers)
b) Island Origin Hypothesis o Atubong sa Datu (assistant)
 Nusantao Maritime Trade/Trading & o Paragahin (treasurer)
Communication Network o Bilanggo (sheriff/jail ward)
 Nusantao – “Island People” o Umalohokan/Paratawag (announces)
 Wilhelm Solhein II  The two rulers of Mactan:
Philippines/ o Datu Zula
Indonesia o Lapu Lapu
(trading)

Indian Pacific
2) Uring Malaya
Ocean Luzon
Ocean  Luzon: “Maharlika”
 Visayas: “Timawa”
 Debtless, pays taxes, and can freely relocate when
Taiwan
they don’t like the datu
Prehispanic Philippine Societies  The Uring Malaya consists of:
a) Bagani – soldiers
1) Ilaya – Ilawud b) Panday
 Ilaya: mountains/interiors i. Panday-bakal (weapons)
 Ilawud: coastal villages ii. Panday-guinto (accessories)
 Eg: Illocos/Cordillera – Butuan City iii. Panday-anluwage (carpentry)
 Because of the river systems, they had trading c) Babaylan
relations  Medicine, healing, spirituality
 “Ibayo” before meant like another country or place  Always a girl
you have to travel to  “baylan/baglan”
 These are called “hydraulic civilizations” according  Also called Katalonan
to Karl August Witfogel  Bayug/Bayugin are boys, but they are
perceived as girls
2) Barangay (balangay/balanghai)  Ritual: “Pag-aanito”
 Smallest socio-political unit o Anito/diwata (devatta)
 Luzon/Visayas o Benevolent gods you can
 Later, the name was changed to “barrio” but request to
Ferninand Marcos revived calling it “barangay” in o Guibang-guibang – fates
the 1970’s  Bacalag-boats (ginugulong to make
 Composed of 30 to 100 families stronger)
 Each barangay is independent in terms of:  Ritual: Pag-aanito (offerings)
o Governance o Pagbabalilig – baboy
o Rules (Battasan) o Pagtalibog – manok
o Territory/resources o Pagkayag – rice
 Socially stratified (based on wealth – but is mobile, o Paghuaqq – tao
aka you can move up or down)
3) Uring Katuwang  Lumay: love potions
 Luzon: Alipin  Buringot: opposite of lumay
 Visayas: Oripun c) Mambabarang – uses insects
 Being an uring Katuwang can be acquired if: d) Matatanggal
o With debts (that can’t be paid)  Can split his body into half
o Inherited  Has no wings but can fly
o Punishment (murder, theft, for assaulting  Hold his head when he flies
women)
o Slave-raiding Physical Appearance and Customs
 Socially mobile (based on the accounts of the Spanish)
o Eg. when you finish your term 1) Tatoo
o Pagtitimawa (giving freedom) 2) Gold
o Intermarriages)  Pagpupusad is the act of putting gold in their
 Types of Uring Katuwang: teeth
o Alipin: 3) Tugbuk/Sakra
 Saguiguilid (no property)  Piercing as the genitals of men
 Namamahay (with property)  For the pleasure of women
o Oripun:  Alipins are professional de-virginizers
 Ayuey: serves 3 out of 4 days 4) Nganga
 Tomaranpac: 1 out of 4 days  Nginunguyan na leaf + bunga of a plant
 Tumatabang: “on call”  Pangpatibay ng jaws and teeth
 Act of affection when guys give it to girl after
Other Concepts: they chew it
Binukot 5) Alak
 Epic chanting  Tuba (coconut)
 History of their group  Tapuy (rice wine)
 Basi (sugar cane)
Anito/Diwata
 Deities/benevolent; wrathful Pre-Hispanic Philippine Societies
 Anthropomorphic (humanlike attributes) 1) Illaya – Ilawud
 Closely related to nature 2) Barangay
o Deities for sun, wind, etc.  Seen by the Spanish at Luzon and Visayas
 Our ancestors that died (eg. Manunggul Jar)  In Mindanao, it’s counterpart is the “Kampong”
3) Sultanato (Mindanao)
Luzon Visayas  Based on religion (Islam)
Heavens Bathala/Gugurang/ Makaptan  SULTAN: government
Kabunian o He is chosen
o Must be a descendant of Muhammad
Seas Magwayen Aman Sinaya
 SHARIA: Islamic laws
Agriculture Lakapati Lalahon o The laws of the country are the same as the
Food Lakambini Makabosog laws of the religion
Darkness Saragnayan – followed by  The Sultanato is a state religion
“Aswangs” o The population are all Muslims

