Making a wheel — how to make a traditional light English pattern wheel by John Wright and Robert Hurford 2 COMMISSION(© 1907 Rural Development Commission All rights reserved, No part of this publication nay be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, of transmitted in any form or by any ‘means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Rural Development Commission, ISBN 1 so9066 57 8 Published by the Rural Development Commission 14 Castle Seroet, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP1 STP, England ‘Ta: o17e2 896985 Designed by Design Projects Photogeaphy by Jon Stone Printed by Cromwell PressPreface As the use of horse drawn vehicles dee the 1950s and early 1960, demand for traditional craft of wheelserighting also fel By the time interest in carriage driving an he use of horse drawn vehicles for trade and leisure revived, it had become hard to find a practising wheelwright The Council for Small Industries in Rural Areas (CoSIRA), now the Rural Develo Company of Wheelwrights, decided to set up a with the help of the Worship training scheme to ensure that the craft oft wwheeheright was not lost for ever The traning scheme still runs at the Commission's workshops in Salisbury, passin well a introducing more modern techniques, increases. The Commission and the Worshipfil Company inte The authors oth authors teach the Rural Devel ' wheelwright course, To their only book deseribing, nal light English pattern wheel. It has been designed for students and all thove interested in the wheelwrights trad The Rural Development Com The Commission works for the well 1 live ard work in the En side, W nd social developrnent and take ‘communities flourish, One way we do this is by providing affordable and accessible trainin course oF on our other courses, please contac Craft Training, Rural Development TH Castle Street, Salisbury Wiltshire SIIntroduction “This manual aims, in a practical way to show the processes necessary for building a Tight ‘wooden earringe wheel ofthe traditional English form, I describes the operations in a ‘way which should enable a workman familiar with the use of woodworking tools and techniques to make such a wheel [Naturally the sizeof a wheel is determined by ts intended job and the parts ofthat wheel are ‘made proportionately heavy or ight. Fix dlfcult to set out rules suitable for assessing the proportions of wheels and we will not, attempt to da so here, Some factors take care of themselves, or example the combined ‘wilt ofthe total number of spokes in the ‘wheel must be less than the maximum circumference of the stock. Ie may be worth pointing out that the diameter ofthe wheel is very roughly proportioned co the length of the axlebox, since the leverage exerted by side-thrusts on the fellos increases as the diameter of the wheel inereaes, But itis simplest and most satisfactory to recommend 4 study ofthe proportions and sizes of wheels land their parts that were used in traditional old vehicles. In doing so the style ofthe forms (of spokes and stock will be noted and dhis will prove useful in repairing or making, reproductions of old vehicles. Several hinds of wheels which did not rely entirely on wooden mortices in a wooden stock to hold the spokes were introduced in the 18th Century: Tes not our purpose to deal with these here They were mostly inventions designed to facilitate mass production of lightweight vehicles in America and some of the lightest kinds can prove difficult to repair without the extensive use of machinery and jigs. Even in making wooden wheels of the ‘traditional pattern, a variety of special tools and pieces of standing equipment are necessary and some woodworking machinery is help. These will be referred to inthe text Suitable hardwoods will also be needed and the selection of timber isa matter of crucial Importance. The traditional species have been found to have the right physical properties of strength and resilience. The choice of the correct run ofthe grain and degree of seasoning ace vital for the strength -and life span of the wheel Ithe wheel is tobe stored ‘under particularly dry conditions of used in a dry climate, he moisture content of the timber will ned to he correspondingly lower For normal purposes, inthis country, a moisture content of about 16% is at) acceptable maximum, Most carriages are stored in unheated sheds, many without damp Introduction