02 The Completion String & Accessories

Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors
Module – 12
Well Completions
Schlumberger Private
Section – 2
The Completion String
& Accessories
Quartz School. Module 12: Well Completions / Section 2: The Completion String & Accessories 1/67
Completion String & Accessories
– Tubing –
Production / Injection Tubing
Contents:
y Purpose of Production / Injection Tubing

y Tubing Selection Guidelines
y Grade
y Operational Parameters
y Size
y Material
y Connections
Tubing Purpose
y Protect casing from well fluids
y Enable
y Production Optimization
y Well access for routine maintenance (wireline, coiled tubing)
y Stimulation treatments
y Well killing operations
y Abandonment
Tubing Selection Guidelines
Selection requires the following
y material grade (=quality)

y operational parameters
y dimensions
y thread and connection type
Which Tubing Grade?
API Specification for Casing and Tubing (API SPEC 5CT)
Selection of tubing grade is based on:
y Physical strength
y Chemical Properties (resistance to H2S, CO2, water etc.)
y Availability and standardisation
y Cost
API identification of tubing GRADE
y character + two digit figure
y character is an indication of the type of steel - (C, J, K, L, etc)
y two digit figure X 1000 PSI = yield strength
API L80 = Carbon Steel. Suitable for H2S service
Relatively inexpensive
API P105 = high strength steel. Suitable for deep wells, high load.
Expensive
Tubing Material
Directed by Downhole Environment
y Sour Corrosion
y Requires resistance to H2S
y low hardness, stress relieved - J55, C75, C95.
y Sweet Corrosion
y Requires resistance to CO2
y provisions for inhibition or appropriate material selection
L80, 13Cr
Tubing Material (2)
Determined by Operational parameters
y mechanical and hydraulic loading
y Cold fluid injection > contraction
y Load cycles causes fatigue so avoid high grade materials
y abrasion and erosion properties of fluids.
y external erosion (blast joint)
y internal erosion (flow couplings above and below turbulence
inducing components)
y internal/external fluid pressures