Wife: Magmalintong Yawa Islam

Sinagmaling Diwata  There are 1.8 billion adherents (it is the 2nd largest religion)
o Sunni – Abu Bakr is the 1st caliph
Eyes Dalikmata
o Shia – Ali is the 1st caliph (Muhammad’s cousin)
Fences Lakambakod  Birthplace: MECCA
Sun Hanan  UMMAH: the people
Moon Mayari  MOSQUE: the church
 “S-L-M” most of their words have roots in these letters
Stars Tala o Refers to people
o Common translation: submission to one god
Aswang  Monotheistic to ALLAH
 Inherently malevolent  It is an ABRAHAMIC religion
 Feeds on:  It is a young religion: started 610 AD,
o Human liver  Muhammad was the last prophet
o Filth o He was visited by the angel JIBRIL
o Corpses  QUR’AN
 Types: o Verbatim of Allah’s words
o Tiktik – mahaba dila, can fly o Written in Arahic
o Patianac – mom that died during childbirth  622 AD is “year 0” in their calendar, HIJRI
o Tigbalang – tall, hairy person with small feet and  From Hijra, they migrated to Medina (Yahtrib)
eats only males  JIHAD – holy war
o Literal translation: struggle
Mangkukulam o Killing of non-believers
a) Hukluban o Struggle to practice religion
 Matanda a) External Jihad
 Most powerful b) Internal Jihad – against yourself/ changing
 Can kill through eyes self to be better/ to become closer to Allah
b) Mangisalat
 Uses potions
5 Pilars of Islam (al-Arkan al-Islam)  1380
1) SHAHDA o Karim ul-Makdum
 “two testimonials” o Actual conversion occurred
 When you convert to Islam and before you pray  1405
 There is no god but Allah o Sharif ul-Hashim (descendant of Muhammad)
 Muhammad is the messenger  Later changed his name to “Sayyid Abu
Bkr”
2) SALAT/SALAH  Married Paramisuli (bayang Dayang)
a) Five (5) times a day o He established the 1st sultanate in Sulu
 Fajr (before sunrise) o (1) SULU (Sultanate)
 Zuhr (noon 11-1)  Palawan, Tawi-tawi, Sabah
 Asr (afternoon 3-4)  Very powerful – they practiced
 Maghrib (dusk 5-7pm) pangangayaw, or slave-raiding – to the
 Isha (night 7pm) Christians and went as far as Apari
 Moses told Muhammad to bargain from 50x a (Cagayan)
day to 5x a day  1500
b) Faced to Mecca o Sultanate of (2) Maguindanao was established
 Where al-Masjid al-Haram is found (biggest  Sultan Kudarat (1600s)
mosque) o By Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan
 Kaaba is the 1st mosque, believed to be  Sultanate of (3) Lanao was the 3rd in the country
established by Abraham and Ishmael o Confederacy of Lanao
o Inside the Kaaba is the blackstone o Composed of 13 sultans
o It was said to be thrown by Allah to o Some don’t consider Lanao as a sultanate
signify where the 1st mosque should because there was no proof they have tarsila
be built  Tarsila – proof that you’re a descendant
o The blackstone became black of Muhammad
because it can absorb sins o “Kampong” – equivalent of barangay
c) Ablution  There are no Sultanato in Luzon/Visayas
 Wudu: partial cleaning  Before the Spanish came, we were in the process of
 Ghusl: full cleaning (eg. period of women, Islamization
after sex) o Islamization (1280)  Hispanization (1521/1565)
 Uses water  There was a smooth introduction of Islam because:
 Tayamum: uses sand a) 100 years of Introduction
b) Ideals of Islam:
d) Sutrah o Peace
 “warning” o Notion of ‘Ummah’ – equality
 Objects put in front of them, signifying not to c) Women from nobility (intermarriages)
pass in front of them when they are praying o Eg. Sayyid Abu Bakr married Paramisuli