courses, Wheels made with timber too wet will, of cours, shrink inside their iron tyres Less frequently, those whieh have been exposed to excessively wet conditions may ‘swell and the dish may inerease because the spokes bend. There is also a danger that rot may set in if timber of too high a moisture content is used, this moisture would be ‘trapped by the usual impertacable paint finish and so rot may result. The most awkward storage and usage situations for wheels involve long spells in differing degrees of bbumidity, the impermeability of the paint or varnish finish provides a barrier to protect against short term fluctuations im humidity, over periods of days ora very few weeks. But ifthe paint film is damaged, or ifthe storage ‘use varies the humidity dramatically over Jong periods, shrinkage or swelling may resultTo some extent his may be avoided by soaking spokes in hot linseed oil before assembling the wheel, but the ail dies slowly And may niske painting dffcule for along time unless itis done well in advance of2 Making a Wheet The wheelstock The ProcedureThe Wheestck 9Making 0 Whee Here the ameter of te an fre et tack oop ec The op els plac ovr he task readies iy ‘ote tack Isl be jit cg o ing ei on th a hare w cl te ape neon wl ten Theflowingseauenc shows the vadional English aac aterm beads eng formed on a stack “The stp not of ples ct with a hie “The beads are rough out with 2 chi When the stock ds are turned to size the position ‘Usually the spokes are arran halfway point between the inside ed marked by measurement (Fig.1 1 spoke mortises are marked stra the sof the 80 stoal ho The spoke is positioned to straddle the mid point describe above, bt the spokes 2Fe hey mnt therefore have two fines (breast marks) marked, one ether side ofthe front edge of the stock, this case "apart (Fig. 12) "The breast marks are ct nto the stock with the corner ofa chisel or parting tool TThe mark forthe back edge of the mortise canbe ‘made with a perl using the spoke itself placed against the work to arse a the correct point. “Therma comex er ford with a meow ie6 Making a Whee Axles Ales fr hors categories, those with tapered arms and those swith parallel arms tn addition, a great many new awn vehicles fll nto two designs have been tried and woovlen ones may ‘oceasinally be seen on very early fart veh The most frequent types of old axles are the Cart arms The journals are tapered, the axle box is plain casting with two oF thee wings on the outside of its langest diameter The arm is short tapering rectangular section irom and fited one ether side fof a worden axle bed. The box is fixed by a collet witha lynch pin. (Fig:20) Drabbles Tic use ally «conduc place of nally two arms seta axe be. The journals are tapered, a brass cap having afer thread eovers the collet and lynch pin Sometimes the bo flanged hexagon nut instead of lynch pin and colle. (Figen) Collinge The journals are parallel, the axle a continuous inom bar, the box is fixed witha collet which is held by eounter threaded nuts covered by a brass oil eap which ean be recognised because it has deep dome to accommodate these nuts. The outside, locking nut on Collinge alesis always left-hand threaded the inne, longer nut, has a larger, right-hand thread, Small vehicles sth as hand-carts were ocasionaly fitted with ‘false or sham Collinge axle which has only one rele Rehan thread on Taig tot pease pand side, righthand on the right. (Fi Mail Similar tothe Collinge, bat the box is held on by aollar behind the wheelstoc, fixed by three Jong, “ml bolts” passing through the wheel-stock and through the collar ‘The capi Ha, sine there is no need to cover the extended axle end and ‘nuts which the Collinge type has (Fig) ‘When lubricating these axle types a general rule is thatthe tapered journals are grease and the parallel ones are oiled with gear oil atleast until theres too much wearin the axle to hep the oil in. after which grease i sed asa last resort. The caps and boxes are arranged with oil reservoirs the axles are provided with leather washers which are designed to retain the oil. All types have the large end ited at the back of the wheclstock. All are fined Mush sith the bac of the stock except the Collinge, This protrudes from the cart ms Coline ne,hack because the collar ofthe axle is machined to over-hang the end ofthe box, in order to ‘exclude dit from the bearing, The form and fitting