Académique Documents
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óptica
Diego F. Grosz
(Instituto Balseiro, CONICET)
grosz@ib.edu.ar
Un poco de historia
1960 Láser
1962 Láser de semiconductor
1968 Fibra óptica de baja pérdida
1970 Láser de semiconductor operando a temperatura ambiente
1971 Demostración de transmisión de video digital sobre fibra óptica
1977 Primeras llamadas telefónicas sobre fibra óptica (45 Mb/s)
1979 Fibras de muy baja atenuación (0.2 dB/km)
1981 Sistemas operando en la 2da ventana
1984 Primer cable submarino de fibra óptica
1986 Transmisión de Gigabits/s
1988 Transmisión de solitones en 4000 km de fibra optica
1996 Se alcanza la barrera de 1 Terabit/s (1 billón de bits / segundo)
2002 Sistemas comerciales a 1.28 Tb/s y distancias de 4000 km
2002 Introducción comercial de sistemas de 40 Gb/s (OC‐768, STM256)
Transmisión “coherente”: sistemas comerciales 100 Gbps. SDM.
“Telégrafo Óptico” (ca.1790)
System capacity vs. time
Fibras multimodo vs. monomodo
Perfil de índices de refracción
Apertura Numérica (NA)
n1 n2
0.001 0.02
n1
Parámetro V, número de modos, dispersión modal
V NA * a /
• condición “monomodo”: V <2.405
= 1.2m
=1.2 m
nn1 ==1.45
1.45
1
= =0.003
0.003
aa< <44m
m
• número de modos
Dispersión modal
n2 c M V2
BL 2
n1 n1 = 1.5, n2 = 1
= 0.01 => BL < 0.4 Mb/s-km
= 0.002 => BL < 100 Mb/s-km
Specs fibras multimodo
Capacidad de las fibras multimodo
Cables de fibra óptica
submarino
patchcord
metro
bobinas
Fiber attenuation
– ITU G.652 SMF (STD)
• “water peak” attenuation renders the 1360nm–1480nm spectrum
unusable for data transmission.
– ITU G652c/d SMF (ZWP)
3.0
• “zero‐water peak”
First STD SMF
Window
Second
2.5 ZWP SMF
Window
ATTENUATION (dB/km)
2.0
1.5 Third
850nm 1310nm Window
1.0
1550nm
0.5
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Fiber Attenuation and Dispersion
Dispersion (ps/nm×km)
SSM Fiber
0.6 20
Attenuation (dB/km)
Attenuation
0.5 (all fiber types) EDFA
10
0.4
0
0.3
TrueWave -10
0.2 fiber
0.1 DSF -20
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength (nm)
Aplicaciones
dispositivos ópticos “no-lineales” (1000x)
procesamiento óptico de señales ¨(all-optical network)
conjugación de fase, amplificación paramétrica, conversión de ...
diseño de perfiles arbitrarios de dispersión
Holey Fibers: dispersion engineering
Optical Fiber: Chromatic Dispersion
Pulse evolution upon linear dispersion
nce
t a
d is
Dispersion-induced pulse broadening
criterio de diseño
s/chirp
c/chirp
Pulse broadening
Efecto de la dispersión (ISI)
1 0 1
in
1 0? 1 out
time
bit period
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Ideal
fast Normal
geometry stress
Extrinsic
DSF
NZ-DSF
1
L
T02
LD L < Lcaract ??
2
1
LNL
P0
System Limitations from Fiber Nonlinearity
Modulation Format
Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) Return-to-Zero (RZ)
20
Fiber Dispersion [ps/(km-nm)]
STD fiber
{
15
{
5
FWM
0
2.5 10 40 160
Bit Rate per Channel (Gb/s)
Una mirada a los PDs de OFC 2015
• Up to 18 channels (1271‐1611nm, 20 nm spacing)
• Cheap transmitters, reach limited by the lowest wavelength
Gain Spectra of C- and L-Band EDFAs
Backbone WDM terrestre
demux
2 2
mux
80-100 km
n SSMF or n
NZ-DSF
Tx Rx
N x 2.5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s, DCM
40 Gb/s) 1st stage 2nd stage
Testbed
Sistema real
Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Repetidores ópticos
C DCM C
Splitter Combiner
S C
DCM
Raman Raman
Pumps Pumps
EDFA vs. Raman
Raman gain: multiple pumps
Amplificación Raman distribuida
Dispersion Management
Dispersion mapping: 10G DMS
Post-compensation [ps/nm]
Pre-compensation [ps/nm]
8x40Gb/s, 10x100 km, 0 dBm/ch, 33% RZ, D = 4 ps/nm, RDPS: 25 ps/nm, =1.8 W-1km-1
Schematics of a simple OADM
bandpass
Incoming Express
WDM traffic
Through
Drop Add
US #6748150
EP #1473857
Probabilidad de error en la detección
BER, diagrama de ojo
I1 I 0
Q
1 0
1 Q
BER erfc
2 2
Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR)
OSNR, diagramas de ojo y dispersión
Ruido en una cadena de EDFAs
Nx
G,NF