y strength
y connections leak tight
Dimensions
Consider:
y Inside and outside diameter
(ID/OD)
y Upsets and profiles in tubing
at connection
y Connection type and size
Forces & Stresses -1
y Tension:
y Loading due to own weight and retrieving packers.
y Compression:
y Loading when setting packers.
y Collapse:
y when pressures in annulus is high and tubing pressure is low
y collapse resistance is influenced by tensional load
y Burst:
y when pressures in tubing is high and annulus pressure is low
Design Factors - 1
For the criteria:
y Combination of forces and stresses
y allowable design stress < 80% yield strength
y Wellbore environment (corrosion/erosion)
Selection balance between:
y grade and weight (=lbs/ft > wall thickness)
y type of connection - strength - leak potential
Design Factors - 2
y For the criteria:
y Production rate
y Logging and slick line
y Casing / liner scheme
y Selection balance between:
y ID pipe body
y Type of connection ID & OD
Tubing - detailed specification
y Size and dimensions according API
y OD (up to 4 1/2” - Tubing, over 4 1/2” - Casing)
y Weight (lbs/ft)
y Material grade
y Minimum yield strength
y (J-55 = 55000 psi, N-80 = 80000 psi)
y Tubing connection
y Non-Upset or Upset
y Premium joint
y Coupling OD
y Construction
y Non welded pipe
Mannesmann oil field tubulars
I J K L M N O P Q R S T
J-55 2.375-4.500 55 75 S
N-80 2.375-7.000 80 100 S
L-80 2.375-7.000 80 95 S x
L-80 13 Cr 2.375-7.000 80 95 23 S x
MW Cr 13-80 2.375-7.000 80 95 23 S x
C-90 2.375-7.000 90 100 25 S x
MW-90 SS 2.375-7.000 90 100 24 S x
MW-90 SS HC 4.500-7.000 90 100 24 S x
P-110 2.375-7.000 110 125 S x
MW-110 LT 2.375-7.000 110 125 S x x
Vallourec Industries
95 VT 2.375-4.500 95 105 S x
L80 VK 2.375-4.500 80 95 S x
110 Hastelloy® G3 2.375-4.500 110 115 35 S x x x x x
Key
I - Grade L - Tensile strength, minimum, 000 psi
J - Tubing OD range, min. to max, in M - Hardness, HRC
K - Yield strength, minimum, 000 psi N - Seamless (S) or welded (W)
Applications index
O - Deep Wells Q - High collapse S - CO2 service
P - Low temperature R - Sour gas T - CO2, H2S, CI corrosive service
Tubing Performance Properties
Tubing Size Threaded and Coupled Integral Joint Joint Yield Strength*
Weight with Couplings Collapse Internal Threaded and Coupled
Nominal Outside Inside Drift Drift Box Resisitance Joint
Size Diameter Grade Non Integral Diameter Diameter Non Upset Upset Diameter Outside (Pressure)* (Burst) Non Integral
Upset Upset
Upset Joint Upset Regular Special Diameter Pressure* Upset Joint
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) lb/ft) (lb/ft) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (psi) (psi) (lb) (lb) (lb)
F-25X 6.40 6.50 – 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 – – – 3,870 3,300 32,990 45,300 –
H-40 6.40 6.50 – 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 – – 5,580 5,280 52,780 72,480 –
J-55 6.40 6.50 6.50 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 2.347 3.220 7,680 7,260 72,580 99,660 100,000
J-55 X – – 7.90 2.323 – – – – 2.229 3.437 9,550 9,250 – – 124,000
J-55 X – – 8.70 2.259 – – – – 2.165 3.500 10,530 10,320 – – 137,000
J-55 X – – 9.50 2.195 – – – – 2.101 3.625 11,470 11,390 – – 149,000
J-55 X – – 10.70 2.091 – – – – 1.997 3.687 12,960 13,120 – – 168,000
J-55 X – – 11.00 2.065 – – – – 1.971 3.750 13,310 13,570 – – 173,000
C-75 6.40 6.50 6.50 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 2.347 3.220 10,470 9,910 98,970 135,900 136,000
C-75X – – 7.90 2.323 – – – – 2.229 3.437 13,020 12,600 – – 169,000
C-75 8.60 8.70 8.70 2.259 2.165 3.500 3.668 3.460 2.165 3.500 14,350 14,060 149,360 186,290 186,000
C-75 X – – 9.50 2.195 – – – – 2.101 3.625 15,640 15,520 – – 203,000
27/ 8 2.875
C-75X – – 10.70 2.091 – – – – 1.997 3.687 17,670 17,890 – – 229,000
C-75X – – 11.00 2.065 – – – – 1.971 3.750 18,150 18,490 – – 236,000
N-80 6.40 6.50 6.50 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 2.347 3.220 11,160 10,570 105,570 144,960 145,000
N-80 X – – 7.90 2.323 – – – – 2.229 3.437 13,890 13,450 – – 180,000
N-80 8.60 8.70 8.70 2.259 2.165 3.500 3.668 3.460 2.165 3.500 15,300 15,000 159,310 198,710 198,000
N-80 X – – 9.50 2.195 – – – – 2.101 3.625 16,690 16,560 – – 217,000
N-80 X – – 10.70 2.091 – – – – 1.997 3.687 18,850 19,090 – – 245,000
N-80 X – – 11.00 2.065 – – – – 1.971 3.750 19,360 19,730 – – 251,000
P-105 6.40 6.50 6.50 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 3.460 2.347 3.220 14,010 13,870 138,560 190,260 190,000
P-105 X – – 7.90 2.323 – – – – 2.229 3.437 18,230 17,650 – – 236,000
P-105 8.60 8.70 8.70 2.259 2.165 3.500 3.668 3.460 2.165 3.500 20,090 19,690 209,100 260,810 261,000
P-105 X – – 9.50 2.195 – – – – 2.101 3.625 21,900 21,730 – – 285,000
P-105 X – – 10.70 2.091 – – – – 1.997 3.687 24,740 25,050 – – 321,000
P-110 X 6.40 6.50 – 2.441 2.347 3.500 3.668 – – – 13,080 14,530 145,160 199,320 –
*Collapse resistance, internal yield pressure, body yield strength, and joint yield strength are minimum values with no safety factor
.
x
Not API standard, it is shown for information only.
– Packers –
Contents
y Packer functions
y Main Packer Families
y Retrievable Packers
y Permanent Packers
y Dual Packers
y Packer Selection Process
Production Packer – Functions
y The functions of downhole packers can be summarized as:
y Annular isolation – providing a long-term pressure and fluid
barrier which:
y provides improved hydraulic (production) conditions
y enables tubing mounted safety valves
y provides a second conduit
Note: Seals and component materials must be compatible with