of these axle boxes has some bearing on the way in which the stock hoops are arranged Collinge ales require that the front stock hoop, shouldbe wide enough to cover the brass cap. The stock hoop atthe rear is normally mich narrower, usualy between 5" and 1" wide on 3 light carriage wheel: ifs flush with the rear turned face of the wheelstock. The mail axle does not need quite sich a wide front hoop since the eap does not have the deep dome required to ‘caver the nus and collet The hoop will tl be made wide enough to over the ol cap. The rear hoop however, is usally made wide eno which the mail bolts pass and sometimes enough to cover the ‘over the loose collar thro Stock hoops ‘Stock hoops are bent in several way, for ‘example a strip of stee! may be wrapped around a large diameter steel pipe after one end is welded to it. Alternatively a strip may be knocked into a curve using a hammer and striking between two firm ‘edges, perhaps a channel in a swage-block Another way is to bend the steel in the Alter welding, the hoops may be rounded up around a manirel, The mandrel will also enable the inside to be hammered toa taper A slight bell-mouth will help them to be driven on to the stock, Stock hoops ae made wo fit tightly and are usually driven fon old, since if they are heated and they char the wood, they will he loose. The front hoops of earriage wheels were ured by two oF three clout nails, If these not available countersunk screws are a rod alternative [Boxing |The box needs to be fixed firmly into the | stock. The hole is bored forthe box with a boxing engine oiling that, ih chines ad gouges. pilot hole will ned tobe bored fret andthe whole operation may be done tothe Mock before the spokes are driven. Tis davis to cut the mortics in the stock frst so that the bottoms ofthe mortices do not tear ut as they burst nto the hole, The ier to handle with no spokes in it if splinters stock it itcan be held in he jas of boxing engine although the boxing engine may also he used on the complete whee. other tools are used, such as the older type blacksenith-made boxing engines or perhaps boxing gouges the job will proceed better and bye Fund to be more controllable ifthe wheel is assembled first. Sitesi boxing emiMarking out the spoke mortices“Dish” In traditional English wheelwork and ofthe bouring Continental countries set at an angle tothe stock giving a shallow conieal form to the whee! ‘hich is referred to as “dish. In cutting the mortices and tenon shoulders allowance this angle, The sxpressed as a measurement rust be made moun! seater 4 the felloes, taken back to thefront | breast mark The | shetch B explains =) off tical and several other — ‘works and need not concern us her The rear cut of the mortice ean in a wheel with an appreciable amount of dish be made at right angles to the axis of the wheel, the face runs inline with the face of the spoke and the mortice therefore tapers im its dep Spole Mortives 9 ‘Spoke mortices The joins between spe par and stock are of nount importance the wheel, T ven tight into the wheel, re this varying with the weight tion ofthe wheel. The mortices taper in the Front to back way sce Figs A and C) and except in very ancient work and heavy wagon work they em fl | | | | | | | tly are matte to be a greatly as the whicel weigh increases until a inches long would pertaps larger than its mortice. Wi the site ofthe drive hid ofits length10 Making a Whee! an auger The fa are cut with the aid ofthe bru Measure from the front he Mornay hand (etn ‘determine and in subtract the amount of dish from that12 Making a Wheel Spokes ‘Spokes are required to withstand compression \d bending stresses. In former times th material for them was cleft from straight _grained oak. The wedge shaped cross-section Which this produced influenced the shape which spokes were made. The eventual standard pattern of English spoke is what concerns us here and is shown in Fig E leatan aad ana Engi nae pater poe, face opernst More recent work used and continues to use ‘machine made spokes, most usually made by copying lathes, although the use of a spindle oiler to make spokes will be deseribed here. fn machine made spokes the use of cleft timber is not practical, a sawn plank wil be used and the spokes wil be sawn from th “The taper in the length of the spoke seen in the side elevation is generally omitted from machine made spokes and the sides of