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Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal


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Comparative study of combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions


of waste cooking-diesel oil blends
Ahmed Mahfouz a,⇑, M.S. Gad c, Ahmed El Fatih a, Ahmed Emara b
a
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
b
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Mattaria, Helwan University, Egypt
c
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Fayoum University, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The depletion of fossil fuels have seriously encouraged extensive search for alternative renewable
Received 9 February 2017 resources. Among these resources are the use of biodiesel (highly expensive, low yield) and the blending
Revised 28 March 2018 of waste cooking oil (WCO) with light diesel oil (LDO). The present paper undertakes an experimental
Accepted 28 March 2018
investigation to study the effects of varying the blending ratio of WCO/LDO on the flame characteristics,
Available online xxxx
combustor efficiency, and exhaust emissions. This blending ratio is varied from 0% to 100%. For any par-
ticular blend, the equivalence ratio is varied from 0.6 to 1.05. The experiments are conducted inside a
Keywords:
water cooled, cylindrical, combustor fitted with a coaxially mounted waste oil burner. The measurements
Waste cooking oil (WCO)
Swirled burner
include the inflame and exhaust mean gas temperatures and the dry volumetric species concentrations
Combustor (CO, NOx, CxHy and O2) at the combustor exit. The present results indicate that the blending ratio should
Inflame thermal contouring map not exceed 20% to ensure acceptable combustor efficiency and lower emissions.
Exhaust emissions Ó 2018 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under
Equivalence ratio the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Blended fuel oils

1. Introduction and cottonseed oils are used in oil burners [3–10]. The use of veg-
etable oil and fuel oil blends may be of value for applications such
The use of pure vegetable oils or mixing it with light diesel oil in as electricity production and heat production. For example, in West
liquid oil burners may attract many attentions and concerns, as the African countries, in particular, cottonseed oil and diesel fuel oil
energy characteristics of these oils are very similar to fuel oils. blends which were used in burners could be the alternative fuel
However, care must be taken to ensure proper combustion. Indeed, for the production of steam and hot water for small-scale oil mills
as a result of certain peculiarities of vegetable oils (especially their [2,11–14].
physical and chemical properties), one encounters problems with The economic aspect coupled with the energy efficiency and the
ignition, cocking of cold parts and draining of unburned fuel, when environmental considerations seem to be the most comprehensive
they are used unmodified in non-modified fuel oil burners [1,2]. strategy, which took into account the interests of boiler unit for
These problems could be resolved by preheating or mixing it with optimization [15–21]. Waste cooking oil was considered as an
light diesel oil. During the blending of vegetable and liquid fuel alternative fuel and additive which will provide the industry and
oils, the maximum acceptable percentage of unheated vegetable transportation with low price, low environmental impact and
oil should be limited and below 25% of the vegetable oil. Beyond may solve the problems of getting rid of it [22,23].
this percentage, preheating of waste cooking-diesel fuels blends, In this study, physical and chemical properties of waste cooking
the suitable choice of the fuel nozzle and increased fuel pressure oil were studied and compared with light diesel oil. The flame
are indispensable to ensure starting and complete combustion. characteristics and the combustion performance of the light diesel
Therefore, either adapted oil burners can use pure vegetable oil oil blended with waste cooking oil by volume percentages of 20,
or use blends of vegetable oil and domestic fuel oil in non- 40, 60, 80 and 100% at different fuel/air equivalence ratios were
modified burners [2]. Blends of vegetable oils such as rapeseed investigated. Exhaust gaseous emissions (CO, CxHy, and NOx) for
different diesel/waste cooking oils blends were also measured.
The waste cooking oil was tested using a liquid oil burner mounted
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
⇑ Corresponding author. coaxially inside a horizontal cylindrical combustor with 9 seg-
E-mail address: ahmedian_1@hotmail.com (A. Mahfouz). mented water cooling sequential jacket.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.03.004
2090-4479/Ó 2018 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Mahfouz A et al. Comparative study of combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of waste cooking-diesel oil
blends. Ain Shams Eng J (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.03.004
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Nomenclature

