- study of the of the the stimulus - FEEDBACK

body parts and their relationship to one the stimulus -

another. FEEDBACK

- study of the of the ANATOMICAL POSITIONS AND DIRECTIONAL

body parts; how they work to carry out life- TERMS
sustaining activities.

- body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing

Structural Organization: forward with thumbs pointing away from the
body.
- : atoms, molecules and
organelles - towards the head end
or upper part of a structure or the body.
: single cell
- away from the head end
or toward the lower part of a structure of the
body.

- toward or the front of

the body
- all organ systems
combined to make a whole organism - toward or at the back of
the body
- maintenance of
despite of continuous - toward or at the midline of the body
changes in environment; a dynamic state of - away from the midline of the body

- closer to the origin of the body

part or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk
Hemeostatic Controls:
- farther from the origin of a body part
• - ; or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
responds to which are things that trunk.
causes changes in controlled variables (i.e. body
temp, blood volume, blood sugar) - designate specific areas
within body divisions
• - determines set point at
which variables is maintained; 2 major divisions of the body:
from receptor and - (head, neck, trunk)

- (limbs: legs and arms)

- receives output from control
center, provides the means to respond. The
response will either:
Body Planes Regions:

3 most common: Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left

hypochondriac
divides the body into right and left
parts. Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar

- divides the Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

body vertically into anterior and posterior parts.

- divides
the body horizontally into superior and inferior
parts - forms , and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
BODY CAVITIES
- synthesizes vit. D
2 sets of cavities:
- houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil
a) body cavity
glands
b) body cavity CONTAINS:
DORSAL Body Cavity - Skin
2 subdivisions: - Hair
- encases brain - Nails
- encases spinal cord - Sweat glands

- Sebaceous (oil) glands

VENTRAL Body Cavity - houses the internal Structure of Skin:
organs
- superficial region; consists of
2 subdivisions, separated by the diaphragm epithelial tissue and is avascular (does not
(Mediastinum and contain any blood or blood vessel.)
Pericardial Cavity) - is mostly made of dense irregular
(Abdominal and connective tissue along with nervous tissue,
Pelvic Cavity) blood, and blood vessels and is vascular

Abdominopelvic Quadrants - Deep to the dermis is a layer of

loose connective tissues known as the
- Right upper quadrant hypodermis, sub cutis, or subcutaneous tissue.
- Right lower quadrant This serves as the flexible connection between
the skin and the underlying muscles and bones
- Left upper quadrant as well as a fat storage area.
- Left lower quadrant
• Cells of Epidermis
- develop from stem cells at
the base of the epidermis and begin to produce
and store the protein keratin (protein that gives
skin it protective properties); major cell of
epidermis
- spider-shaped cells located in
the deepest dermis; produce the pigment
melanin to protect the skin from ultraviolet
radiation and sunburn.
the third most common
cells in the epidermis; detects and fights
pathogens that attempt to enter the body
through the skin
: sensory receptors that sense
touch
Layers of Epidermis:
1. - deepest layer; contains
the stem cells that reproduce to form all of the
other cells of the epidermis.
2. - Langerhans cells are
found along with many rows of spiny
keratinocytes (prickle cells)
nerves and blood vessels that are
projected toward the surface of the
skin)
2. - thicker and tougher;
made of dense irregular connective
tissue that contains many tough
collagen and stretchy elastin fibers
(provides strength and elasticity to skin)
-has blood vessels to support skin cell
and nerve tissue to sense pressure and
pain in the skin.
Skin Color
3 pigments that contribute to skin color:
1. - only pigment made in
skin; sun exposure stimulates melanin
production; produced by melanocytes
2. - most obvious in palms
and soles; produces a yellow or orange;
if w/ low level of melanin
3. - red pigment found in
red blood cells, but can be seen through
the layers of the skin as a light red or
pink color; if w/ little melanin