the tenon shoulders, seen in section A, are usually eft parallel ear Machine made Engi cea pair spokePreparing the unshaped spoke “blanks” cleft sp workman will need to start with green timber, «Blanks are to be used, the as even oak which spits well wil split (or cleave") most easly when its fresh sawn, xt, a drying process will be needed. The ft oak spoke blanks since more quickly than a wide through and siderable organisation and time even if « kiln is t0 be used. The advantages in strength ‘which cleft oak has over sawn oak have beet requenty discussed in books, However, it ean x control, availability of dry timber fom be appreciated that, for reasons of merchants and for the ease ane even safety of ‘machining to size, sawn plank i a great deal re practical in use. Whether the shaping of okes will be carvied out with machinery hy han are being produced, The sizes co which the spokes must be finished will have (blanks ardatwn and plane M [b) The bandsaw can help to front and back of the spoke should be planed. use the saw with great aeuracy. The tenon TThe tenons are eut next, ad a number of shoulders are best marked individually and machine methods are possible, some are cut by hand fa) Dado cutters used with & eros saw 6) With a tenoner itis possible to cut spoke machine to give ana angle and it is difficult to set up a cross-cut xtra work will ned be but not aw todo this, some The tenons ned tMaking a Wheel Making spokes by hand methods the spoke blank while working on it. A spoke fide may be use, this wil be clamped in a vice or horse. A second possible method is t ke in a large sash cramp. The back grip the for har of the cramp will ned to be secured ed on. Perhaps the simplest way isto grip the spoke in a post jee, Some support may be needed for the end n but with practie the workman should find that he can spare a hand for this or prop it up with his chest Machine made spokes (spindles) ‘When the spokes have Ben brought o their final ahape they wl ned fishing, WY there are bastard fle can be used to prepare the spokes for santing, Once sanded de pokes can Deedrven into the stock Driving the spokes The stock has heen carefully prepared forthe spokes with mortises of a size calculated to give the right tightness (te pages 9 and 16) and cut at the precise angle to let the spokes lie in line to sive the right amount of dish, Its frequently possible to save time by cutting the hole for the th through the stock bere the spokes are diven. The stock hoops may be fitted before the spokes are driven, Fora small wheel - with a stock less than, say 6 the spokes ver so tightly th the hoops are “The spoke fd. The pokes seared teen he ols. Te gee smarke out wih cent ne down he face sie ant ns on he os oft a nocessiry to discourage the stock from splitting Small stocks can be gripped in an ordinary joiners vice where the spokes ae driven andi the hoops are not ited this s easier todo, Another advantage in keeping the hoops off this stage is thatthe whalebone gauge can be amore easily attached directly to the turned f ofthe stock to ensure that the spokes le true There is alo some possibility tht if the whalebone guuge is run across the fces ofthe front stock hoop the g ge may not stand perfectly true. For stocks bigger than this the spokes will need tobe tighter in prop the dimensions ofthe tenons ‘The shocks given to the stock in driving larger spokes as well as the tightness oftheir fit make ie advisable to fit A droite in ase. Te fst ra shape sok mst ‘ax cet a drake, Wit race ara te ant plane canbe a orl th ging wrk on eer wt astra rin. Cutoat eval fis hr ste the ark oe sok. the stock hoops before the spokes, a these shocks increase the spiting effect ofthe tgie tenons. ‘The whalebone gauge must next ie fitted to the face of the stock, Its a already mentioned, best Fined onto the turned face dine: If this ix impossible paling spacers can be sed, made of dises of planed timber or plywood bored fo screw or bolt which secures the Alternatives, the bar of the gaug scrons the front stock hoop, having taken care to fensure that the bar stands a right angles tothe axis ofthe stock. In this cane this is usualy ensured by the sock hoop being set accurately dlown tothe front bead ofthe stock, The spring Fixed at the point where the spoke‘spokane ies atl in hap sles han ts mame fen woking in th ai of th sok, the front breast mark tothe bar ofthe gauge