1

The of BPJS Regarding the Caring Behavior of Nurses: Case Study(The of BPJS Regarding
the Caring Behavior of Nurses: Case Study)

Maryana*, Nursalam**, Widaningsih***

*Alumni FIKUniversitas Muhammadiyah JakartaJln. Cempaka Putih Tengah I Jakarta Pusat
E-mail: maryana385@yahoo.com
**Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Airlangga Surabaya
e-mail : nursalan@fkp.unair.ac.id
***Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Esa Unggul Jakarta
e-mail : wida.rspad@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Introduction:. The caring behavior has not been optimally in nursing services. The image of the nurse in the of most
people of Indonesian has not been well. The community perceives that the professional nurse have ethics and caring in
nursing service. The research aims to identify various caring behavior of nurses which were perceived of client of BPJS
Health Asurance in Medika Stania Hospital Sungailiat City. Method: The method used is a qualitative case study. The
Participants 10 hospitalized patients. Data collection be collected b using in-depth interviews, observation, and
documentation. The research was conducted in Mei 11 until July 20 2017. Results: showed five themes such as
maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling. Suggestions: Increase caring behaviour with an
individual approach such as case reflexy discuss, organization throught supervision, monitoring examination, and
leadership approach such as

Keywords: BPJS, Perceptions of Client, caring behavior, nurse

INTRODUCTION
Caring behavior has not been applied optimally in nursing services. The image of nurses in the
eyes of most Indonesian people today has not been well developed. According to Swanson the
process of caring is a behavior of how nurses understand the meaningful events in a person's
life, present emotionally, doing something to others as well as doing to oneself (Swanson,
1991). Nurses who understand the client's reaction to the disease can minimize the effects of
the disease and help clients and their families to maintain / restore the highest functional level
possible. When sick or when individuals seek nurse professional help, caring is important in
helping individuals achieve positive results. Caring is a moral attitude. Through caring for
fellow humans, human dignity is protected, supported and maintained. Nurses and clients enter
in a relationship that is not just someone "doing an assignment for others". There is a giving-
receiving relationship that is formed as the beginning of getting to know and care for each other
between nurses and clients. Society perceives professional nurses when nurses have ethics and
caring in nursing services (Perry and Potter, 2010; Liu, et al, 2008).

RESEARCH METHODS
 2

The research design used was a qualitative study with a case study approach. Participants
numbered ten BPJS clients who were hospitalized divided into first class BPJS clients (2
people), second class BPJS clients (3 people), and third class BPJS clients (5 people). Data
collection is done through observation, in-depth interviews, and patient satisfaction survey
document studies. Observations were carried out for five days to observe the caring behavior
of nurses in providing nursing services to clients using the observation sheet instrument. Other
instruments used in data collection are in-depth interview guidelines. This guide consists of
eighteen questions about caring behavior. The instrument was prepared by researchers using
Swanson caring theory formulation. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis of Miles and
Huberman

DISCUSSION &RESULT
The results of the study identified five themes of caring behavior that refer to Swanson. The
theme consists of maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling

Tabel 1
Perception of Participants During Care

Dimension Sub Perception During Care

Dimension
Maintaining Believing in The male nurse accompanied by the female nurse when
Belief examining the postoperative wound in the anal area,
conveyed the patient's position, put on the sampiran,
expressed concern

Offering a Nurse services at MedikaStaniaSungailiat Hospital were

hope-filled considered unchanged before or after the BPJS,
attitude satisfying, calm service was treated in RSMS, felt happy,
and nurses' behavior seemed to remain the same when
the client visited. Besides that, nurses greet clients when
meeting outside the RSMS environment
 3

Expectant The nurse reminded the client to take medicine, when it

attitude was found that the client had not taken medicine, the
nurse offered the medicine, care, took drinks when taking
medicine, soft voice, normal voice intonation, facial
expression was not made, and the nurse's way of
speaking was considered normal. The nurse controls the
food spent or not. In addition, the attitude is not made,
what it is, good, not wasted, sincere, happy without
compulsion, full of heart, happy to serve, no one is made
friendly
Knowing Centering on The hands were touched, the area was hurt, the work was
the one cared fast, immediately handled, quickly gave help, quickly
for arrived, the patient did not wait long, the nurse did not
wait later, the client was cared for, the client was noticed,
the client did not experience problems, 15 minutes before
the infusion was finished replaced, ½ or 1 hour once a
control, at 05.00 has been checked, reminded children,
friendly, male and female friendly nurses