reservoir fluids
Production Packer - Functions (2)
y Downhole anchor
y providing downhole stability and control
y Casing string protection
y protecting casing/liner from corrosive fluids
y providing a renewable production conduit
y Downhole safety and control
y e.g., temporary tubing plugs
y Zone separation
y e.g., multiple packer/multiple string
y regulatory monitoring of specific zones
Production Packer - Functions (3)
y Zone separation
y Control of differential pressure between zones (preventing cross
flow)
y Artificial Lift
y Separate conduit/pathway for injection gas or power fluid
y Selective treatment
y Preventative (e.g., scale) and remedial treatments
y Remedial/repair
y seal/bypass damaged area
y isolation of production zone
Typical Packer
Sealing element Slips Casing wall
Cone Internal slips
Generic mechanism
To set two things must happen.
y Firstly a cone must be driven behind tapered slips to force

the slip out and into the casing wall.
y Secondly a sealing element must be compressed to effect a
seal against the casing wall.
y The two most important basic components are therefore the
slips and sealing element.
Generic mechanism
y Packer slips can be unidirectional or may be designed to
resist force from either direction
y Sealing elements may be one piece construction or
composed of multiple elements of different degrees of
hardness
Production Packers – Types
y Production packers categorized by:
y Retrievability
y retrievable, semi-permanent, permanent
y Setting mechanism
y mechanical, hydraulic, wireline
y Production conduit
y single, dual, multiple/special
y Basic categories (for this presentation)
y Retrievable packers
y Permanent packers
y Dual packer systems
Retrievable Packers
y Retrievable packers preferred for applications where:
y Completion life is relatively short
y Wellbore conditions are non hostile
y e.g., temperature, pressure, H2S
y
Setting depth shallow to medium
y Low to moderate differential pressures
y Straight wellbore or moderate deviation
y Multiple zones are to be produced
Retrievable Packers
Hydrostatic Set
Hydraulic
Differential Set
Retrievable
Single Grip
Mechanical
Double Grip
Retrievable Mechanical SA-3
Single Grip
y Typically requires rotation
(±1/2 turn at tool) and
tubing set-down to set Hold down slips
y Tubing weight maintains
seal and anchor
y Unset by picking up
y May be reset several
times – similar design and Packing elements
operation to packers used
for well service work
Continuous mandrel
Retrievable Mechanical SOT-1
Double Grip, Mechanical Lock
y Most common Mechanical Hold down slips

Packer
y Set by Compression, unset by Packing elements
tubing manipulation
y Pressure equalizing feature
Hold Up slips
y Double Grip Slips lock into
position when set
Mechanical Set – Advantages
y Cost
y generally less than other packer systems
y Repeat setting
y packer can be set, released, moved and reset without removal
and redressing
y Versatility
y one packer can be used with multiple casing weights
y compression, tension or bi-directional set options
y Length
y can generally be used in situations where dog-legs or extreme
deviations are encountered
Mechanical Set – Disadvantages
y Limited capacity
y high forces can unseat and release the packer
y Setting
y the setting (and releasing) mechanisms may not allow packers to
be run in tandem
y generally requires rotation and tubing movement to set
y no provisions for “stored energy” to aid in packer seal and anchor
y injection operations (cooling) may release the packer
Retrievable Hydraulic
y Set without manipulation of the
tubing
y Hydraulic Pressure applied to
the tubing
y Once set, packer is locked into
set position
y Two types
y Differential set – Hydro 6, 12
y Hydrostatic set – Hydro 8, 10
y Retrieved by straight pull or
rotation.
y Needs redressing to be set
again
Hydro 6 Hydro 8
Hydraulic Set Packer
y Hydraulic set – no rotation