Cf specific heat of fuel, kJ/kg K Twi inlet temperature of cooling water, K


Cexh specific heat at constant pressure of exhaust gases, kJ/ Two outlet temperature of cooling water, K
kg K Tf0 initial temperature of fuel, K
C.V.f heating value (Calorific value) of fuel kJ/kg Tamb. ambient temperature, K
Cpw specific heat at constant pressure of water, kJ/kg K Theating preheating temperature of the fuel, K
L length of combustor tube, m X axial distance measured from the burner exit, m
Mw mass flow rate of cooling water, kg/s X/L dimensionless axial distance, dimensionless
Mf mass flow rate of fuel, kg/s U fuel/air equivalence ratio
Mair mass flow rate of air, kg/s ɳ combustor efficiency, dimensionless
Mexh mass flow rate of exhaust, kg/s
Mf mass flow rate of the fuel, kg/s Abbreviations
R radial distance measured from the centerline of the GC–MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
combustor tube, m GPH Gallon per hour
R0 inner radius of the cylindrical combustor tube, m LDO light diesel oil
R/R0 dimensionless radial distance, dimensionless WCO waste cooking oil

2. Waste cooking oil Table 2


Fatty acid composition for waste cooking oil.

Waste cooking oil was provided from fried potatoes food factory Fatty acid methyl ester Fatty acid composition (wt%)
(Chipsy factory- Cairo) to unify the oil source. Physical and chem- Myristic acid (C14:0) 0.91
ical properties of waste cooking oil blends were measured at the Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) 0.12
Petroleum Research Institute and National Research Centre- Egypt Palmitic acid (C16:0) 28.78
and were listed in Table 1. The fatty acid composition of waste Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 2.32
Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) 0.14
cooking oil was shown in Table 2 and measured at the National Linoleic acid (C18:2) 21.19
Research Centre by using gas chromatograph model Hewlett Pack- Ioleic acid (C18:1) 34.94
ard model 5890 equipped with a flame ionization detector. The Linolenic acid (C18:3) 5.20
fatty acid composition of the oil was dominated by oleic acid Stearic acid (C18:0) 6.41
(34.94%) and palmitic acid (28.78%). The free fatty acid chemical
analysis of waste cooking oil was performed before [22].
atomizing pressure. The compressor supplied the primary atomiz-
ing air to the fuel nozzles. The flow rate of primary air supplied to
3. Experimental setup and facilities the nozzle was measured using an air rotameter. The primary air-
flow should be set using the pressure regulator according to the
The system consists of a modified waste oil burner (Gier- required burner output. The secondary air, which is considered
schEnertech Group – Germany; model G 100) with an output the combustion air, was supplied by a fan wheel (blower) passing
power of 102 kW. The burner was provided with an automatic through the swirler which is fixed at 50 mm before the burner exit
ignition system for controlling the air and fuel mass flow rates. and was measured by a Pitot tube and micro-manometer. Two old
Horizontal cylindrical water-cooled combustor (195 cm long) was fuel nozzles of SIPHON DELAVAN type having a flow rate of 3 GPH
used with inner and outer diameters of 40 and 50 cm respectively. each were replaced by others with flow rate 1.5 GPH (D.A.2) and
To check the flame length as well as the temperature measure- spray angle 80°. The nozzle had a mixing chamber within it; where
ments, the combustor was provided with several horizontal visual the pressurized air impinged with the liquid jet and formed a good
ports. The chimney holes were established at the end of the com- quality liquid-gas mixture which was then sprayed. The liquid fuel
bustion chamber for the exhaust gas temperature and exhaust is atomized by the combined action of aerodynamically shear
gas emissions measurements. Nine thermocouples (type-K) were strain and surface tension producing a large number of small dro-
fitted in the cooling water jackets exits to measure the cooling plets which increase the overall surface area exposed to the oxi-
temperature. In order to calculate the cooling load, one thermocou- dizer and enhance the rates of heat and mass transfer. The
ple (type-K) is fitted at the main inlet water line which feeds the volume flow rate of the exit fluid from the nozzle was directly pro-
nine jackets. All thermocouples were connected to a personal com- portional to the pressure at which it was supplied to the nozzle.
puter via a data acquisition system card which is commanded and A Programmed card (Arduino) was connected to a personal
directed by a LabView program. computer to control the tested swirl vanes (20° with a plane nor-
The fuel atomizing air-line is comprised of a solenoid valve, air mal to the burner axis) burner. The ignition was attained by a high
safety regulator, air rotameter, pressure controller, air pressure voltage electrical discharge of 3000 V. Light Diesel Oil (LDO) and
gauge and air compressor provided with 5 m3tank for stable air Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) which were mixed by volume through
feeding. The pressure controller was used to regulate the air a mixer of 2500 rpm to form different blends which were used as

Table 1
Physical and chemical properties of WCO-diesel blends.