Engaging the The nurse asks for input, reminds the client, this shows
self of both the nurse is open. Another thing that was found in the
results of the study was that the nurse woke up the client
who had fallen asleep when he was going to inject the
drug, the nurse notified the client before the action, and
told shift shifts

Being with Non- Nurses do not grumble, not jutek, not rude, not fussy.
burdening This behavior shows that nurses are patient in serving
patients. His findings were knocking on the door, saying
excuse me, not arrogant, saying goodbye, the language
was not insolent. This behavior shows nurses being polite
in serving patients. The next finding was that Adalan
invited me to control, there was a small talk, a smile
 4

while passing, chatting when I was provoked. This shows

the nurse is friendly

Convering The nurse introduces the room facilities, shows the

availability location of the bathroom, the location of the bell if
needed, the nurse replaces the IV hose after 3x infusion
of the client cannot be repaired
Enduring At 16.00 the entrance to the Flamboyan room is closed,
with re-opened at 17.30 and will be closed again at 9:00 p.m.
this shows the nurse's commitment to the patient's rules

Sharing Encouraged, share the experience of reducing eating

feelings instant noodles.

Doing for Comforting Maintain privacy, change bed linen every morning,
provide therapy without disturbing, clean room, get good
service, understanding, not ego, and understand sick
clients

Performing Good care, tools have been prepared before the action,
competently no tools left behind when cleaning forget, want to learn,
want to be better

Preserving Do not differentiate, regardless of client status, clients

dignity are considered human, do not underestimate, respect
parents

Anticipating Notify before action

Protecting, Focus on all clients, even attention, same service, treated

equally, attention equally, paying or not paying the same,
men and women paying attention
 5

Enabling Feedback the client was asked a complaint, offered to change bed
linen, notify the schedule of controls, often asked about
the client's condition

Informing nurses convey to pay attention to the postoperative way

of anal surgery, conveying to keep from instant food,
when sitting do not immediately full but slowly,
conveying keep the wound clean and avoid dirt

Supporting entertaining, not angry, greeting, cleaning wounds while

invited to chat

1.

2. Maintaining Belief
Bulfin, (2005) explains understanding clients means nurses avoid assumptions,
focus on clients, and participate in caring relationships with clients who provide information
and instructions to be able to think critically and provide clinical assessment. Understanding
patients as the core of a process is used by nurses in making clinical decisions. Building a
caring relationship will help nurses to get to know clients as unique individuals and choose
the most appropriate and effective nursing therapy
Reflection conveyed by Savett (2014) which is based on a letter from a client who
conveyed his hopes that health professionals in carrying out their duties not only maintain
the confidentiality of patients, but can be a place to share stories, problems and become
patients' beliefs. This finding is in accordance with Swanson (1991) that an attitude of
expectation is a fully caring / care nurse for problems experienced with posture, eye contact
and intonation of nurse talk
Attendance, eye contact, body language, tone of voice, listening, and having a
positive and enthusiastic attitude by nurses will form an atmosphere of openness and mutual
understanding. Nurses can improve their abilities by learning from clients, this strengthens
the ability of nurses to conduct appropriate and adequate nursing services. Attendance is also
important when the patient is in an event or a situation is depressed. Waiting for a doctor's
 6

test report, preparing for unexpected procedures, and planning to go home after treatment
due to a serious illness are just a few examples of events that make dependence on health
providers. The presence of nurses helps calm anxiety and fear because the situation is
depressed. Reassuring the patient, explaining the procedure, staying with the patient, giving
instructions during the procedure, all show that attendance is very meaningful to the patient's
health (Swanson, 1991; Perry and Potter, 2010).
Enmarker&Hellzen (2013) found the first theme is open with other people, with
sub-themes that are easy to feel and empathy. Likewise, Rauner (2006) states that caring
attitudes are manifested by nurses with responsiveness in meeting patient needs, quickly
serving patients, caring about the situation and suffering of patients, having strong personal
integrity, having a positive response in accepting, and caring behavior to others .
Ozan, Okumus, & Lash (2015) found Faith-Hope's form of behavior through:
holding the patient's hand as psychological reinforcement; Say that the nurse understands
the patient; Deliver that the patient has done the best to get the best results; Do relaxation
that keeps the mind calm; Instill self-confidence to be stronger in order to strengthen
patients; Growing patient expectations. Patients return to normal activities; Accompanying
the patient's care process, and expressing that the nurse feels the same way as feeling happy,
sad together, and together building new hopes; and reveal changes in the patient's feelings