required
y ±3500 psi applied to plugged
tubing string Packing elements
y Straight pull release (once
only)
y Single and dual application
compatible Slip (top and bottom)
assembly
Continuous mandrel
Hydraulic Set Packer – Applications
y Hydraulic set packers are preferred where:
y Medium to high pressure single string completions
y Dual completions
y Selective single completions
y
Reservoirs with anticipated heavy work over activities
y Applications where it is not possible to rotate tubing
Hydraulic Set Packer – Advantages
y Hydraulic set retrievable packers have some advantages
over mechanical set retrievables
y Setting
y energy is stored in the ratchet mechanism
y
packer set is not dependent on continual tubing weight
y space out operation easier without tubing movement
y more accurate placement and space out
Hydraulic Packer – Disadvantages
y Setting
y If the packer is prematurely or incorrectly set, it must then be
pulled to be redressed
y Cost
y Flexibility
Permanent Packers
Seal Bore
Wireline
Latched
Permanents
Seal Bore
Hydraulic
Latched
Permanent Packers
y Permanent packers run by: Latch profile
y Wireline
y Tubing Seal-bore extension
y Coiled tubing
y Permanent packers set by:
y Hydraulic (tubing) Packing elements
pressure
y Mechanical mechanism
y Electric wireline
Bottom sub/adapter
Permanent Packer – Applications
y Hostile operating conditions, e.g.,
y differential pressure >5000 psi
y temperature >300°F
y H2S > 10%
y Medium or deep set applications
y Deviated and extended reach wells
y Selective single completions
y setting point correlated by wireline
y Dual completions with parallel flow tubes
y Sump packer for gravel packer operations
Permanent Packer – Configurations
Seal-bore packer
Upper seal bore receptacle
Lower seal-bore extension
Lower seal-bore extension Lower seal-bore extension
Seal-bore packer with Permanent packer with
lower seal-bore extension an extra-long upper
and liner top seal-bore seal receptacle for
assembly extreme movement
applications
Permanent Packer – Retrieval
y Milling assembly with
spear/retrieving assembly Flow (circulation divider)
y Circulation at mill and through Mill shoe with wash pipe

spear adapter(s) to suit size of
packer and seal-bore
y Spear engaged when upper extension
slips milled
y Incorporates safety release Lower section of packer
system for spear retrieved when upper slips
are removed
Spear/packer retriever
engages
in packer bore or millout
extension
Seal-Bore Packers
Packer Type Camco Baker Otis Guiberson
Hydraulic Set HS, HSB, SB-3, SAB-3 Perma Drill Magnum PG

HSP-1 Magnum PH
Mechanical Set N Perma Drill Mechanical Set
(Drillable) Magnum
Drillable S, L, LB, LO D, DA, F-1, Perma Drill Magnum G
Seal-Bore FA, FA-1 Magnum H
Retrievable Omegamatic SC-2 Cerso-Trieve UNI-X
Seal-Bore Quantum* HP Perma-Trieve
Wireline Set SOT-1, WR LOK-Set Perma-Trieve G-6, VNI, VI
Retrievable Perma-Latch ER-VI
Dual Packer Systems
Dual packer systems:
y generally require one
dual packer and one Dual mandrels
single (conventional)
packer
Packing element
y allow production
through two tubing
strings from the same
Bi-directional
wellbore slip assembly
y enable production from
adjacent high and low
pressure zones
Wireline Set
Permanents Hydraulic Set
Hydrostatic Set
Wireline Set
Seal Bore
Production Packers Hydraulic Set
Single
Hydrostatic Set
Dual
Hydraulic
Single
Differential Set
Dual
Retrievables
Single Grip
Mechanical
Mech. Slips
Double Grip
Hydr Slips
RMC
Multiport
ESP
Wireline Set Model L, QL, QLB, QS, QSB
Permanents Hydraulic Set Model HS, HSB, HL, HLB, HSP-1
Hydrostatic Set NIS
Wireline Set Omegatrieve M1, QX

Seal Bore
Production Packers Hydraulic Set Omegatrieve SF-1, QHX
Single Hydro 8
Hydrostatic Set
Dual Hydro 10
Hydraulic
Single Hydro 6, MRP, XHP
Differential Set
Dual Hydro 12, MRP
Retrievables
Single Grip SA-3, CA, SR-2

Mechanical
Mech. Slips SOT-1, SOT-2
Double Grip
Hydr Slips SR-1, Omegamatic,
LS, HP
RMC QMP
Multiport
ESP
– Flow Control Equipment –
Overview
y Introduction
y Seating and No-Go Nipples
y Selective and Hydraulic Landing Nipples
y Sliding Sleeves
y Side Pocket Mandrels
y Gas Lift Valves
y Protection Devices
y Expansion Devices
y Safety Valves
y Tubing Flow Control Devices
Seating Nipples
y Slightly restricted and
polished ID
y Tools locate on shoulder
section and held in
place by pressure from
above
y Standing valves (check
valves) are often located
in seating nipples
Seating nipple Polished nipple

(for sealing only)
No-go Nipples
y Typically placed as a single
nipple in a string, or as the
bottom nipple in a series
with selective nipples
y Have restricted ID and
latch profile on which the
downhole tools locate
No-go nipple No-go nipple

