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These materials may also be used for special The mechanical properties of the alloys Valll with
proprietary livet and bolt products, including temperature and those given in tables 2.1, 2.2
thread inserts. and 2.:3 should be applied to the design of
Special head shapes may be necessary for the structures over a temperature range 50 to
larger diameter rivets, see BS 1974 L) 70 "C except for 5083 (see 2.2.1.1.3(d)). The 0.2 %
proof stress and tensile strength improve at lower
2.2.;) Filler metals temperatures, but at higher temperatures are
Filler metals for tungsten inert-gas welding (TIG) reduced. For properties outside the temperature
and metal welding (1IIG) are given in range given, the manufacturer should be consulted.
table 2.4 together with their durability ratings. The alloys will melt within the range 550°C
Guidanee on the selection of filler metals is to 660 with the range dependent on
in 2.5.3.2. the alloy.
2.3.2 Physical properties
2.3 Strength, mechanical and physical The physical properties for the standard alloys
although varying slightly may be taken as constant
properties and are listed in table 2.:). In critical structures ~he
2.3.1 Strength and mechanical properties engineer may wish to use the E'xaCt value which
The range of the standard alloys together with should be obtained from a repurable manufacturer.
their ilvailable forms, temper conditions and
mechanical properties are shown in tables 2.1
and 2.2.
The mechanical properties for wrought materials Density
for the ternpers and conditions of the alloys Modulus of elasticity
in tables :2.1 and 2.2 have been used to determine
Modulus of rigidity ~6 600 \;/mm2
the limiting stresses in table 4.1. Where
alloys are welded the approximate percentage Coefficient of thermal 23 10- () per
reduction in strength of the alloy is given for each expansion
tClnper. These strengths in the HAZ may not be
achieved until after a period of natural or artificial 2.4 Durability and corrosion protection
ageing, see notes to table 2.1 for details.
2.4.1 General
The strength of bolt and rivet material is given in
table 2 In many instances the standard materials ~isted in
tables 2.1 to 2,-} can be used 111 the mill-finish, as
. Thble 2.4 '\Velding filler metals extruded or as welded conciitio!1 O,Vl1hout the need
for surface protection.
: Filler BS alloy : ISO a.lloy
: metal designa:tion ~) , designatiOlr n The good corrosion resistance of aluminium and its
alloys is attributable to the pmtecrive ()xide film.
which forms on the surface of the merai
1080A /\189.8 immediately on (~xposure to air. Tnis film is
1050A normally invisible, relatively inert and ~s it forms
naturally on exposure to air or oxygen. and tn
3103
many complex environments containing oxygen. it
is self-sealing.
· Al Sil2(A) In mild environments an aluminium surface will
retain its original appearance for years. and no
5056A · AllIg6 protection is needed for most alloys. In moderate
.'):356 A111g5Cr(:\) iA industrial environments there will be a darkening
555fLA. · Al 2lV1nCr and roughening of the suIi'ace. A.s the atmosphere
becomes more aggressive. such as in certain
Al .'Ifg4)5Mn strongly acidic or alkaline environments,
the surface discoloraLion and roughening will
: lr !",nrpst equlvalen\. 'Norsen with visible white powdery surface oxides.
The oxide film may Itself he soluble. The metal
;1 c~n,~7 ::;ppcifically u~ed pre'\.~pnt \,\~()id ('r;lckint~
involving high dilution :lnd lligh restraint. In nloSt ,,-(1::;12:3
,:eases ro be protected and 'ldded orotection is
l~ preferable. necessary. These (;onditions may aiso oc'cur 10
,:re':ices due to Lligh local ;)1' ~11kaline
conditions. but agents having this extreme effect
:lrE' l'elath'ely fe\v in number:
, BS 8118 : Part 1 : 1991 Section 3
3.1 Limit state design determined from the relevant British Standard. For
dead and imposed loading refer to BS 6399 :
Structures should be designed by considering the Part 1. For 'wind loading on buildings refer to
limit states at which they become unfit for their CP 3 : Chapter V : Part 2. British Standards also
intended use. Consideration should always be given exist for nominal loads on cranes and lifts
to the following limit states: (including dynamic effects). Where no relevant
(a) static strength (ultimate limit state) (see 3.3); British Standard exists nominal loads should be
(b) deformation (serviceability limit state)
decided by the designer and the client. A method
(see 3.4);
of assessing loads using a statistical and probability
(c) durability (see a.5). basis is given in appendix B.