3. Knowing
Swanson (1991) revealed that he involved himself as a whole, namely involving
himself as a nurse as a whole and working with clients in carrying out effective nursing care.
This finding is in line with Breslin's research, (2004) suggesting that the presence of nurses
who are wholehearted in patients is a nursing skill that has enormous value. This creates a
sense of trust, healing and well-being in the patient. This study shows patients feel good
around their nurses more likely to feel better, better or die in good condition. The best nurses
will realize two important qualities: the capacity to do and become. Traditionally is the
ability of practice, as well as the ability to solve problems at the expense of others - the
quality of attention, calmness, focus and presence.
Paulsen (2011) stated that an important point in ethics caring is that health care
providers focus attention on patients, so that awareness arises requiring others (even
themselves). Disability in care is not only a technical problem, but also a moral problem.Dedi
et al (2008) who suggested nurses had preparedness and readily met client needs, the nurse's
 7

face looked fresh, did not look tired. Ready to meet client needs is one of ten carative caring
factors. Sensitive nurses know the client's needs even though the client has not disclosed
them due to reluctance or various other causes, then is ready to serve the client's needs,
without being asked, so that the client will feel comfortable. The availability of nurse nurses
to meet client needs will make the image of the hospital increase and the impact on the image
of the profession in the eyes of clients is getting better.
Ozan, Okumus, & Lash (2015) found the theme of sensitivity or sensitivity to
others can be through: Providing a special room when conveying about the results of therapy;
Give time for patients to themselves and convey that patient nurses can contact nurses at any
time; Asking patients "Does it feel helpful after telling a story with a nurse?"; Asking the
patient "What can the nurse do to support you?".Physical touch is a very effective tool to
reduce pain and provide physical comfort and to show affection, closeness, and care.
Although touch is considered by many to be a fundamental aspect in the provision of care
and as a form of care for nurses. The touch given by nurses can greatly influence the use and
quality of the overall caring process. Therefore, in the process of caring, touch can not only
be used for physical comfort and reducing pain but also for emotional and spiritual support
(Gleeson & Timmins, 2005; Pedrazza, et al, 2015; Chang 2001).

4. Being With
Swanson (1991) suggested that nurses collaborate with clients without forcing the
client to carry out nursing actions and not get angry easily. Nurses show willingness to help
clients and facilitate clients to reach the stage of well being. Nurses not only focus on how
patients recover from their illnesses but nurses help patients to be able to achieve, maintain,
or regain optimal levels of health or well-being. When nurses focus on health as a living
welfare, care must be given to include humans as whole human beings, namely to become
someone, grow, reflect and always try to be able to connect with each other (Swanson, 1993).
Good care is very calm , patient and familiar with clients and focus on meeting client needs
(Rafii, Oskouie, &Nikravesh, 2004). Nurses who are calm and patient in serving clients will
give comfort to those who are hospitalized and need help from nurses. A comfortable feeling
will help the client to get healing because psychologically the client will feel safe when being
served by a nurse who is calm and full of patience (Dedi et al., 2008).
Flemming (2013) in his research found that six themes studied by nurse students
in caring learning with patients were reciprocal relationships with patients, developing
 8

strong interpersonal communication, respected by nurses, able to communicate well during

difficult emotional situations, serving patients as advocates , observation of caring attitude.
Kourkouta&Papathanasiou, (2014) stated that good communication between nurses and
patients is at the core of the success of individual care for each patient. To realize this, nurses
must understand and help their patients, show courtesy, kindness, and sincerity. In addition,
it also devotes time for patients who want to talk about confidential matters. This
communication includes communication to people who are sick, so that communication
must be understood for everyone involved. Good communication is not only based on nurses'
physical abilities, but also education and experience.
Cooperation partnerships between nurses and patients that enable patients to value
self-esteem and prices, thereby motivating him to adhere to various treatment regimens for
optimal health. In the context of the most significant psychiatric care situation, IC in the
therapeutic process facilitates a sense of self-esteem and self-esteem, the patient's inner
strength to move toward well-being and normal (Kim & Kim, 2007).