Properties LDO (0%WCO) 20%WCO 40%WCO 60%WCO 80%WCO 100%WCO


3
Density (kg/m ) 834 844.6 855.2 865.8 876.4 887
Viscosity at 40 °C (cSt) 2.72 3.1 3.84 4.1 4.4 5.16
Heating value (kJ/kg) 42,490 41,250 40042.3 38,863 37,713 36,590
Flash point (°C) 66.3 95 135 161 167 178

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A. Mahfouz et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2018) xxx–xxx 3

Table 3 Both filters have removable and replaceable cartridge elements,


Flue gases analyzer calibration ranges. which can be changed if they were blocked. Filtration processes
Gas cells Ranges Accuracy % full scale Resolution were made to avoid clogging and depositing in fuel lines. The fil-
Oxygen O2 0–25% Vol. ±1% ±0.1% tered oil, finally, was mixed with diesel oil through a mixer by vol-
Carbon monoxide, CO 0–40,000 PPM ±4% ±100 PPM ume to perform the program of measurements and combustion
Sulphur dioxide SO2 0–2000 PPM ±4% ± 1 PPM processes.
Nitrogen monoxide NO 0–1000 PPM ±4% ±1 PPM The fuel mixture was pumped out of the supply tank (preheat-
Hydrocarbon 0–50,000 PM
Ambient temperature 5–50 °C
ing tank) into the burner tank. A float switch controls the level of
Excess air Calculated the burner tank. An additional micro-switch works as a limiter
(switching over to fault mode) when the tank is overfilled. A ther-
mostat regulates the oil temperature in the burner tank and starts
the burner when the set temperature is reached.
fuels in this system. The exhaust gas and water cooling tempera-
The burner successive step operations were converted from its
tures were measured by thermocouples of type-S and type-K,
original controller to Arduino card interfaced with LABVIEW pro-
respectively, to calculate the combustor efficiency. Exhaust emis-
gram to control the burner operation. Firstly, when operating the
sions were measured by the gas analyzer of type LANCOM series
burner, the blower and solenoid air valve were both operative for
II (for flue gases analyzer calibration ranges see Table 3). Inflame
10 s and closed automatically to make purging to anything can
measurements were conducted axially and radially along the com-
be found in both fuel line and airline. The heating process was per-
bustion chamber in order to obtain a general overview distribution
formed by a heater of 3.5 kW inside the burner tank. This heater
of inflaming temperature measurement and thermal contour plots.
was adjusted by a thermostat to a certain temperature. A thermo-
The experimental procedures were done in Continuous Combus-
couple of type-K was responsible for reading the adjusted temper-
tion Lab., Mechanical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering-
ature. After the adjusted temperature is reached, the primary air
Mattaria- Cairo, Helwan University. Fig. 1 shows the schematic dia-
solenoid valve is opened to draft fuel from burner tank and
gram of experimental setup.
atomization process occurs. The fan blower (secondary air) and
ignition are operated respectively with the opening of the air sole-
4. Experimental procedures noid valve.
If the flame extinguished and no combustion happened, the
The waste cooking oil had been firstly collected from the factory flame detector sends a signal to the blower, air solenoid valve
as one patch. The oil was poured into a cylindrical tank of 60 L vol- and igniter to stop working and vice versa. These steps are com-
ume surrounded by cylindrical coil heater of 10 kW. The collected manded and directed by the LABVIEW program. Table 4 showed
oil was then heated up to 95 °C. Finally, the oil was filtered through the experimental program in details. The combustion of waste
large holes 1 mm mesh filter. This removes larger particulates from cooking/diesel oil blends was carried out at primary air atomizing
the outflow of the tank. A 50 lm cartridge filter was then fitted in pressure of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 bar. These primary air atomizing
the fuel supply line. Each step of filtration must be repeated three pressures corresponded to fuel/air equivalence ratios (a) of 0.6,
times at least to make sure that all impurities had been removed. 0.7, 0.92 and 1.05. Between each run of any blend, burning of light
The fuel was fed in series to the burner tank of about 4 L volume oil should be done to draft, vaporize and purge any unburned oil
capacity. Each combustion process of a blend needed about 3.5 L. inside the combustor.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup.