In certain structures it will be necessary to When the imposed load consists of soil or other
consider one or both of the following: filling, consideration should be given to the
material becoming saturated. In assessing
(1) fatigue (see 3.6); temperature effects it may be assumed that in the
(2) vibration (see 3.7). UK, in the absence of local information, the
D~sign will normally be carried out by calculation average internal temperature of the structure
using the guidance given in sections 4 to 7 and varies between 5 °C and + 35°C. The effect of
appendices B to L. It is permissible, however, to the colour of external sheeting on internal
verify a proposed design by testing (see section 8). temperature should also be considered.
3.2.3 Factored loading
3.2 Loading Factored loads are used for checking the limit state
of static strength. They are the nominal loads
3.2.1 General multiplied by the overall load factor, 'Yf, which
A :structure or structural component should be provides an allowance for variability in loading,
designed to resist all loads and actions to which, accidental overload, etc. 'Yf is defined as follows:
within reason, it can be subjected. These are
'Yf 'Yfl'Yf2
classified as follows.
where
ea) Dead load. Self-weight of the structure and of
any permanently attached item it supports. 'Yfl and 'Yf2 are the partial load factors.
(b) [mposed load. Any statically or dynamically 'Yfl is governed by the type of load, and 'Yf2 allows
applied load other than dead or wind loading. some relaxation when a combination of imposed
and/or wind loads is applied to the structure. As a
(c) Wi'nd load. Dynamic loading due to \vind
guide, tables 3.1 and 3.2 give values of i'fl and 1I2
gusts.
based on building structures, but different values
(d) Temperature effect. Temperature fluctuations may be used by agreement between the designer
leading to forces in a structural component. and the client. If different values are chosen bv
All relevant loads should be considered separately reference to other British Standards, care sho~ld
or in such realistic combinations as to comprise the be taken to ensure that 'Yfl does not include a
most critical effects on the elements and the factor to allow for variability of material strength.
structure as a whole. The magnitude and frequency For the initi-al design of simple structures'Yf2 may
of fluctuating loads should also be considered. be conservatively taken as 1.0 for all imposed or
Particular attention should be given to loading wind loads.
conditions during assembly, and the settlement of
supporting structures may need to be taken into Table 3.1 Load factors (based on building
account. The possibility of loads due to seismic
forces, fire, explosion and vehicular impact should
be considered.
:3.2.2 Nominal loading
Direct effect
)Iominalloads are defined as rhose to which the
strucmre may be reasonably expected to be Countering overturning or uplift
carrying during 110ITnai ~ervice. They are used for Impused load (not including wind loads)
.~~------
;30
These recommendations apply only to lap and 6.3.7 Long grip rivets
cover plate joints between flat plates. The spacing The grip length of rivets should not exceed five
of bolts and rivets in spigot joints, joints between times the hole diameter.
tubular members and between parts of very
dissimilar thicknesses should be determined from 6.3.8 Washers and locking devices
consideration of the local geometry and the loading Wa.'lhers should be used in accordance with 2.3 of
on the joint. BS 8118 : Part 2 : 1991. Locking devices approved
by the engineer should be used on nuts liable to
6.3.3 Edge distance
work loose because of vibration or stress
The edge distance, measured from the centre of fluctuation.
the rivet or bolt, for extruded, rolled or machined
edges, should be not less than 1.5 times the rivet 6.3.9 Intersections
or bolt diameter. If, on the bearing side, the edge Members meeting at a joint should nonnally be
distance is less than twice the diameter, the arranged with their centrodial axes meeting at a
bearing capacity should be reduced 6.4.4). If point. In the case of bolted framing of angles and
the edges are sheared, the above limits should be tees, the setting out lines of the bolts may be used
increased by 3 mm. instead of the centroidal axis.
6.3.4 Hole dearance
The hole clearance should be in accordance with 6.4 Factored resistance of individual
table 3.1 of BS 8118 : Part 2 : 1991. Bolts that
transmit fluctuating loads, other than wind loads,
rivets and bolts other than HSFG bolts
should be close-fitting, or HSFG. complying with British Standards
6.3.5 Packing 6.4.1 Limiting stresses
Where fasteners are carrying shear through a The limiting stress Pf for solid rivets and bolts is
packing, a reduction of the factored design defined as follows.
resistance should be taken into account if the (a) Steel fasteners: Pr is the gua.rameed minimum
thickness of packing exceeds 25 % of the fa.'itener yield stress for the bolt or rivet stock.
diameter, or 50 % of the ply thickness.
(b) Stainless steel bolts and stainless steel rivets:
6.3.6 Countersinking
Pf is the lesser of 0.5([0,2 ftJ and 1.2/0.2.