the amount of dish is then subtracted from it. The resulting measurement gives the length of spring pointer which is adjusted to protrude 1e spokes are driven so that their faces run inline withthe angle at which the front ofthe Uhisis checked with the whalebone gau Inonder to achieve this, the back of the spoke fT so thatthe spoke fits tightly into the already tapered mortise Amor ‘heck tha gauge ora small bevel may be used to gle is correct. The bevel or the would also have been used in A plane is sed rere which maybe fy the16 Making a Wheel is being rectly: When trimming the first the material is removed a ‘one or two spo ‘mallet oF the poll of an axe) of aw proportioned to its thickness, An approximate rule of thumb gives 1" spoke a 11h hammer Ib hammer, applied with a not fecle force. The correct hiewed when the spoke is felt to begin to tighten into its mortise with about sof the length of the tenon still to rive in The whalebone gauge i cach blow is driving the spoke at the correct od to check that angle I the spoke proves to be setting in at the le, it may be moved a ttle with the adjacent spokes to be driven or nearly tobe driven home and from these it can get enough leverage to push the spoke being driven The whalebone gauge nv, re aah wes i 3 TThe spoke angle can only be corrected a itis being driven, once housed in its mortise it cannot be altered.“Thesooe rane! ne The spoke trammel (or “length gauge) marks the extreme lenge arranged to fll diameter of the whee! “in the wood’, ie the diameter before the tyre is put on, This clearance will allow the tyre to press the fello to the nock of the spoke without ofthe spoke. This point is hort ofthe outside fouling the end of the tongue Te mocks being marked Then the inside diameter ofthe fell mark is used to limit the length ks of the spokes are marked. This is esand this ‘The spoke trimmer is used to prepare the end of the spoke forthe hollow auger I the hollow auger is rotating fast it may be possible start the cleanly without teimming the end ofthe spoke, but this ‘immer eases the work. A draw-knife may be used for this job, Note that the tongue is ‘of the to auger euttin positioned mote to the face than the middle of the spoke20 Making a Wheel Felloes is used net, ine on the felloe when itis held t the bly ofthe The whee is nd felloe is : hat felloe is place {lean the loc bella.oe The las ello is lad exactly on top of the adjacent felloes and a line is struck with a square as shown in Fig. atthe point where adjacent felloes end, The bevel is us before to mark point at which the flloe is oe trimmed. At this point the amount of gap save one operation later Fello joint” When a wheel is ng built Fel are arranged with small gaps between them. This is known as “joint”. Without {his provision the tyre, when it its, would draw all the flloes ouscatently them in the stock and maintaining a I the wheel has this eondition whereby the flloes are tight - without tightening felloe bound the flloes are fitted and wedged to the spoke tongues the amount of gap may be judged by driving a wedge i the joint between two flloes, this w ht hammer b ‘wheels this gap will vary between roportional tothe size ofthe Too big a gap will enable the tyre to ighten to’a point where it may bend th kes unduly. When re-tyring an old tel he joint gap wil sully betes | because the gap between felloe and spok and between spoke and stock have been tightened once (or more) by the tyreMarking the felloes for the borer firs two numbers are re The flloes are arrange! around the whee okes resting on the back of the spoke tongues A line is drawn as shown (Fig.54) above each returned to the eheel after boring, can be spoke centre to serve as the centre ine of the fitted in the pos Each flloe is numbered and atleast the fixed This ensures thatthe felloes, when ons which they had while being marked, Next a line is struc nt between each pair of adjacent fellos, this will give the position and angle ofthe dowel The inside (the belly) of the felloe is numbered and the postions of the holes ace the face of the spoke about the fce of the flloe. In setting the height ofthe borer, between i” and 1 of felloe is therefore allowed to p rue i front ofthe face ofthe spoke and a smal allowance tion to that to permit some cleaning up ‘of the face surface with a plane, This has heen marked out on the right in the form of a section through