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Table 4 the exhaust temperature rises for all test runs from lower values
Experimental program schedule with Nozzle flow rate 1.5 GPH. at small value of a = 0.6 (extremely lean mixture) to a highest value
Run % WCO ṁfuel ṁair [Kg/h] Uavg. Thermal heat at a = 1.05 (slightly rich mixture). The pure LDO case (0%WCO) exhi-
[Kg/h]
ṁair ṁair
input Qin [Kw] bits marginally higher exhaust temperatures, while the case of 100%
primary secondary
WCO shows the lowest exhaust temperature levels of all test cases.
1 0 4.96 2 99 0.6 58.56
2 20 4.9 55.7
These findings are explained to be due to the progressive decrease of
3 40 4.93 54.78 the fuel calorific value with the increase of WCO in the blends. The
4 60 4.99 53.83 lower levels of exhaust temperature at lower a are due to excess air
5 80 5 52.87 dilution; resulting in lower reaction rates. The reaction rate
6 100 5.1 51.9
increases as a rises towards stoichiometry; giving rise to greater
7 0 5.87 2.3 0.7 69.26
8 20 5.43 62.21 heat release and so higher exhaust temperature.
9 40 5.5 61.15
10 60 5.57 60.1 5.2. Exhaust gas emissions
11 80 5.63 59.0
12 100 5.7 57.92
13 0 7.56 2.4 0.92 89.23 The values of emissions are measured by the gas analyzer on
14 20 6.91 79.16 volumetric basis. It would not be appropriate to present them in
15 40 7 77.8
16 60 7 76.4
17 80 7.2 75.12
18 100 7.3 73.73
19 0 8.64 2.6 1.05 101.98
20 20 8.93 102.3
21 40 9.1 100.71
22 60 9.14 98.71
23 80 9.28 97.19
24 100 9.34 95.43

A comparison between the normalized exhaust emissions of CO, Panel A


NOx, and CxHy was performed. Determination of combustor effi-
ciency was calculated from losses to water load and exhaust. Com-
parisons of combustor performance characteristics, radial inflame
temperatures, flame thermal contouring, and exhaust emissions
were made between the different blends.

5. Results and discussions

5.1. Exhaust gas temperature

Fig. 2 shows the variations of the exhaust mean gas temperatures


corresponding to the progressive increase of the equivalence ratio a
for the different percentage of WCO in the blends. It is clearly seen

Panel B

Fig. 2. Effect of waste cooking-diesel oils blends on exhaust gas temperatures at Fig. 3. Normalized CO (Panel A) and CxHy (Panel B) emissions for waste cooking-
different equivalence ratios. diesel oil blends at different equivalence ratios.

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this form; rather they must be expressed in terms of emission In case of LDO: Fig. 3(Panel A) demonstrates higher level of CO
indices [g/kgfuel] (mass basis) or specific emission indices [g/kW] emissions of about 55 ppm/kW at U = 0.6 (extremely lean condi-
to take into account the differences in the fuel caloric values tions) which is followed by a progressive reduction with the
among the test cases. In this paper, the species of the exhaust gases increase of U; reaching a lower level of 18 ppm/kW at U = 1.05
are normalized by the rate of energy input; viz (slightly rich conditions). In parallel, Fig. 3(Panel B) shows a lower
value of CxHy of 20 ppm/kW at U = 0.6 and then exhibits slight rise
CO
COnorm ¼ ð1Þ to about 40 ppm/kW at U = 0.8 followed by slight declines; reach-
M fuel  C:V f
ing 20 ppm/kW at U = 1.05.
These trends are typical of enclosed diffusion flames. At lean
C n Hm
C x Hy norm ¼ ð2Þ conditions, the flame exhibits dilution by the excess air; causing
M fuel  C:V f
lower reaction rates and higher CO at exhaust (O2% = 11% at
exhaust). With progressive increase in U, the reaction rate rises;
NO
NOnorm ¼ ð3Þ leading to rapid decline of CO which reaches the lowest level at
Mfuel  C:V f U = 1.05 where the O2 level at the exhaust shows 6.5%.