5. Doing For
Swanson (1991) stated in carrying out nursing actions carried out by providing
comfort to patients and maintaining patient privacy. Kim & Kim (2007) stated that comfort
is a condition for nurses to face patients as unique people who are in unique situations. This
is achieved through words, actions, and closeness, so that patients may feel emotionally
supported and able to recognize positive aspects. This helps patients to realize that they are
not isolated and do not forget, but are considered as valuable human beings. Care
communicates through accompanying or the presence of caring people in nursing situations.
Ozan, Okumus, & Lash (2015) found other behaviors that can form a humanistic and
altruistic system by participating in feeling the patient's difficulties accompanied by
nonverbal responses such as touch, looking at the patient and feeling the patient's difficulties
accompanied by nonverbal responses such as touch, look at the patient

6. Enabling
Nurses need to provide feedback on what is done by patients in their efforts to
achieve well being, provide information relating to improving patient health in order to
empower patients and families of patients, and provide support to patients in achieving well
/ well being according to their capacity as nurses. (Swanson, 1991).Potter & Perry (2010)
 9

said that clients who are motivated to maintain or improve their health conditions, by
providing good cooperation in nursing actions that they receive, so that the client will obey
and obey the actions and treatment they carry out. Entertaining is taking sides with other
people with empathizing attitude. It is an act of understanding and entertaining people in
sadness or pain. This involves the skill of acknowledging one's feelings through their
perspective, accepting people, pulling together with them greater power, and not defending
a third party that causes illness, becoming an unconditional ally of the injured person. For
example, agreeing without criticism when patients share emotional problems and
difficulties, they are on their side, and support them to take heart. In this way, entertaining
is the skill of providing what they need, offering additional strength and shelter (Kim & Kim,
2007).

Nurses' behavior, including not caring is:

a) Easy to get angry
Patients perceive that there is one nurse snapping, rude, and "ck, sometimes"
umm, cynical, and jutek. These findings indicate nurses are easily angry. Non-
irritability is a sub-dimension of the Swanson (1991) caring process. Nurses not only
focus on how patients recover from their illnesses but nurses help patients to be able
to achieve, maintain, or regain optimal levels of health or well-being. When nurses
focus on health as a living welfare, care must be given to include humans as whole
human beings, namely to become someone, grow, reflect and always try to be able
to relate to each other (Swanson, 1993)
The results of the study by Dedi et al. (2008) found that behavior is not caring,
namely an attitude that is not sincere in serving clients in need. In providing these
services, the nurse does not smile, in his heart feeling annoyed with fussy clients
and many demands, but his frustration is only in the heart because they are required
to serve clients. this is very dilemmatic because the implementing nurse must remain
excellent in providing services to the client, emotions must be stable, and not
affected by the condition of the client who is experiencing suffering.
Good communication between nurse-patients is at the core of the success of
individual care for each patient. To realize this, nurses must understand and help
their patients, show courtesy, kindness, and sincerity. In addition, it also devotes
time for patients who want to talk about confidential matters. This communication
 10

includes communication to people who are sick, so that communication must be

understood for everyone involved. Good communication is not only based on nurses'
physical abilities, but also education and experience (Kourkouta&Papathanasiou,
2014).

b. Not Showing Willingness to Help

Based on the results of the study, there are still patients who perceive patients to
be afraid, feel threatened, long responses, no response, ask for medication not to be
given, wet plaster not replaced, not late night. These findings indicate nurses did not
show willingness to help. The long response situation can occur because of the busy
schedule of nurses filling out various administration returns for some patients at the
same time as seen during observation.
Showing willingness to help is a sub-dimension in Swansea's (1991) caring
process. Swanson (1991) assumes that humans are unique and intact creatures that
have thoughts, feelings and behavior. The life experience of each person is influenced
by genetic inheritance, spiritual gifts, and freedom of choice.Collaboration between
nurses and patients that allows patients to have self-esteem, thereby motivating him to
adhere to various treatment regimens for optimal health. In the context of the most
significant psychiatric care situations, IC in the therapeutic process facilitates a sense
of self-esteem and self-esteem, the patient's inner strength to move towards well-being
and normal (Kim & Kim, 2007)