the tongue and through the spoke end (Fig.57),in reines rang ts the sake ec fer els isa mark made by inverting the Once they are cut to ft around the wheel Wo lf th ton the front side ofthe spoke marked for ther holes and numbered diameter ofthe tongues ofthe wheel. Steel tongue and drawing around the front of the felloes are realy to be bored with Holes for Alowels are frequently used and have the spoke. Doing this gives a quick indication of spoke tongues and dowels. The borer used advantage that they are not eut through by a how far back on the flloe the front edge of _ earlier for cutting the spoke tongues (page 18) saw if tis used to cut the joints betwe the hole for the spoke tongue must be, the 6" is the best machine for this job. It produces a fells to fit them together perfectly. In alight must be added othe mark and the hole centre quick, aceus course, behalf the diameter of the hole marking out than has already been desc ack than this mark The bi The reason for this has been treated in the surface ofthe work piece on such a machi ones are usually long sectional fg on page 19, the forward position and the height is set at the stare and reaains ofthe spoke tongue will enable the felloes of the same for the wheel to be b made, The tongues led from the back to and the dowels are most conveniently reduce their width atthe hole, without cutting arranged at the same hole centre height and 0 the machine needs no re-setting, The dowels may be wooden, in which case they arc made of oak by the use of a dowel plate24 Making Whe the spoke dog i to pall sir of spokes so that the ends the spake tongues may enter the holes fro the inside of the felloe ‘Te wheat seach loro he pk The wheelwright fits each flloe to the okes, in the sequence of their numbering, and enters the dowels into their pre-bored oles as he does so, He walks around the wheel, driving the felloes home onto the knocks ofthe spokes. ‘Then the wedges are fitted, He continues to eirele the whee, giving. alight tap to drive the wedge in, and a sharper one to drive the felloe on once the wedge is gripping, until all the felloes are ly FiteDressing the felloes tions is to plane = which ean be The wheel, face up is fixed on the whee stool and the face side ofthe felles is planed o that all their faces le flat and true with one uire abevel to The wel ia clamped face down on the wheel stool and plane! on nwt {O The faced of he fess lan so that athe aces The soles mared wi 2 mario gauge. the line just marked. A power plane may help teat and re with oe anther to take the bulk of the material “The whe! is planed onthe bck ‘A smth planes se to dean wth et made by te26 Mating a 1 accept the wheel, which is rotated slowly upon the spindle, The whechwright sights across the sole ofthe felloe toa mark (here a chal mark wheel slowly. In this way he ean see any sudden irregularities inthe roundness of the felloes. He then marks the bumps to he planed of “This procedure is followed until the wheel is acceptably round, a check can be made on the smoothness or truth of the curve of the felloes by dravsing » hand along on them, placing the whole length of palm and fingers iincontact with the fell and moving wheel or hand slowly. The irregularities will become apparent The igh spot pando Is oneniet a rave te hel fram the spear it sgt the Bench, he necessary, if much material has operation, to adjust the width of the sole again, the marking gauge is used a before and the plane used to remove excess material. The spole tongues may need bye trimamed so that they lie Su oF $0 heme the surface of the fello, the tyre will ‘only be able to press the felloe onto te nock ‘of the spoke if the tongue does not interfere At thie stage the wheel is ready to have its tyre fitted. The procedire is the same for channel bonds a for fat stel ones, the ‘channels are bent in rolls in the same way as flat bars. Only when the tyre is bent to the The wheel is Iai horizontally an the traveller is prepared with an arrow to show the direction in which it rotates. chalk mark rch whieh the traveler has on its circumference, chalk ‘marks made atthe point where the i used to emphasise thenWhen it reaches the chal mark where it started, itis drawn upwvard across the chalk mark, leaving a trace of chalk on its surface assed, and the nummbe wer with the distance fromFells 20 Shrinkage ‘The tyre is male smaller than the wheel by an