Fig. 4. Oxygen concentrations (O2 %) for waste cooking- diesel oil blends at
different equivalence ratios.
Fig. 6. Percentage of heat transferred to the combustor walls for waste cooking-
diesel oil blends at different equivalence ratios.
=

Fig. 5. Normalized NO emissions for waste cooking- diesel oil blends at different Fig. 7. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature
equivalence ratios. of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.0275, a = 0.6.

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The slight rise of CxHy with the increase of U indicates increased and the abundance of CxHy levels particularly at extremely lean
rate of pyrolysis of the fuel to CxHy which would partly converted conditions (U = 0.6). This is also indicative by the higher O2 level
to CO. The reduction of CO with the increase of U indicates accel- at exhaust which reaches a level of almost 12% which further
erated combustion and hence increased rates of conversion to CO2; reflects poor mixing and reaction as shown in Fig. 4.
leading to better combustion efficiency. The exhaust gas temperatures all over the range of U variations
In case of WCO: It is evident from Fig. 3 (Panel A and B) that the (from 150 °C at U = 0.6 to the value of about 340 °C at U = 1.05) are
emission levels of CxHy show higher level at lower U and then the extremely lower when compared to either the case of LDO or
rapidly increase to a maximum level of about 350 ppm/kW at the blends. This further supports the extremely high levels of CxHy
U = 0.68 followed by a steady decline and reaching a level of about and lower levels of CO (very poor flame). This may lead to the
200 ppm/kW. In parallel to that, the level of CO exhibits extremely conclusion that WCO must not be burned alone in furnaces unless
lower decline (from 12 ppm/kW to 10 ppm/kW) over the full range several measures are taken. These include -but not limited to-
of U variations. preheating of unless the combustion air to higher temperatures,
The relatively poorer atomization of WCO relative to LDO which adequate mixing with combustion air, proper selection of U. Alter-
leads to slower rates of vaporization, mixing of the volatiles with natively, WCO may be blended with LDO. Its percentage in the
the combustion air leading to deterioration of the reaction rate blend should never exceed the value of 20%; the lower this per-

=
=

Fig. 8. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature Fig. 10. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature
of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.0275, a = 0.7. of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.0275, a = 1.05.
=

Fig. 9. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature Fig. 11. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature
of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.0275, a = 0.92. of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.075, a = 0.6.

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centage is the better the combustion efficiency and the lower the air and fuel which resulted in an increase of NOx emissions. Forma-
emission levels. This later statement may be clearly seen from tion of NOx emissions decayed at lower fuel/air equivalences. The
the data presented in Fig. 3. The oxygen content in the waste cook- reduction of NOx emissions for 40% WCO was below 20% WCO
ing oil may be viewed as an advantage in increasing the reaction blend by average 18% all over the operating conditions. The
rate leading to better combustion. increase of WCO percentage in blends decreased NOx emission at
As indicated in Fig. 5, the effect of fuel/air equivalence ratios on constant equivalence ratio.
the normalized NO emissions for WCO/LDO blends was studied.
Maximum NO was produced over the optimum fuel/air equiva- 5.3. Combustor efficiency
lence ratios range for minimum CO production. The better combus-
tion quality means that the combustion and the flame Thermal heat balance of the combustor was calculated for all
temperatures would be the highest, which is corresponding to waste cooking/diesel oil blends. Fig. 6 showed the effect of
thermal NOx formation as the rates of the principal reactions for fuel/air equivalence ratios on heat transferred to the combustor
this mechanism is largely temperature-dependent. In addition, walls (combustor efficiency) along blends. The increase in the per-
the lower proportions of locally fuel/ air equivalence ratio resulted centage of heat transferred to the combustor wall is due to the
from the lower combustion rates and temperatures, further arrest increase in fuel drafting and closer to complete combustion. The
the production of thermal NO. Increase of the fuel consumption increase of fuel/air equivalence ratio led to increase of fuel con-
will lead to a higher combustion temperature and mixing of both
=

Fig. 12. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature


of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.075, a = 0.7. Fig. 14. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature
of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.075, a = 1.05.
=

Fig. 13. Normalized representation of the variations of radial inflames temperature


of WCO blends at position X/L = 0.075, a = 0.92. Fig. 15. Axial inflame temperatures at equivalence ratio of u = 0.92.

