 What It Takes?

 Nature of Creativity
 Research Sequence
 Topic Selection
 Research Planning
 Literature Survey
 Problem Formulation
 How Extraordinary Creative Ideas Occur?
 Stories of Extraordinary Creative People
 A Neural Basis of Creativity
 Nurturing Creativity
 Verification of Theoretical Results
 Communication of Research Results
 Commercialization of Research Outcomes
 Creativity
 Open mind
 Curiosity
 Patience
 Persistence
 Positive Attitude
 Discipline and focus
 The ability of making something new
 Originality
 Utility
 No correlation with intelligence
 Nature and nurture both important
 Creative personality
 Topic selection
 Research planning
 Literature survey
 Formulating the problem
 Creating new solutions
 Verification of analytical results
 Communication of results
 Commercialization of research outcomes
 ICT problems - ranging from experimental to
mathematical
 Problem sources – supervisor, industry, research
papers, conferences, “hot” areas
 Important problems lead to important discoveries
 Time and resource planning
 Planning of research processes
 Planning of developing new skills
 Planning of presentations
 Recognizing new problems
 Important to read outside the area
 Books, journal and conference papers
 IEEE Internet Explore
 Asking the right questions
 Developing analytical models
 Designing algorithmic descriptions
 Discussions and brain storming with the
supervisor and group
 Sudden spontaneous visions
 Dreams
 Cross-pollination from different fields
 Tesla's idea of the rotating
magnetic field came to him
instantly while he was
walking in a park.
 He drew a picture of the

rotating magnetic field in

the ground of the park.
 The great mathematician Gauss
proved in an instant a theorem on
which he had worked unsuccessfully
for four years. "As a sudden flash of
light, the enigma was solved. . . .“
 Similar accounts given by extraordinary creative
people such as Mozart, Tchaikovsky, Poincare,
Coleridge etc.
 Frederick Kekule fell asleep and
dreamed of the benzene molecule
as a snake biting its tail.
 Otto Loewi had a dream that led to
his discovery of the chemical transmission of
nerve impulses.
 Trellis codes by G. Ungerboeck – modem
designer
 Turbo codes by C. Berrou – electronics

expert
 Viterbi’s algorithm – dynamic programming

from computer science

 Frequency hopping by

Hedy Lamarr - famous actress

 A human brain is
a self-organizing system
 Brain centers specialized
for individual functions
 The cortex contains neurons
 Communications between
centers occurs via neural links
 Creative activities occur
in the associative cortex
 Creative people have rich
neural links in the associative
cortex
 Ordinary creativity consists of conscious activities,
represented as linear processes

 Extraordinary creativity involves unconscious

mental processes consisting in interactions between
various regions in the associative cortex bypassing
consciousness
 Exploring in depth a new area
 Think creatively on a regular basis
 Know when to work more deeply or to move on
 Daily meditation
 Practicing observation and describing
 Practicing imagination
 Critical mass of creative people
 A competitive atmosphere
 Inspiring mentors
 Economic prosperity
 Computer simulations
 Hardware and field tests
 Seminars
 Conference papers
 Journal papers
 Theses
 Books
 Focus on innovation
 Paper structure
 Make it readable and interesting
 Where to publish?
 Ethics and integrity
 Quality counts more than quantity
 Intellectual property
 Developing prototypes
 Business plans
 Venture capital
 Major issues faced by managers:
 Ongoing customer complaints
 Need to convince financers/bankers for advances
 Unmet needs among customers
 Need to polish and internal process while managing
men, machines, materials and money
 Decision Makers can be found in every type of
organization: Business , non-profit organizations
and public agencies
 Business Competition:
 Customers
 Products
 Industry Competition
 Business Environment
 Maturing of management as a goup of disciplines
 Explosive growth and influence of Internet
 Stake holders demanding greater influence
 More global competition
 More Govt. intervention
 More complex decisions
 Lower cost data collection
 Better visualization tools
 Powerful computations
 Advanced analytical tools for enhanced insights
 New perspective on established research
methodologies
 Business Intelligence system (BIS) is designed to
provide the manger with ongoing information
about evens and trends in technological ,
economic, political and legal, demographic ,
cultural, social and most critically competitive
areas.
 “Strategy is defined as course of action with
general approach an organization will follow to
achieve its goals”
 Strategy is course of action which u\is decided by
all level of management
 TOP
 MIDDLE
 LOWER
 Identifying problems or opportunities.
 Selecting and implementing a course of action.
 Evaluating the course of action.
 Are those specific, timed activities that executes
a strategy.
 To identify and define opportunities and
problems
 To define, monitor and refine strategies
 To define, monitor and refine tactics
 To improve our understanding of various fields of
management
 Time constraints for making decisions.
 Availability of Data
 Nature of the decision that must be made.
 The value of the research information in relation
to its costs.
 Will the pay off or rate of return be worth the
investment.
 Will the information gained by business research
improve the quality of the decision to an extent
sufficient to warrant the expenditure?
 Is the proposed research expenditure the best of
the available fund?
 Internal Research dept or individual who
coordinates research initiatives.