CONCLUSION
In general, BPJS clients perceive nurse nurses in the inpatient room at Medika Hospital
StaniaSungailiat to have caring behavior, which can be seen from the five research themes.
However, there is a behavior of non being with (does not indicate an emotional presence)
which includes irritability and does not show willingness. This research recommends the
need for an individual approach through discussion of case reflection, then through an
organizational approach through supervision, evaluation and monitoring, and with a
leadership approach through creating a climate of motivation in the work environment.

LITERATURE
 11

Afiyanti, Y., & Rachmawati, I. (2014). metodolgi penelitian kualitatif dalam riset
keperawatan. jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.

Aligood, M. (2015). Pakar teori keperawatan dan karya mereka. (A. Y. Hamid, & K.
Ibrahim, Eds.) Singapura: Elseiver.

Altree M. 2001. Patients and relatives experiences and perspektif of goog and not so good
quality care. J Adv Nurs 33 (4):456

Armenia, R., Lucinda, G., Anne, M., & Miquel, P. (2010). Emotional intelegence and caring
behavior in nursing. Service Industri Journal, 1419-1437.

Barbour, R. S. 2000. The Role of Qualitative Research in Broadening the “Evidence Base”
for Clinical Practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 6, 155-163

Bogdan, Robert C & Sari Knopp Biklen. 1982. Qualitative Research For Education: an
Introduction to Theory And Methos. Boston: Allys and Bacon, Inc.
Brown, L. P. (2011). Nurse Education in Practice Revisiting our roots : Caring in nursing
curriculum design. Nurse Education in Practice, 11(6), 360–364.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2011.03.007
Carruth, BR., Paula, JZ., Anne, G., Kris, H. 2004. Developmental milestones and self-
feeding behavior in infant and toddlers.

Charmas, K. 2009. Constructing Grounded Theory: a Practical Guide Through Qualitative

Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication Ltd.

Dedi, B., Setyowati, & Afiyanti, Y. (2008). Perilaku caring perawat pelaksana di sebuah
rumah sakit di Bandung: Studi Ground Theory. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 40-46.

Enmarker, I., & Hellzen, O. V. E. (2013). When expressions make impressions Nurses’
narratives about meeting severely ill patients in home nursing care: A
phenomenological-hermeneutic approach to understanding, 1(7800), 1–12.

Evridiki, Georgious, dkk. “Patients’ and nurses’ perceptions of respect and human presence
through caring behavior: comparative study”. Nursing ethic. 2012

Flemming, S. (2013). How Nursing Students Experience Caring Relationships with Patients.
ProQuest LLC, Microform(DISERTASI Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State
University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
Education).

Gertieis, M., et al. 1993. Whats patient really want. Health Manage Q 15:2

Guba, Egon G. & Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1981. Effective Evaluation. San Fransisco: Jossey-
Bass Publisher

Jens Eric Paulsen. “Ethic of caring and professional roles”. Article nursing ethic 2011.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) ed. 3. – cet. 2. 2002. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
 12

Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2007). Interpersonal caring: A theory for improved self-esteem in
patients with long-term serious mental illness - I. Asian Nursing Research, 1(1), 11–22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1976-1317(08)60005-5

Kvale, S. 2011. Doing inteviews. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Kozier, A & Ichsan, B. Fundamental Of Nusing:Concepts, Process And Practice. New

Jersey: Pearson Education Inc

Kourkouta, L., & Papathanasiou, I. V. (2014). Communication in nursing practice. Materia

Socio-Medica, 26(1), 65–7. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2014.26.65-67

Laurence A Savett. “A Personal Letter To An Aspiring Physician Or Nurse (Or Other Caring
Professional)”. Creative nursing volume 20, issue 2, 2014

Lofland, John & Lyn H. Lofland. 1984. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide To Qualitative
Observation And Analysis.. Belmont, Cal: Wads worth Publishing Company

Lydia EH. The aspects of care, core, cure [homepage internet]. Gonzalo: 2011 [cited 2017
jan]. available from: http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/