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sumption as well as the heat transferred to combustor walls. The As the fuel blends ratio increased up to the pure WCO, the thermal
increase of WCO percentage in diesel/waste cooking oils blends efficiency decreased consequently. Additionally, the lower viscos-
led to decrease in the combustor efficiency at the same fuel/air ity of LDO helps to burn easily and faster than any other blend.
equivalence ratio because of low heating value. The percentage
of heat transferred to the combustor wall to the total heat input 5.4. Radial inflame temperature distribution
(ɳ) was calculated by the following equation:
Non-dimensional flame temperatures were measured radially
M  C ðT  T wi Þ þ Mexh  C exh ðT exh  T amb Þ (R/R0) according to the radius of the burner. The effects of relative
gð%Þ ¼ w pw wo ð5Þ radial inflame temperature distribution at fuel/ air equivalence
M f  C:V f þ M fheating  C f ðT heating  T f 0 Þ
ratios (0.6, 0.7, 0.92 and 1.05) were displayed in the following
The thermal efficiency calculation depends on the exhaust and Figs. 7–14. The radial flame temperature decreased from the center
cooling loads at certain fuel/air equivalence ratio. Both loads of the combustor towards the combustor walls because of the cool-
increased as the fuel/air equivalence ratio was increased for the ing of water jacket that surrounding the combustor walls. So, the
whole test cases. This is according to the increase of the exhaust first region could be named as cooling zone flame. The increase
and radiation heat loads produced from the combustion process. of atomizing air pressure led to increases in inflames temperature

Fig. 16. Effect of waste cooking- diesel oil blends on thermal contouring and visual flame observation at a = 0.6.

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of WCO near LDO. This was due to the increase in the heat release ature appeared during the transition from near burner dump
resulting from the increase in fuel consumption. plain zone to the unstable shear layer zone. The increase of waste
At high fuel/ air equivalence ratios especially the values of 0.92 cooking oil percentage in each blend made the flame shorter due
and 1.05, the non-dimensional temperature gradients with respect to higher oil viscosity. The peak value of the axial inflame tem-
to the heating value increased again at the outer regions around perature was noticed farther away from the centerline. The Light
the flame because of the formation of secondary recirculation zone diesel oil was atomized and burned quickly at the shear layer
around the flame which enhanced the mixing with air inside the zone due to its lower viscosity and after that the waste cooking
combustor. A secondary recirculation zone was formed because oil entered the turbulent zone (reaction zone) to complete the
the flame was confined inside the combustor and the walls of com- combustion and reach the stoichiometric condition. Also, the light
bustor were hot enough to achieve a good mixing and to stabilize diesel fuel oil was burnt rapidly due to lower flash point than
ignition zone. waste oil. As seen from Fig. 15, when waste cooking oil percent-
age was increased in blending, the peak values of the axial
5.5. Axial inflame temperature distribution inflame temperature declined near the burner exit which indi-
cates that the length of the flame declined. The reduction in the
In the axial direction, the flame shape and length changed in flame length was due to the micro-explosion phenomenon which
flame zones (unstable shear layer zone, turbulent zone, and com- happened. The waste cooking oil had higher surface tension, den-
plete combustion zone). The decrease in the axial inflame temper- sity, and viscosity than that of the light diesel fuel oil. So, the fuel

Fig. 17. Effect of waste cooking – diesel oil blends on thermal contouring and visual flame observation at a = 0.7.