One-half of the depth of any countersinking of a
rivet or bolt should be neglected when calculating (c) Aluminium bolts and rivets: values of Pf for
its length in bearing. ~o reduction is necessary for the aluminium alloys in table 2.3 are given in
rivets or bolts in shear. The factored design table 6.1. Where the shear strength value is
resistance in axial tension of a countersunk rivet or available, derived from tests on the bolt or on
bolt should be taken as t'No-thirds of that of a plain the rivet in the as-driven condition (see
rivet or bolt of the same diameter. The depth of BS 1974 1) for large diameter rivets), this may be
countersinking should not exceed the thickness of used. In this case, as in the expression for VHS
the countersunk part less 4 mm, othenvise in 6.4.2 should be reduced from 0.6 to 0.33.
perfonnance should be demonstrated by testing.
Bolts s6
6 to 12 175
s12 175
175
Rivets
; 5154A • 140
6082 110
6082 s 25 165
.6056A s 25 145
H22 s 25 . 155
1) Obsolescent smndard.
83
84
!'?l
"'j .£ Section 3 BS 8118 : Part 1 : 1991
1
t
fj
·"f
.:'.L USE
: Thble 3.2 Load factors for combined loads 3.3.3 Factored resistance
Load I 'Yf2 This is the calculated resistance divided by the
material factor 'Ym. The calculated resistance is the
Dead load : 1.0 actual capacity of the component in relation to the
Imposed or wind load giving most severe 11.0 I action-effect being considered (axial load, bending
loading action on the component i moment or shear force), based on recognized
structural analysis and assuming satisfactory
Imposed or wind load giving second most 08
manufacture.
1 . .
severe loading action on the component
The material factor, 'Ym, takes account of
Unposed or wind load giving third most 06 differences between the strengths of material test
severe loading action of the component 1 .
specimens and the strength of the actual material
i ~ • in the structure as manufactured, and reflects
1,severe loading action on the component possible doubt as to the soundness of the
component as built. 'Ym should normally be taken
NOTE. In some structures the wind load-could be the most
~----------------------------------------------~/
'Thble 3.3 Material factors
3.2.4 Dynamic effects Type of construction : 'Ym
In order to determine the nominal loading on a
structure under dynamic conditions, reference I I Members I Joints
should be made if possible to an appropriate British : Riveted and bolted 1.2 11.2
Standard. Forces from dynamic effects are treated
as imposed loads in table 3.1.
In other cases, should the designer use a 'dyllamic
magnification factor' he should beware that this i l
) For welding procedures which do not comply with BS 4870 : !
might be a dangerous procedure if the response of I Part 2, "fm should be increa5ed to 1.6.
--------------------~
the structure is not taken into account. This
applies particularly to aluminium structures of high Rules for establishing rhe calculated resistance are
flexibility that have a natural period of vibration given in sections 4 and 5 (members) and section
similar in magnitude to that of the imposed load. 6 (joints). A method of assessing the calculated
resistance on the basis of statistics and probability
If initial calculations show that a problem exists, a is given in appendix B.
of motion should be carried out. The need to will not occur by overturning or sway failure.
31
t
All members should satisfy the limit states of static recommendations of this section and certain
appendix K).
4.2 Limiting stresses
Members are usually formed of extrusions, plate,
Resistance calculations for members are made using
sheet, tube or a combination of these. The rules
assumed limiting stresses as follows:
below do not apply to castings, and designers
yielding;
4. 1. 2 IJmit state of static strength
Pa 1s the limiting stress for local capacity of the
The factored resistance of a member to a specific
section in tension or compression;
action-effect should not be less than the magnitude
of that action-effect arising under factored loading. Pv is the limiting stress in shear;
Rules for obtaining resistance to different actions Ps is the limiting stress for overall buckling
The procedure for calculating the interaction Values of Ps should be determined in accordance
, , ,
o
lu
,
d
~ I
!