3) SAUM Age of Discovery and Exploration

 Fasting/Puasa  Took place between the 15th and 18th century
 Ramadan: 9th month of the Islamic calendar Hijri  Distinct because of maritime travel (seas)
 During the day, they aren’t allowed to put anything  Increase in geographical knowledge (eg. how to get
inside their mouth around)
 They are not allowed to indulge in anything  National endeavor;
pleasurable for 1 month so that they can become o No longer exclusive to merchants
closer to Allah o Government funded
 Eid al-Fitr is the last day, and is a celebration  Colonialism was rampant especially with the Europeans
 Children 7 years old or younger are exempted, also
the aged and pregnant women Factors Leading to the Age of Discovery and Exploration
1) Mercantilism/ Bullionism
4) ZAKAT  Gold and silver as a basis of wealth
 Alms giving/charity  Since the amount of gold is constant, you have to
 Give portions of income (2.5%) to the less fortunate get from other countries/places through means of:
(other Muslims) o Trading – export
o New territories
5) HAJJ  Getting gold from other countries
 Pilgrimage  Believed most of the gold goes to
 Once in your life, go to Mecca China when they thought that
 Dhu al-Hijjah (12th month/last month) gold is depleting in Europe
 “Stoning of the devil” – denouncing of evil 2) Search for Spices
 “Hajji” is affixed to a male’s name once he has done  Used to preserve food (salt, black pepper, nutmeg,
Hajj, while for females “Hajjah” is affixed ginger)
o Others change their entire name  They had to search outside of Europe because they
 Umrah is when you go to Mecca NOT on the 12th do not cultivate the spices
month  They believed it comes from Afria/Asia
 Spice Islands: Moluccas
Islam in the Philippines  Italy had monopoly over the spices
 1280 o Because trade passes through the silk road
o Tuan Mashaika brought Islam to the Philippines o The British, Spanish, Portuguese had to pay
 He was a trader high prices just to buy spices from Italy
 Only introduced it, but no conversion
was involved
3) Silk road  1510
 Traditional route between Asia and Europe o Established Goa, India as a Portuguese enclave
o Passes through Constantinople, Aleppo, in an expedition led by Alfonso de Albuquerque
Damascus, Samarqand, Baghdad, Persia,  1511
India, China o Reached Malacca led by Albuquerque
 1453: Fall of Constantinople (Roman Empire,
Byzantine) Spain
o They were defeated by the Ottoman  Ended the Reconquista later than the Portuguese
empire (Anatolia: Turkey)  1492
o The order of the Ottoman was to close the o Reached the New World (Americas) in an
Silk Road, and increase the tariff if they expedition led by Christopher Columbus, who
want to pass initially thought it was India. This caused chaos
o Because of this, the Europeans used with Portugal
maritime travel to search for the spices/ get  1493
to Asia o Pope Alexander VI released the papal bull (Inter
4) Roman Catholicism Caetera, which means “among other things”)
 Spain and Portuguese o 100 leagues West of Azores was the proposed
5) Travel/Accounts border, but the Portuguese did not agree (even
 Marco Polo (1279 – 1291) to China during the Yuan though it was in their favor) because Pope
Dynasty Alexander VI was Spanish
o He met Kublai Khan  1494
o Described China as full of gold o Treaty of Tordesillas
 People got scared because they believed the world o New border was 370 leagues, West of Cape
was flat, and you’ll fall at one point cruising the Verde
Atlantic Ocean o Because of this, Spain can no longer claim
6) Renaissance Period Moluccas because it’s in Portugal’s side
 Literally means “rebirth/revival”  1517
 Revival of classical culture of the Greco-Romans o Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator
 Secularizing the handling of knowledge (separate working for the Spanish crown
from religion)  He was with the exploration to Goa and
 Inventions  became instrumental for navigation Malacca of the Portuguese, so he is
(eg. compass) already familiar with their routes
 1450: movable printing press o The Spanish Kingdom gave him funds (Carlos I)
o Johannes Gutenberg  Consisted of 250 crew/fleet – Armada
o Cartography de Molucca
o Making maps  Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago,
7) Emergence of Banking Families Victoria, Concepcion
 Eg. Medici Family, Fugger family (German) o His expedition under the Spanish crown left Seville
 Emerged when there was a need to keep gold in a on August 10, 1519
safe place o Magellan believed that you can reach Asia by