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droplets of the light diesel fuel oil are burnt in faster way than from the start of combustion for the flame stability assurance
that of the waste cooking oil. and avoidance of the flame waving.
At pure light diesel oil, the flame was too luminous at all fuel/
5.6. Thermal contour plots and flame visualization air equivalence ratios. Diesel oil fuel produced sooty flames
because of the high carbon content is about 86% which was
Fig. 16 showed photographic flame images of WCO/LDO blends unburned completely. Adding waste cooking oil to diesel oil would
at a = 0.6 using a Canon digital camera (type-60D and resolution of decrease sooty and luminosity of flames because the carbon con-
18 megapixels) and thermal contouring of each blend by using cer- tent in WCO is about 77%. At a = 0.7, the flame lengths were
tain software (sigma plot program). Increasing the percentage of approximately equal at lower WCO percentages (20% and 40%)
waste cooking oil in blends reduced the flame length (L) due to but at the higher percentages of WCO the lengths were not equal,
the preheating of WCO (for the whole blends) to a temperature as shown in Fig. 17.
(83 °C) lower than the auto-ignition temperature (flash point). This At a = 0.92, the flame became longer than the previous condi-
preheating temperature accelerates the early stages of combustion tions due to less lean. It was indicated that, by increasing the waste
leading to the creation of shorter intense flame. The flame length cooking oil percentage in the blends, the flame luminosity had
was measured from the burner rim to the visible flame tip from become less as shown in Fig. 18. Finally, at a = 1.05, the fuel flow
the camera images. These images are taken after around 20 min rate reached the maximum values as shown in Fig. 19. The flame

Fig. 18. Effect of waste cooking- diesel oil blends on thermal contouring and visual flame observation at a = 0.92.

Please cite this article in press as: Mahfouz A et al. Comparative study of combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of waste cooking-diesel oil
blends. Ain Shams Eng J (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.03.004
A. Mahfouz et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2018) xxx–xxx 11

Fig. 19. Effect of waste cooking - diesel oil blends on thermal contouring and visual flame observation at a = 1.05.

of LDO had the maximum radius due to the radial explosion of the  Exhaust gas emission measurements of CO and NOx showed a
fuel droplets. Blends of waste cooking oil and light diesel oil significant decrease through the mixing of the waste cooking
reduced the black smoke and black fogs produced from the pure oil with light diesel fuel oil.
diesel fuel oil due to the incomplete combustion or misfire. This  The slight rise of CxHy (in WCO blends) with the increase of U
brightness of 100%WCO flame is due to the combustion of oxygen indicates increased rate of pyrolysis of the fuel to CxHy which
atoms which is present in its molecular formula whereas it was would partly converted to CO. The reduction of CO with the
considered as an oxygenated fuel which produced less soot. increase of U indicates accelerated combustion and hence
increased rates of conversion to CO2; leading to better combus-
6. Conclusions tion efficiency.
 Microexplosion phenomenon affected on both flame
Comparisons between combustion characteristics, emissions lengths and flame temperature distributions due to the waste
and flame observations for waste cooking-diesel oil blends were cooking oil addition and it will shorten the flame in that
performed. The main conclusions that rose from combustion pro- case.
cesses are:  Microexplosion reaction happened due to the difference in liq-
uid flash point, surface tension, viscosity, and density.
 WCO was considered as oxygenated fuel oil despite of its impro-  Light diesel oil tended to produce sooty flames more than that
per atomization. of waste cooking oil.

Please cite this article in press as: Mahfouz A et al. Comparative study of combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of waste cooking-diesel oil
blends. Ain Shams Eng J (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.03.004
12 A. Mahfouz et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

 The relatively poorer atomization of WCO relative to LDO which [22] Abdelgawad A, Emara A, Gad MS, Elfatih A. Combustion characteristics of a
swirled burner fueled with waste cooking oil. In: ASME 2015 International
leads to slower rates of vaporization, mixing of the volatiles
Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition conference; Volume 6A:
with the combustion air leading to deterioration of the reaction Energy. IMECE2015-53437; 2015. p. V06AT07A007; 11 pages.
rate and the abundance of CxHy levels particularly at extremely [23] Tashtoush G, Al-Widyan M, Al-Shyoukh M. Combustion performance and
lean conditions. emissions of ethyl ester of a waste vegetable oil in a water-cooled furnace.
Appl Therm Eng 2003;23:285–93.

Acknowledgement Ahmed Mahfouz Mohamed Mostafa Abd El-Gawad.


His research interests include Measurement of perfor-
I would like to acknowledge Prof. Dr. H.A. Moneib for his mance parameters and exhaust emissions of petrol and
diesel engines. Burner designing. Measuring combus-
advises and making analysis of some data as well as National
tion performance. Laser techniques interests of mea-
Research Centre for funding. surements.

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Please cite this article in press as: Mahfouz A et al. Comparative study of combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of waste cooking-diesel oil
blends. Ain Shams Eng J (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.03.004

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