Imm nun Nimm2 'N/mm2 1 N/mm2
6061 T6 Extrusion - 150 240 260 145
T6 Drawn tube 6 240 265 145
6 1
10 225 260 1
135
6063 T4 Extrusion - 150 65 85 40
T4 Drawn tube 1 10 95 120 60
I
35
. -~:. _>.ic:.,s,ii;:;',;;";;,,w,31·· :_. ~t
I~
I
I mm N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
1200 I H14 Sheet 12.5 90 95 55
1
. 3103 H14 Sheet 10.2 12.5 110 1120 '65
,
H18 Sheet 10.2 3 150 1150 190
3105 H14 Sheet : 0.2 3 I 145 150 ! 85
H16 Sheet ' 0.2 3 175 100
<. /170
H18 Sheet 0.2 3 190 200 115 I
5083 0, F I Extrusion - '- ! 150 '105 150 65
0 Sheet, plate 0.2" 80 105 150 65
0 Drawn tube - 10 105 150 65
F Sheet, plate 3 25 130 170 75
H22 Sheet, plate 0.2 6 235 270 140
I, H22 I Drawn tube 10 ,235 270 1
140
1 5154A 10, F Extrusion - 1150 1
65 100 40
0 Sheet, plate 0.2 6 65 I
100 40
0 Drawn tube - 10 65 100 •40
I
I
H22 Sheet, plate 0.2 6 160 200 95
I H24 Sheet, plate 0.2 6 225 250 135 I
H24 I Drawn tube I
10 1200 1220 1180
I
'F I Welded tube 0.8 : 2.0 ! 220
/230 I 130
I H22 i Sheet, plate 0.2 6 I 125 155
175
I H24 I Sheet, plate
l
1
0.2 16 175 : 200 105
5454 '0, F
o
j Extrusion
Sheet, ;;>late
1- [0.2
150 /' 65
60
: 100
95 J L 5
: 40
:36
Section 4
,~f
••
.-.-;~-
-, -~,
.
34
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i"-... l\. 1\ I i 1
i
I" ~ .\ . ! I
i ' '\. \1\ • i !
-r
300 " \. 1\ 1\
" '\\ \\'
\\
I
"- r-.. \ \\' !
.\' l\
I ...... k.. ."t--...
.\l\ I I
i
"
1 ........ '{ 1\ ~\\I\
k...
i""\ 1\ ~\\
l\' ,\
1
I
I
i t---.. i'- \ .\' ~\\
N I"\. \. ~\~I\ I !
200 1'-....... '\. \'\ ,\
. 'I-:: f.,1 ~ I
!
r- l- I i ' [\~I\
e
e
--z .
!--h....
1"---
"
J'...
l'\ 1\
.\ ~[\
~\
~ -.. r-.
i'- "-
........
"N.\ ~~ i
I
i
~ "- ~~ 1
!
t--r- ....... I" ~ ~ 11 i i i
I I !-- h... 1':R ~~ i I i
100 I "i- f-- ~ r.... "-R'~ I
I • I
, . I
1 I N- ~ ~ '"
I
i
i
!
T i
. !
,
I
i
"
i'-
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~~~
i
"'r-:::::: ~ ~
r.::::;; ~ --.-...
: 1
!
j i
I ! ~~~
I I -r=:
I
I ' I
• i • i ! I
I I I I I I : I
a 50 100
A
(a)
55
~_•._._.~","" .. "~n."" __._ _._~'"~.,,_~_.- '__.«~_ _ • ''1'' ""'9¥ifw1" >be ""'~t"~;'.f?i'*ff ri@" J......... ....:_ "-~:Wj'i'ii> 7:1 ."""$=;-77
C
t.1 I
\l \1\ \J i I
~
b. 1\ }'\l'S
1'\..1 "i. '{ \h.\
h.L\J.....1l1\
T"J l\.~ i
'"E 200
--
E
:z
111.11111 1111111111
i"'-l N \)'\'t\~ \ 1
1
't--J "":\:~ ,\
I ----....... f"" I""~ ~l\. I I I I I i I
• j ~ i"'-"~ 0' i I I I I l I
100 -r r--.. r--.. ""'~ 2S i I I I ! I I I
i'r r--. ' 0 ~ ~ i
r--.. r--.::--;: ~ . . . ~ I I I I j
I r-...
a 50 100
A
(b)
56
Section 4 BS 8118 : Part 1 : 1991
t;L
200
~
II -..
z
~'"
t
i
t
100
It
I
,
I
a 50 100
A
(c)
57
BS 8118 : Part 1 : 1991 Section 4
58
BS 8118 : Part 1 ! 1991 Section 6
6.1 General
6.2.2 Groups of fasteners
This section deals with the design of joints made by
Groups of rivets, bolts or special fasteners, known
using fasteners, adhesives, or by welding. The
collectively as 'fasteners', forming a connection,
follOwing types of fastener are discussed: rivets,
should be designed on the basis of a realistic
black bolts, close tolerance bolts, high strength
assumption of the distribution of internal forces,
friction grip bolts (HSFG bolts), special fasteners
having regard to relative stiffness. It is essential
and pins. For joints made by welding the design
that equilibrium with the external factored loads
manufacturers.