Marriner dan Tomey. 1994. Nursing theorists and their work. Missours: Mosby, Icn

Milles, M., B & Hubeman, A., M. (2007). Analisis data kualitatif. Buku sumber tentang
metode-metode baru. Jakarta” UI Press

Millns, S., Burton, R. L., & Harris, A. (2016). Nurse Education in Practice The in fl uence
of theory and practice on perceptions about caring for ill older people e A literature
review. Nurse Education in Practice, 19, 41–47.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2016.04.003

Moleong, Lexy J. 2014. Metode penelitian kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya

Morrison, Paul. 2008. Caring And Communication: Hubungan Interpersonal Dalam

Keperawatan. Jakarta: EGC

Morse, J. M. 2000. Determining Sample Size. Qualitative Health Reseacrh, 10 (1), 3-5

Morgan, D. L. 1995. Focus Groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 129-152

Muchlisin, A & Ichsan, B. 2008. Aplikasi model konseptual caring dari jean Watson dalam
asuhan keperawatan, berita ilmu keperawatan volume 1

Millns, S., Burton, R. L., & Harris, A. (2016). Nurse Education in Practice The in fl uence
of theory and practice on perceptions about caring for ill older people e A literature
review. Nurse Education in Practice, 19, 41–47.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2016.04.003
 13

Panduan BPJS. 2016. Menjadi BPJS Kesehatan itu wajib. Diambil dari
https://www.panduanbpjs.com/menjadi-peserta-bpjs-kesehatan-itu-wajib/yang diakses
tanggal 23 Februari 2017

--------------2002. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. 3th ed. Thousand Oak: Sage
Publication

Perry dan Potter. 2011. Fundamental keperawatan buku 1-3 edisi 7. Terjemahan. Jakarta:
Salemba Medika

Priambodo, Galih. 2014. “Caring dalam asuhan keperawtan, kategori caring berdasarkan
budaya”. Tesis: Naskah publikasi. UMY.

Millns, S., Burton, R. L., & Harris, A. (2016). Nurse Education in Practice The in fl uence
of theory and practice on perceptions about caring for ill older people e A literature
review. Nurse Education in Practice, 19, 41–47.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2016.04.003

Ozan, Y. D., Okumus, H., & Lash, A. A. (2015). Implementation of Watson ’ s Theory of
Human Caring : A Case Study, 8(1), 25–36.

Paulsen, J. E. (2011). Ethics of caring and professional roles. Nursing Ethics, 18(2), 201–
208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733010392302

Polit, D. F & Beck, C. T. 2012. Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for
Nursing Practice. 9th edition. Philadelphia: Lipponcott Williams & Wilkins

Prabowo, B. S., Ardiana, A., & Wijaya, D. (2014, Januaru). Hubungan tingkat kognitif
tentang caring dengan aplikasi praktek caring di ruang rawat inap RSU DR Koesnadi
Bondowoso. e jounal pustaka kesehatan, vol 2 (no 1).

Rego, A., Godinho, L., McQueen, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2010). Emotional intelligence and
caring behaviour in nursing. The Service Industries Journal, 30(9), 1419–1437.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060802621486

Saryono & Anggraeni, M., D. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Dalam Bidang Kesehatan.
Yogjakarta: Nuha Medika

Savett, L. A. (2014). A Personal Letter to an Aspiring Physician or Nurse (or Other Caring
Professional), 20(3), 174–179.

Spradley James.P.(1980). The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt Renehart and
Winston.

Starting out: emotion showed men nurses are more than the sum of their skills. Nursing
standard, march 26, vol 28 no 30, 2014

Streubert, H. J. & Carpenter, D. R. 2011. Qualitative research in Nursing: advanceing of

humanistik imperative (5th edition) \. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
 14

Susan Steele, Mary Koloroutis, & Dana MY. Outcomes: testing a “caring assesment for care
giver” instrument. Creative nursing volume 17, issue 1, 2011.

Svantesson, M., Carlsson, E., & Prenkert, M. (2016). “ Just so you know , the patient is staff
” : healthcare professionals ’ perceptions of caring for healthcare professional – patients,
1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008507

Rachmawati, I. N. 2007. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian kualitatif: Wawancara. Jurnal

Keperawatan Indonesia, 11 91), 35-40