(top) (bottom)
Selective Nipples
y Several may be placed in
one string
y Specific nipple located by
determining its depth or
profile
y series nipples are run in a
specific sequence
y locating keys on the lock
ensure selection of the
desired nipple
Selective landing
nipple
Hydraulic Landing (Ported) Nipples
y Used with surface controlled
subsurface safety valves
(SCSSV)
y Two polished bores with a
single port
y Profiles may be selective or no-
go and can receive a variety of
flow control and safety devices
Ported nipple
Blast Joint
Landing nipple
Heavy wall blast joint yBlast joint with additional
located across nipples for contingency
perforated interval purposes
Polished nipple or
seating nipple
Sliding Sleeve
Sliding sleeves provide an efficient, high volume,
method of circulating between tubing and annulus
y for selectively producing a zone
y fluid circulation (treatment)
y well kill or contingency
Operated by slickline using a special shifting tool
Side Pocket Mandrels
y Side pocket mandrels can also be considered landing
devices which:
y provide an unrestricted flow path within the production
string
y can receive/locate a variety of control devices and
equipment
y Used to land/locate
y gas lift valves
y chemical injection valves
y circulating valves
y circulating sleeves
Side Pocket Mandrel
1. orientation guide to
orientate wireline tool, 1
kick-over tool
2. (side) pocket for gas lift
valve
3. upper seal bore
2
4. ports (communication to
annulus) 3
5. lower seal bore 4
6. recess for latching gas lift 5
valve in place 6
Side Pocket Mandrel – GLV
Gas lift valve running
assembly
Side pocket mandrel
Side Pocket Mandrel – GLV (2)
GLV passing through (by-passing mandrel)
Running tool oriented and

tripped
Side Pocket Mandrel – GLV (3)
GLV latched in valve
pocket
Running assembly
retrieved
GLV Components
A variety of
latch
mechanisms
may be fitted
Injection gas
enters ports and
acts against the
bellows to unseat
the ball seal
Gas passes through

the check valve which
prevents reverse flow
of wellbore fluids
Gas lift valve components and flow path
Protection Devices
Flow Coupling
y Installed above and below certain components to
protect against erosion damage (6 -8 ft)
y Constructed from extremely heavy wall tubular
y These sections of pipe serve to prevent fluid turbulence
from eroding through the completion string
Blast Joint
y Installed opposite perforations to withstand the scouring
action of fluid flow
y Necessary in dual completions
y Heavy wall joints (20 ft long) which are heat treated,
hardened, and often covered with resilient material
Expansion and Separation Devices
On-off attachments
y allows string separation above the packer
Permanent packers and stinger
y allows separation and reattaching of the tubing string
Thermal expansion joints
y accommodates string expansion
Splined slip joints
y permits rotation/torque
Adjustable union
y provides a means of spacing out
Safety Valves
Three basic types of safety valve:
y Tubing conveyed
y Wireline conveyed
y Annular safety valve
y isolates tubing and annulus
Operating systems may be:
y Surface controlled (SCSSV)
y Actuated from a control panel located on surface
y Subsurface controlled (SSCSV)
y Actuated by the pressure differential/flow velocity
Safety Valve – Tubing Conveyed
Flapper open Flapper closed
Safety Valves – Wireline & Concentric
Wireline conveyed Concentric safety valve
Flow Control Equipment
Locking mandrels
y locate in the landing nipple recesses
Collar lock
y locates in a tubing coupling
Slip lock
y locates in the tubing
Tubing plugs
y numerous available to suit above
Standing valve
y downhole check valve

02 The Completion String & Accessories

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02 The Completion String & Accessories

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Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors

y Purpose of Production / Injection Tubing

y material grade (=quality)

y internal/external fluid pressures

Note: Seals and component materials must be compatible with

Cone Internal slips

y Firstly a cone must be driven behind tapered slips to force

Double Grip, Mechanical Lock

y Most common Mechanical Hold down slips

y Hydraulic set – no rotation

Upper seal bore receptacle

Lower seal-bore extension

y Circulation at mill and through Mill shoe with wash pipe

Packer Type Camco Baker Otis Guiberson

Hydraulic Set HS, HSB, SB-3, SAB-3 Perma Drill Magnum PG

Permanents Hydraulic Set

Permanents Hydraulic Set Model HS, HSB, HL, HLB, HSP-1

Hydrostatic Set NIS

Wireline Set Omegatrieve M1, QX

Single Grip SA-3, CA, SR-2

Seating nipple Polished nipple

No-go nipple No-go nipple

Side pocket mandrel

Running tool oriented and

Gas passes through

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