amount sometimes known in old workshops as the “nip", When shrurik onto the wheel this allowance enables the tyre 10 draw the felloes together and the fellos are arranged with slight gapes between them st ‘he joints. These gaps i closing reduce the circumference of the felloes and consequently press thei more tightly onto the spokes o that al the joints inthe wheel, between the ellos elles an spokes spokes and stock, are drawn tighter In making the whee! the joints at each end cof each spoke are made a tight as possible 0 that this compression las the most effet. ‘The joint gap (or amount of “owt in the Fing of felloes is difficult to measure, since there wil usually be some compression possible between flloes which appear to the eye tobe tight together, ntl they have ‘once heen drawn together by a tyre The {otal wil be related tothe amount of pulling together of ce joints at either end ‘of the spoke which is required, and the wider the spoke, the greater this will be “The wheel showin in Bhese photographs will reed joint gap about A" co "in total “There isa close relationship between this joint and the amount of shrinkage given to theyre, one way of expressing the tyre shrinkage is to make it enough to take up all this joint and give an extra X" to heep it tight on the felloes after it has dane so. This gives a total in this ease of "to 2 Itis sometimes said that a traditional rule ‘of thumb isto take M" of shrinkage for every {foot of circumference. This gives a measurement of about 14" or a4 wheel, ‘whieh is much higher than the assessment whieh we have just made and might be 24" to 3" wide, although rather tight for ‘most purposes even at that size Teen be seen tha, in assessing the sanount of shrinkage, several factors must be taken into acount and a degree of confusion is possible. In an attempt to clarify the position we will express it as follows: take the normal shrinkage allowance for « wheel tobe x" “The upper extreme rarely exceeds 1%" and the lower is rarely less than 1", The range of choice is therefore very limited. Make a decision within these limits based on the fallowing factors: How loosely constructed is the wheel? it is an old one whose joints have already been drawn together, there will bie les to draw up with the tyre. Anew wheel may sell eed some drawing ‘together, the need for this bing greater, as mentioned before a the size ofthe spokes increases, ‘The height (ie diameter) of the wheel = a tyrecof a small diameter will be incapable of expanding in the same total amount asa large diameter one The section of tyre and felloe has an fect, Larger section tyres will vot necessarily expand more than stall ‘ones (the metallurgical nature of the steel orion will affect the linear ‘expansion but not it sectional size), boat a heavy tyre and large felloe will tore readily withstand the hammering. necessary to drive the tyre om if is tight Long thin spokes and slender floes will not withstand foo much ‘compression, the spokes may bend vy and the felloes may distort, not infrequently bursting atthe points ‘where they’ are bored for spoke tongues.88 Mating ¢ Whee Glossary of expressions used in the MEE Aristrade = Compass Plane : plane with a curved sole used for planing inside eur as the bellies ‘Cutting and Shutting : the operation of re-welding it and shrinking it back onto the wheel to tighten the joints ofthe wheel Blacksmiths use the word shutting t fire welding. Dish : describes the saucer-shape of wooden Seteafathiet eles he spokes in the dtock stan angle Dogs : this is a word used to mean lever tools A spoke dog levers together to facilitate English wheel : wheel with certain stylistic features traditional in England, but bascall term used to deseribe a care stock hoop at the front ani one atthe back. It distinguishes this wheel from other arrangements of stock hoops used on th Continent and in the USA. Felloe : one ofthe wooden segments which make up the ring of wood which forms the rim ofthe wh oe-Bound between the fll draven up tigh before the joints at either end ofthe spoke The spokes are therefore too loose in the4 Moking « Wheel Gedge's Bit 0 bit w curled cutting wings, Gedges bits ae particularly useful in cut twheelwrights’ work well Hollow Auger : onguing bit, hollow bi bit used with a bra cutting tongues onto the ends of sp they have been driven into the stock, There cutter set at an angle like a plane Blade, i