The design of the plies at sections containing holes
for fasteners should be based on minimum net
The following types of connection are called joints:
areas, except for rivets in compression, In certain
(a) connections between structural members, friction grip bolted joints the limit state is met by
e.g. beam to column; '!:' the friction capacity of the joint, and in these
(b) connections between the element~;of a circumstances the design should be based on
'built-up' member, e.g. webs to flanges, splices; ~um gross areas.
82
Section 6 BS 8118 = Part 1 : 1991
At U t;;·l:'
tIV'~ ..
These recommendations apply only to lap and 6.3.7 Long grip rivets
cover plate joints between flat plates. The spacing The grip length of rivets should not exceed five
of bolts and rivets in spigot joints, joints between times the hole diameter.
tubular members and between parts of very
dissimilar thicknesses should be determined from 6.3.8 Washers and locking devices
consideration of the local geometry and the loading Washers should be used in accordance with 2.3 of
on the joint. BS 8118 : Part 2 : 1991. Locking devices approved
6.3.3 Edge distance by the engineer should be used on nuts liable to
work loose because of vibration or stress
The edge distance, measured from the centre of fluctuation.
the rivet or bolt, for extruded, rolled or machined
edges, should be not less than 1.5 times the rivet 6.3.9 Intersections
or bolt diameter. If, on the bearing side, the edge Members meeting at a joint should normally be
distance is less than twice the diameter, the arranged with their centrodial axes meeting at a
bearing capacity should be reduced (see 6.4.4). If point. In the case of bolted framing of angles and
the edges are sheared, the above limits should be tees, the setting out lines of the bolts may be used
increased by 3 mm. v ..
instead of the centroidal axis.
6.3.4 Hole c l e a r a n c e ; · 1
The hole clearance should be in accordance with 6.4 Factored resistance of individual
table 3.1·of BS 8118 : Part 2 : 1991. Bolts that
transmit fluctuating loads, other than wind loads, rivets and bolts other than HSFG bolts
should be close-fitting, or HSFG. complying with British Standards
6.3.5 Packing 6.4.1 Limiting stresses
Where fasteners are carrying shear through a The limiting stress Pr for solid rivets and bolts is
packing, a reduction of the factored design defined as follows.
resistance should be taken into account if the (a) Steel fasteners: Pr is the guaranteed minimum
thickness of packing exceeds 25 % of the fastener yield stress for the bolt or rivet stock.
diameter, or 50 % of the ply thickness.
(b) Stainless steel bolts and stainless steel rivets:
6.3.6 Countersinking
Pr is the lesser of 0.5([0,2 . ;. iu) and 1.2io.2.
One-half of the depth of any countersinking of a
rivet or bolt should be neglected when calculating (c) Aluminium bolts and rivets: values of Pr for
its length in bearing. No reduction is necessary for the aluminium alloys in table 2.3 are given in
rivets or bolts in shear. The factored design table 6.1. Where the shear strength value is
resistance in axial tension of a countersunk rivet or available, derived from tests on the bolt or on
bolt should be taken as two-thirds of that of a plain the rivet in the as-driven condition (see
rivet or bolt of the same diameter. The depth of BS 1974 1) for large diameter rivets), this may be
countersinking should not exceed the thickness of used. In this case, as in the expression for VRS
the countersunk part less 4 mm, otherwise in 6.4.2 should be reduced from 0.6 to 0.33.
performance should be demonstrated by testing.
6082
6082
5056A
5056A
1) Obsolescent standard.
83
.:;
all bolts and rivets, i.e. aluminium, steel and = 20tldr when 10 < drlt < 13;
stainless steel (see table 3.3). = 1.5 when drlt > 13;
For bolts: Pa for the material of the connected ply is the
Aes = Atb, the stress area of the threaded part of lesser of 0.5([0'2 + fu) and 1.2fo.2 (see
the bolt, when the shear plane passes through ." tables 4.1 and 4.2).
that area; or
Aes = ASH, the area of the shank, when the
6.4.5 Combined shear and tension
shear plane passes through the shank.
When bolts or rivets (except aluminium rivets
see 6.4.3) are subjected to both shear and tension
the following condition should be satisfied (in
For rivets: addition to 6.4.2 and 6.4.3):
~4es = Ah, the area of the hole; (PIPRT)2 + (VIVRS)2 :5 1
Kl = 1.0 for rivets;
where
= 0.95 for dose tolerance bolts;
84