Roger Bacon OFM (/ˈbeɪkən/;[6] Latin: Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Frater Rogerus;

c. 1219/20 – c. 1292), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis, was a medieval English
philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through
empiricism. In the early modern era, he was regarded as a wizard and particularly famed for the story
of his mechanical or necromantic brazen head. He is sometimes credited (mainly since the 19th
century) as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by
Aristotle and by Alhazen.[7]
His linguistic work has been heralded for its early exposition of a universal grammar. However, more
recent re-evaluations emphasise that Bacon was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his
"experimental" knowledge obtained from books in the scholastic tradition.[8] He was, however,
partially responsible for a revision of the medieval university curriculum, which saw the addition of
optics to the traditional quadrivium.[9] A survey of how Bacon's work was received over the centuries
found that it often reflected the concerns and controversies that were central to his readers.[10]
Bacon's major work, the Opus Majus, was sent to Pope Clement IV in Rome in 1267 upon the pope's
request. Although gunpowder was first invented and described in China, Bacon was the first in Europe
to record its formula.