3. - where
HAIR
keratinocytes begin to produce waxy lamellar
- consists of dead keratinized cell
granules to waterproof the skin
Function:
4. - made of several rows - helps to protect the body from UV
of clear, dead keratinocytes that protect the radiation by preventing sunlight from
underlying layers striking the skin.
- insulates the body by trapping warm
5. - made of many rows air around the skin.
of flattened, dead keratinocytes that protect
the underlying layers. Structure of Hair:
Layers of Dermis:
1) hair follicle
1. - superficial layer of the 2) root
dermis that borders on the epidermis; 3) shaft
contains many finger-like extensions
called dermal papillae (contain many
3 Parts of Shaft:
- : central core of large cell and air
spaces
- : seceral layers of flattened cell
- : outer layer
NAILS - are accessory organs of the skin made of
sheets of hardened keratinocytes and found on
the distal ends of the fingers and toes.
3 main parts of a nail: the root, body, and free
edge
SWEAT GLANDS - also known as
Two types:
- found in mainly in the axillary and
pubic regions of the body; are inactive until
puberty
- found in every region of the skin and
produce a secretion of water and sodium
chloride
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS - are exocrine glands
found in the dermis of the skin that produce an
oily secretion known as sebum.
acts to waterproof and increase the
elasticity of the skin. Sebum also lubricates and
protects the cuticles of hairs
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN:
1) Protection
2) Body Temp Regulation
3) Cutaneous Sensation (pain, pressure)
4) Metabolic function (synthesize vit. D needed
for calcium absorption in intestine)
5) Blood Reservoir
6) Excretion of waste (sweat)
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- protects and supports body organs, and
provides a framework the muscles use to cause
movement. Blood cells are formed w/in bones.
Bones store minerals.
The skeletal system is composed of bones,
cartilages, joints and ligaments.
2 major divisions: and
- consists of 80 bones
divided into 3 major regions:
Functions:
1. Form
2. head, neck and trunk
3.
SKULL
- enclose brain in cranial
cavity; provides sites of attachment for head
and neck muscles
- form framework of face;
contain cavities for special sense organs,
provide openings for air and food passage;
anchor facial muscle; secure teeth
- extends from skull to pelvis
- functions to transmit weight of trunk to lower
limbs, surround and protect spinal cord, provide
attachment points of ribs and muscles
- flexible curve structure = 26 irregular bones
called vertebrae
Regions and Curvatures:

Regions: 28 long vertebral column broken into 5 girdle - attaches upper limbs to body
regions: trunk.

1) - 7 vertebrae girdle - attaches lower limbs to body

trunk
2) - 12 vertebrae
Pectoral Girdle - consists of clavicles and
3) - 5 vertebrae
scapulae.
(tip: remember meal times: 7 am, 12 nn, 5 pm)
CLAVICLES - also called collarbones; S-shaped
4) sternal end articulates with sternum medially;
flattened acromial end articulates laterally with
5) scapula; anchor muscles& act as braces to hold
the scapulae and arms laterally
: four main curves in the column
help to increase resilience and flexibility of SCAPULA
spine.
- also called shoulder blades.
- : concave posteriorly
Each scapula has 3 borders:
: convex posteriorly
- shortest, sharpest border
RIBS - 12 pairs
- runs parallel to spine
TRUE RIBS (pairs 1-7)
- near armpit, ends superiorly in
- attach directly to sternum by individual costal glenoid cavity fossa (shoulder joint)
cartilages.
Each scapula has 3 angles:
FALSE RIBS (pairs 8-10)
Superior angle - between superior and medial
-attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal
cartilage of rib above Lateral angle - between superior and lateral

VERTEBRAL (FLOATING) RIBS (pairs 11-12) - no Inferior angle - between medial and lateral
attachment to sternum Bone features of scapula:
Main parts of Rib: 1.
- flat bone that makes up most of rib 2.

3.
- constricted portion beyond head 4.
- knoblike structure lateral to THE UPPER LIMB: 30 bones from skeletal
neck framework of each upper limb.
- consists of - ARM: humerus
bone of the limbs and their girdles.
- FOREARM: radius and ulna
- HAND: 8 carpal bones in the wrist; 5
metacarpal bones in the palm; 14 phalanges in
the fingers