L,
OSNRout = 58 + Pin – NF – L – N
(en BW=0.1 nm. Todas las unidades en dBs/dBms)
40 Gb/s transmission over 800 km
back to back
800 km
Transmission of 128x40 Gb/s
back to back
1280-km transmission
Métrica de desempeño: penalización
Penalización por dispersión
3200 km 4000 km
Backbones locales
Upgrade de repetidor 3R: in-line EDFA
Upgrade de repetidor 3R: booster
Upgrade de repetidor 3R: Raman
Enlaces submarinos
Enlaces submarinos
Optical Access Networks
• Point‐to‐Point links
– Simple, standardized and mature technology
– N fibers lines
– 2N transcievers
Optical Access Networks
• Active Optical Network
– Simple, standardized and mature technology
– 1 fiber line
– Curb Switch power in the field
– 2N+2 transcievers
Optical Access Networks
• Passive Optical Network (PON)
– Simple, under standardization technology
– 1 fiber line
– N+1 transcievers
– passive devices (splitters)
PON Overview
Passive
Devices
ODN
Wavelengths
• Distributed Feedback (DFB) DFB
– More expensive
– Narrow spectral width +
• Less sensitive to chromatic dispersion gain
– Used on 1550 nm (or 1310 nm)
mirror AR coating
-
Photodiodes (PD)
• PIN Photodiodes
– Good optical sensitivity (‐22 dBm)
– Silicon for shorter ’s (eg 850nm)
– InGaAs for longer ’s (eg 1310/1550nm)
• Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs)
– Higher sensitivity (‐30 dBm)
– Primarily for extended distances in Gb/s rates
– Much higher cost than PIN diodes
Typical PON Configuration
• Wavelengths
Dual Fiber 1310nm.
Single Upstream on 1310nm
Fiber Downstream on 1490nm
• Transceivers
Upstream Downstream
ONU FP PIN
OLT APD DFB
APON Physical Parameters
Upstream Downstream
1310 nm 1550 nm
ONU
Voice, Video & Data
OLT Downstream
1550 nm
Optical
Coupler
Upstream
1310 nm 1x32
Optical Or
Splitter Cascade Video Data POTS
(l) (AAL5) (AAL1,2)
Broadband PONs (BPONs)
• BPONs are similar to APONs, but add extra functionalities
• Include APONs (G.983.1)
• Defined in the ITU‐T G.983.3 (2001)
• Support higher rates
– Downstream (155, 622 & 1244 Mbps)
– Upstream (155 & 622 Mbps)
• Defines
– alternative wavelength plan including additional wavelength band
• for downstream video broadcast,
– dynamic upstream bandwidth allocation (G.983.4)
– protection mechanisms
BPON Physical Parameters
Class A: 5 - 20 dB
Power Budget Class B: 10-25 dB
Class C: 15-30 dB
Max Reach 20 km
Split Ratio 16 or 32
APON
BPON
Water Peak
BPON Architecture
Upstream Downstream
1310 nm 1490 nm 1550 nm
EDFA
Video
1550 nm
ONU
Voice & Data
OLT Downstream
1490 nm
Optical
Coupler
Upstream
1310 nm 1x32
Optical Or
Splitter Cascade Video Data POTS
(l) (AAL5) (AAL1,2)
EPON Configurations
ONU
ONU ONU
ONU
ONU
ONU ONU
ONU
ONU ONU
ONU
(3) Tree with Redundant Trunk (4) Bus Topology
PON Technical Summary
Transmission GEM
ATM Ethernet
frame (partly ATM)
Transmission 1.2G, 2.4G, 1.25G
156M, 622M,
speed 156M (upstream), (1G after
1.2G (downstream)
(bit/s) 622M (upstream) decoding)
Wavelength (m) 1.3/1.5
Wavelength
multiplexing of Possible
video
Upstream
bandwidth TDMA coupled to Downstream Decoupled TDMA
control
Full services
Services provided ATM IP-based services
(phone, IP, TDM)
Year of
2001 2003 2004
introduction
WDM in PONs
• WPON: Broadcast and select PONs
• WRPON: wavelength routed PONs
– Include AWGs
Fiber to the Cabinet (FTTC) - DT
Curso: Sistemas de Comunicación Óptica, Escuela J. J. Giambiagi,
Agosto de 2015
1- Se quiere diseñar un backbone óptico capaz de transportar tráfico a tasas de 2.5 Gb/s,
10 Gb/s y 40 Gb/s que conecte puntos distantes a 1200 km. Se dispone de los siguientes
elementos:
2- Desde el punto de vista de la OSNR ¿Es el diseño propuesto capaz de transportar tráfico
a tasas de 100 Gb/s?
4- Es necesario interconectar dos redes ópticas metropolitanas que operan a 2.5 Gb/s. Para
ello se dispone de fibra multimodo del tipo step index con las siguientes características:
nnúcleo = 1.5
ncladding = 1.495
¿Será posible hacerlo? ¿Qué ocurriría si se remueve el cladding de la fibra multimodo? ¿En
qué caso la fibra transportará más modos? ¿Cuántos más?