 They invest gold to earn more going West, this idea does not break the Treaty of
o They invested in expeditions Tordesillas
o Fugger invested in Magellan’s expedition,  1520, April 1
came out richer despite having only 1 out o There was an uprising led by Juan de Cartagena
of 5 ships come back because of the because he did not like Magellan’s leadership
amount of spices they were able to return o He was punished by means of marooning (left in
a island with only water and gun) because he
Spain/Portugal did not follow the King’s order
 Iberian Peninsula  1520, November 1
 Faces the Atlantic Ocean, thus, had the opportunity to o Estrecho de Todos los Santos (Straight of
explore the seas/improve naval forces Magellan)
 711 – 1492 o The ship Santiago got lost and San Antonio went
o They underwent Reconquista back to Spain
 By the Moors (Muslim)  1520, November 1521
 “Moorish Spain” o Mar Pacifico
 1492: Fall of Granada (last strong Muslim o Passage across the Pacific Ocean, where they
hold in Europe went months without seeing land; the crew got
Portugal hungry, and there were accounts of the crew
 Their Reconquista ended 1294 (already independent) eating leather
 1430  1521, March 6
o Started explorations o The expedition reached Guam (the Marianas)
o Prince Henry the Navigator established a o It was labeled “Las Islas Landrones,” which
maritime school (Sagres Point) means thief
 1488 o Chamoros (the people) welcomed them, but
o Reached the Cape of Good Hope (southern went to the boat to get items. The crew let this
most tip of Africa) in an expedition led by happen because they wanted to get food and
Bartolomeu Diaz to get to Asia resources from the Island
 1498  1521, March 17
o They reached Calicut, India in an expedition led o The expedition reached Samar/Leyte (Suluan)
by Vasco de Gama (Suluhan/Homonhon)
 1500 o The Spanish named it “Las Islas de San Lazaro”
o Reached Brazil, Rio de Janero in an expedition
led by Pedro Alvares Cabral
 1521, March 31
o Easter Sunday
o The First mass in the Philippines was led by Fr.
Pedro Valderrama at Limasawa (Mazaua)
o This is where they met Rajah Kolambu
 1521, April 7
o B
o The ships transferred to Cebu, where they met
Rajah Humabon, whose wife was Hara
Humamay
o Magellan promised Rajah Humabon that he’ll be
the most powerful Rajah
 That he will be able to collect taxes
from other barangays
 He was able to collect from Mactan
under Datu Zula
 But Lapu-Lapu refused to pay taxes to
Rajah Humabon
 1521, April 27
o First recorded battle (Battle of Mactan)
o According to Antonio Pigafetta, 60 Spanish
fought vs 1,500 natives: left 11 on board while 49
fought
o Sebastian Elcano took over Magellan after he
died during the battle
 1521, May 2
o There were 3 ships left: Trinidd, Victoria, and
Concepcion
o They left Cebu and burned Concepcion
o Trinidad and Victoria went to Moluccas
 Trinidad followed the Pacific Ocean
Route
 Victoria followed the Portugese route:
“Carreira de India”
 1522, September 22
o Arrival of Victoria at Seville with 18 people
o What the expedition achieved:
 Proved that the world is spherical
 Spain renewed claims to Moluccas
 Philippines became part of their
agenda: colonization
 1525
o Garcia Jofre de Loaisa led an expedition which
got caught by the Portuguese (with Andres de
Urdaneta) which was not able to return
o Since the expedition of Urdaneta was not yet
able to return, Spain launched another
expedition led by Alvaro de Saavedra Céron,
which also got caught
 1526
o Spain launched another expedition headed by
Sebastian Cabot
 1529
o Treaty of Zaragoza moved the border to 297.5
leagues, East of Moluccas
o Spain noticed that Portugal is not utilizing the
Philippines (because there was no gold in the
Philippines)
 1542
o Spain launched an expedition led by Ruy Lopez
de Villalobos
o They named the archipelago “Las Islas
Phelipinas”
 1564
o Launched the Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
expedition, he was the 1st governor general
o He asked help from Andres de Urdaneta, who at
that time was already an Agustinian Friar
o They reached the Philippines on February 13,
1565 (Samar/Leyte)
o Before they were able to reached land, the
natives were already attacking them (this
happened because the Portuguese apparently
burned villages before the Spanish arrived,
hence, and the natives cannot tell them apart)
o They transferred to Bohol, where Rajah Sikatuna
talked to them
o Transferred to Cebu because some natives were
already converted to Christianity at the time
 Rajah Tupas
 Their welcoming was also hostile, but
the Spanish fought with Cebu, and