the brim. They cut the knock of the spoke and Hoop : see Bond, Stock bonds are often called stock hoops ® a wheelstock stock, nave, naf, nut ete, but i usu the stock with bonds and box fitted Jervis: plane or shave, similar toa large spokeshave, with a blade about 2" wide Suit, A usefal to i Forning spokes, sats and other workpieces with a rounded section Joint; the word joint describes the gups between the felloes ofa wheel which are provided to enable the tyre to compress the ‘components of the whee tight Getge’s i Knock : the flat surface left at the hack of the spoke after cutting the tongue into its end, on ‘hich the belly ofthe flloe abuts Land: the surfaces turned onto a stock where the stock hoops are fitted. Nip: the contraction allowance between the dimensions ofthe tyre and wheel Naf, Nave, Nut : names forthe stock Peneil Gauge : a marking: gauge made t a pencil Post Vice : a vice comprising a vertical post generally sti vertieal an parallel to the post, The screw of the vice posses through bar and post toa nut fixed behind the post. The jaws are atthe top of the bar and the post Rolls 2 machine equipped with rollers for Rounder: hand tool for making the spoke tongues round and an exact size Samson ing the ends of the felloes together when strakes are beingSet : the ends of an axle are inclined downwards so that the wheels lean outwards atthe top this is called the set of bo used to describe the pro ito the right posi tyre is shrunk on, wart of a tenon, usually at angles to the axis of the tenon, which bouts against the timber into which the tenon fits, hence the shoulders of a spoke but down Sole he concave curved outside surface of the flloe, against which the tyre fis 4 Speech :a name occasionally given toa wheel without its felloes also known as a wheel of Spoke Fiddle Spokeshave a small planing tool held in both hhands used to give the final finish to spokes andi merous other situations a bit wh Spoke Trimmer heuts a conical ery much lke a pencil sharpener, in preparation for a tongue to be ut with a hollow auger Strakes ; short lengths of iron fited around a wheel performing the same funtion as continuous tyte. They are about the same Strake Nails: the nails whic felloes. The rectangular shaped heads which fi tapering holes in the strake, Each strake has normally have tapered, square or ight Stagger: in 19th Century Engl Tines (the breast marks) when the spokes are std to he staggered with alternate ones ofthe wheel into Stock : the central p which the spokes are morticed Stock Hoops: see bonds Stool: apiece of standing equipment in a ‘workshop found in many forms for a variety of rations, usually lower than a bench ad megs. enon : in wheel the spokes are given tenons, which fit into morties in the stock They always taper in atleast one elevation in wheelwork,86 Moking Whe ‘Tongue : the enon at the outer end of the spoke, Traveller: measuring instrument consisting ofa wheel, usually with anoteh in its run, itis be thin used to topivot on ahandle, The edge must to avoid misleading readings and its measure the circumference of wheels and their tyres, the process known ax “running. the wheel ‘Tyre the same as bond, the iron ring whieh surrounds the whee, it tightens all the joints and therefore tes o binds the wheel together: Tyre Bar: iron bar was once rolled in a variety of sections known as tyre bar spectcally for the purpose of tyres. One form had one flat edge at right Angles to the face and the other 3 all-round rates THE rade sng used for ge was arranged to overhang the face ofthe wheel flloes, pushing the wheel away’ from obstacles such a kerbstones and thereby protecting the painted vill Country. felloe in some parts of the West ‘Warner Whee! system in whi an American invented the wooden wheesto fiom which had mortices bound by a band formed through it to receive the spokes, which I's tenon form and into a smaller mortice in the wooden stock. There were several variations on the theme by other inventors, Sweet and Sarven tofit through this mortice Whalebone Gauge: bar of wood with a series of holes through ita spring pointer formerly apiece of whalchone) is set through the holes with a wo across the face of the wheelstock The pointer is used to set the angle for cutting the face of the spoke mortice and for driving the spoke in Wheel Horse bar fixed at its top placed for painting. & post with a nearly horizontal