Advantages
 The internal team would stand a better chance of
being accepted by the employees.
 They team would require much less time to
understand the structure.
 They would be available for implementing their
recommendations after the research.
 The internal team might cost considerably less.
 Disadvantages
 Team may be stereotyped about organizational
problem.
 There is a scope of influence the internal team to
conceal, distort, or misrepresent of certain facts.
 May be an expert team is not perceived by the
Management.
 There may be the chances of internal basis.
Research firm conducts a research
Advantages
 External team has great experience in light of
that it can provide better solutions.
 They are well equipped with latest technology
and analyze the problem in a better way.
 Disadvantages
 More expensive
 They are not welcomed so much.
 This team also charges additional fees for
implementation and evaluation phases.
 Some organizations have their own consulting or
research department which might be called the
management services, the organization and
methods department, R & D (Research &
Development Department)
 Research isn't information gathering
 Research isn't the transportation of facts

 “Research is systematic process of collecting

and analyzing information data) in order to
increase our understanding of phenomenon
about which we are concerned or interested.”
 Method Methodology
Techniques for gathering The underlying theory and
evidence analysis of how research
dose or should proceed,
often influenced by
discipline.

The various ways of “an epistemology” is a

proceeding in gathering theory of knowledge. It is
information theory that decides what
can be observed.
 Requires:
 Scope and limitations of the work to be clearly defined.
 Process to be clearly explained so that it can be
reproduced and verified by other researchers.
 A thoroughly planned that is as objective as possible.
 All limitations are documented.
 Highly ethical standards are applied.
 Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
 All findings are presented unambiguously an all
conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.
 Good research follows the standards of the
scientific method: systematic , empirically
based procedures for generating replicable
research.
 Purpose clearly defined.
 Research process detailed.
 Research design thoroughly planned
 High ethical standards applied
 Limitations frankly revealed.
 Analysis adequate for decision maker’s needs
 Findings presented unambiguously
 Conclusions justified
 Researcher's experience reflected
 A fallacy is an error in reasoning, usually based
on mistaken assumptions.
 Two important type of fallacies are:
 Ecological fallacy
 Exception fallacy
 Theoretical and Empirical:
 Theoretical - develops, explore and test theories.
 Empirical – based on observations and measurements of
reality.
 Nomothetic:
 refers to laws or rules to general cases
 Probabilistic:
 based on probabilities
 Causal:
 Relate with “effect” – attempt to study cause effect
relationship.
 Cross-sectional and longitudinal:
 Cross-sectional – takes place at single point in time.
 Longitudinal – study takes place over time
 Variables
 Is an entity that can take on values
 Variables can be independent or dependent
 Hypotheses:
 specific statement of prediction based on study.
 Exploratory Research
 Descriptive Research
 Causal Research
 Analytical Research
 Applied Research
 Fundamental Research
 Quantitative Research
 Qualitative Research
 Conceptual Research
 Empirical Research
• Gathering preliminary information
defining problems and suggest
hypotheses.
• Conducted because a problem has not
been clearly defined.
• Concludes that a perceived problem
does not exist.
• Relies on secondary data /reviewing
literature or qualitative approaches.
 Result of exploratory research does not usually
useful for DM but themselves , but provide
significant insight into as given situation.
 Useful when researcher lacks a clear idea of
problems they will meet during study.
 Save time and money
 Hypotheses for research may be needed.
• Describes market potential for as
product or demographics and attitudes
of consumers who buy the product.
• Also known as statistical research,
describes data and characteristics about
population or phenomenon being
studied.
• Answer’s questions like - who,
what,where,when and how
 Though data description being factual , accurate
& systematic , the research cannot describe what
caused a situation.
 Thus , descriptive research cannot be used to
create causal relationship.
 Best approach to carry descriptive research is to
conduct a survey invsetigation.
 Test hypotheses about cause-and effect
relationships.
 Researchers to determine if manipulation of
“independent “ variables affects another variable
“dependent”.
 Marketers use this approach primary for propose of
prediction and to test hypotheses, though it can also
be used to lesser extent for discovery and
explanatory purpose.
 The researcher has to make use of facts or
information already available , and analyze these
to make a critical evaluation of material.
 Applied Research aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing society or an
industrial/business organization.
 Fundamental Research is concerned with
generalizations and with the formulations of a
theory.
 Research concerned to some natural
phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics
are examples of fundamental research
 Based on measurement of quantity or amount.
 Applicable to phenomenon expresses in terms of
quantity.
 Based on qualitative phenomenon i.e. relating the
reasons for human behavior.
 E.g. Motivational Research.
 Aims at discovering the underlying motives and
desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose.
 Specially important in behavioral sciences where the
aim is to discover the underlying motives of human
behavior.
 Related to some abstract ideas or theory.
 Generally used by philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing
ones.
 Relies on experience or observation alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.
 It is data –based research, coming up with
conclusions which are capable if being verified by
observations or experiment.
 Also called as Experimental Research
 Researchers must have firsthand info at their
sources and should actively do something to
produce the desired information.
 Quantitative Approach
 Qualitative Approach