burned the houses of Cebuanos
 Because of this, the natives went and
fled to the mountains
 1565, February 27
o Established Villa San Miguel (Cebu)
o 40 years after the 1st expedition, they were able
to find a statue of the Sto. Nino
o Because of this, they renamed Cebu to Ciudad
del Sanissimo Nombre de Jesus
o They kidnapped a native girl who was a relative
of Rajah Tupas, dressed her well in order to make
Rajah Tupas believe that they are good/mean
no harm
 1571
o Expedition led by Martin de Goiti
o Went to Manila (“Insigne y Siempre Leal de
Ciudad de Manila”) because:
 It is far from the Muslims (Sulanates)
 Pasig River provides easy access to the
interiors of the city
 It is near China, so they are able to get
gold
o Manila only referred to Intramuros;
o The suburbs (other parts of “Manila”) were called
Arrabales
o The Spanish Introduced:
 Calle (roads)
 Palacio de Governador (where they
governor stayed)
 Ayuntamiento (city hall)
 Churches – eg. San Agustin
 Panderia – Fernandez dela Puebla (pan
de sal)
 Botica – pharmacy (19th century),
established by Jacobo Zobel – Trinidad
Ayala
 Schools
 Colegio de Maximo de San
Ignasius (Jesuit - boys)
 Santa Ponteciana (Franciscan
– girls)
 UST (Dominican – 1611)
 Collegio de San Juan de
Letran (Dominican – 1620)
o Arrabales (suburbs)
 Tondo – “Pescadores” – fishers
 Sampaloc – “Lavanderos” – many
esteros
 Paco – “Dilao” – Foreign population:
Japanese/Chinese
 Binondo – Christianized Chinese
 Parian – Chinos Infieles (Chinese non-
believers
 Divisoria was the road that
divided Binondo and Parian
o Manila was made the capital because:
 It is a protected harbor
 They made naval bases at Sangley
point in Cavite and on Corregidor
 No naval bases were established in
Bataan due to resistance
 1573
o Philip II released a decree on how to establish
new settlements
Requirements in order to establish new settlements c) Viceroy de Mexico
 Must be near a port  Nueva España (Mexico)
 Near a forested area (wood used to building structures)  For some time, the Philippines was under
Mexico’s judiciary (1565-1821)
1) Reduccíon System  All affairs of the Philippines passed through
 Reduccir – to limit/to reduce Mexico
 Resettlement policy to reducciones
 1582 – Fr. Juan de Plasencia endorsed the idea to d) Governador Y Capitan General (PH)
the Philippines (to the Synod of Manila)  Highest position within the PH
 Philippine priests rejected violence and was anti-  Appointed by the king
slavery  The only requirement was being a peninsulares
 Purpose:  His position is:
a) Conversion o Administrative
b) Efficient system for taxation (people are o Military
condensed in one area) o Economic
 Padron: list of tax payers, also used  Boletas are tickets that are
as a record of the people inside needed to join the Galleon
the reducciones Trade
c) Used for surveillance  These are handle by the
 Later, people intentionally went down from the governor general
mountains and moved to reducciones because og  He maintains/manages
the Plaza Complex which had schools, commercial monopoly stores called
establishments, a marketplace, hospital, and Estancos
government offices o Judicial
 Church  Supreme Court (Real
o Had a bell tower which was very important Audiencia)
o Alerts people if there are Muslims (slave-  He is the “Oidor” or the judge
raiding o Ecclesiastic
o That’s why it needs to be near a port (so  Called “visceral patron”
they can see incoming Muslims because he has the power to
 “Bajo el son de la campana” recommend friars
o When you’re inside the reducciones  Salary: 40,000 Mexican Pesos
o ‘taga-loob’  Function: Cumplase – can reject the
o Means that you are under the sound of the implementation of laws
bell  They tend to be corrupt, thus, the king
 When you are outside the reducciones: implemented:
o ‘taga-labas’ i. Residencia – he arrives 6 months after
o Vagamundos the end of the term of the governor
o Tulisanes general to inspect; but gov. generals
o Remontados hide/return items to Spain before they
o Indocumentados arrive
2) Social Pyramid ii. Visita – can arrive anytime
a) Peninsulares – Spanish born in Spain e) Alcalde Mayor
b) Insulares – Spanish born in colonies  Governs alcaldia
c) Principalia/Principales – native aristocrats  These are pacified provinces (no resistant)
 Gobernadorcillo  Civil governor
 Cabeza de Barangay f) Corregidor
 Called “Don’ and ‘Doña’  Governs Corregimientos
d) Indio – natives  Unpacified provinces
e) Chinos Infieles – Chinese non-believers  Needs military intervention
f) Mestizos: 19th century, half Filipino half Spanish  Military governors

3) Political System Alcalde Mayor and Corregidor have similar roles:

 Centralized government  Role:
o Taxation
a) King of Spain o Peace and order
 El Rey o Serve as a judge at the tribunal
 In charge of the Spanish empire  Compensation: 2,000 pesos
 Concerned with appointing people to positions  To avoid corruption, they were given a privilege
o Political/Religious o Indulto de Comercio, which allows
 Eg. “Real Patron” is one who helped establish them to join the Galleon Trade
churches  Appointed by the king
 Patronato Real (Royal patronage)  Must be a peninsulares and a lawyer

b) Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias g) Gobernadorcillo

 In charge of the colonies  Handles towns: Pueblos
 Council of the Indies h) Alcalde Ordinario
 Established 1524  Handles cities: Ciudad
 Changed name to “Ministerio de Ultramar”  Elected by Spanish residents
o Minister of the colonies, 1863 i) Cabeza de Barangay
 Role: formulation of laws  Handled villages: barrio
o The laws were called: Recopilacion de
Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias
 The role of the 3: o Francisco Liwag and Juan de
 Must be a principalia: Macapagal
o Has to be wealthy, because if the  The actual collectors are soldiers who uses force
people they govern cannot pay their  Encomenderos can be passed onto 2
taxes, they have to shoulder it generations, however, this is not often followed,
o Used to me Uring Namumuno and reaches up to 4 generations
 Compensation: 2.5 pesos to 20 pesos  1721: if you exhaust 2 generations, it will be
 They are exempted from paying taxes turned into a REALENGA
 Requirements:  The money collected from Particulares is used for
o Wealthy the maintenance of the colony
o At least 25 years old
o Fluent in Spanish 3) Ecclesiastical Encomienda
o Never been imprisoned  The encomendero are religious orders and their
 Emilio Aguinaldo was a gobernadorcillo institutions
 To be a gobernadorcillo, you need to be a  This is an offshoot of the Encomienda de
Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years Particulares
o When they no longer have successors,
Taxation they give it to the church
 Payment of tributo  PINEDA (Modern-day Pasay) was an
 Goals of taxation: Ecclesiastical Encomienda
1) Replenish the royal treasury  The tax collected is used to help the church
2) Maintenance of the colonies
3) Sustain military campaigns (since the Philippine is Bandala System
not fully pacified)  Enforced sale of goods from natives to the government
4) Help the church  The government buys the goods from natives
 This is handled by the encomendero
Encomienda System o He dictates the products (usually products that
 Implemented in the Philippines 1570s by Miguel Lopez de the place doesn’t cultivate, so they are forced to
Legazpi buy them outside)
 Permit to collect taxes from certain areas o And the price (pays low)
 It is not a land grant, it is only the right to collect taxes from  Viewed as a form of taxation
them
 ENCOMENDERO:
o Role: Tax collector, defense against outsiders,
helps the church
o Annually, the encomendero must collect 8
reales/1 Mexican Peso per family
 1589: 10 reales
 19th century: 15 reales
o Additional ½ real is collected for military
expenses
 Luzon: Vinta (navy)
 Visayas: Falua
 Mindanao: Donativo de Zamboanga
 ENCOMIENDA
o Place (land), which does not follow political
geography such as the pueblos and provineces
o Usually based on population
 ¼ of the tax goes to the encomendero

Types of Encomienda
1) Encomienda dela Corona
 Crown; Realenga
 In theory, the encomendero is the King of Spain;
however, the actual collector is the
gobernadorcillo or the cabeza de barangay
 All the money goes to the Royal Treasury and the
¼ rule does not apply
 Requirements for an area to be Encomienda de
Corona:
o Place must be agricultural
o Has a port (easy transportation of
goods)
o Had a big population

2) Encomienda de Particulares
 Private
 In theory, the encomendero is chosen by the
king, usually a former government official and a
peninsulares or insulares (Spanish)
 However, in history, there have been 2 Filipino
encomendero for Particulares: