mga dapat ta daan bawal kalimutan 🍖

🍖Audiolingualism- focus n pronouncation

🍖Oral Recitation- Rubric measuring
🍖Comma- Slight Pause
🍖Tier 1 - called a universal or core instructions -- *primary and the Students create optimal
learning outcomes .
Siya ung NASA baba ng cone of vocabulary development so it means sya ang pinaka marami o
universal.
Tier2 - targeted or strategic instructions / intervention * Secondary --- for selected students
lamang
Tier 3- Intensive instructions * Tertiary -- efforts applied in response to significant and chronic
learning problems to improve student success as much as possible means sya ung pina ka
tuktuk.
So ang tanong Daw
49. What words should a teacher teach for vocabulary development?B🍖
🍖L1 is a first language it refers to the native KR indigenous language of the student. Ito yung
language kung saan ang studyante Ay mas comfortable na mag salita( MOTHER TONGUE)
🍖L2 naman which is our second language also known "targeted language " it can either be a
second language or foreign language

🍖Una ibigay Mo po ang meaning ng illocutionary act - it is a complete speech act, made in
typical utterance that consist of the delivery of the preposition content.
🍖Declaration - is an utterance used to change the status of some entity ex. You're out uttered
by an umpire at a baseball game. This class includes appointing, naming ect.
🍖Commisive - used to commit tge speaker to do something for example. I'll meet you at the
library at 10:00pm. This class includes promising, vowings, volunteering etc.🍖
🍖Directive naman it is an utterance used to try to get the hearer to do something ex. Shut the
door
🍖Representative namn- it is an utterance used to describe some state of affair ex. I have five
toes on my right foot.
This class includes asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, concluding etc.
🍖/k/-Cold
🍖Voicebox- if the sound is voice is voiceless
🍖Plosive- Family of consonants, release abruptly
🍖Normal environment- naturalistic settings
🍖Language norms community- Ethnographic Studies
🍖Elements of history- Historical research
🍖Survey form- Not a qualitative gathering tool
🍖Translation major concern- Translate literary piece to other language
🍖Scholarly journal- secondary source of data
🍖Ethnographic research- Describe non-verbal cues
🍖Action Research- also called descriptive research, improving classroom instruction
🍖Tringulation- applying 3 research gathering tool
Cross checking of data
🍖Research Journals- Good research
🍖Structural Elements of a Poem
🍖Structuralists support the idea that language can be described in terms of observable and
verifiable data as it is being used
🍖Transformationalists believe that language is a system of knowledge made manifest in
linguistic forms but innate and, in its most abstract form universal.
🍖Functionalists advocates that language is a dynamic system through which members of a
community exchange information. It is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning such
as expressing one’s emotions, persuading people, asking and giving information, etc.
• They emphasize the meaning and functions rather than the grammatical characteristics of
language.
🍖Interactionists believe that language is a vehicle for establishing interpersonal relations and for
performing social transactions between individuals.
🍖Atmosphere- Edgar Allan Poe Consideration
🍖Characterization- Guy De Maupassant short stories symblizes
🍖Steavan Javellan- Without Seeing the Dawn (The Japanese Occupation)
🍖 Surprise ending- Highlights in teaching stories
🍖Exposition- Introduction of characters
🍖Foreshadowing- Advance giving hint of whats going to happen
🍖Monomyth - Joseph Campbell "olden days"
🍖Flashforward- Prolepsis mean forward in time from the current point of the story
🍖Inadequate perception- Child as narrator
🍖Foil- Character who contrast another character
🍖Epistrophe- Epipora din sya means nauulit ung word sa unahan at hulihan
🍖Movement- Element of Drama
🍖Metacognition- Listening strategy
🍖Responsive Speaking- Question and Answer
🍖Interactive Speaking- Facts to Facts
🍖Extensive Speaking- Monologoues
🍖Intesive Speaking- Short Quize, Telling stories, Reading Oral, Using Cues
🍖Frequency Distribution- Histogram shows the accurate graphical representation
🍖Target situation Analysis- Example of ESP needs analysis
🍖Test- tandaan standardize test un
🍖Banner Headline- Most important to put on the front page of newspaper
🍖Evergreen- Can be publish anytime
🍖Remedial- to address gaps in basic skill
🍖30%- K12 grading system in Language subject
🍖20%- Quartely Assessment in Laguage
🍖Second/Third Language- Characteristic of among filipino having difficulty in understading
English
🍖Speakers with receptive language ability- Translation checking
🍖Content-based instruction- Result of cognitive processes, or the act of knowing something
🍖Learning outcome- Teacher base their assessment
🍖Survey Reading- look into the title, synopses, introduction, first sentence, and parts of the
book
🍖Prepositional Phrase- the sentence has conjoined
🍖Spelling- Discrete point test
🍖Target situation Analysis- ESP language teaching
🍖Inflectional Morpheme- Comparative and Superlative
🍖Action- Classroom as its locale
🍖Building blocks of knowledge- Language is a system of structure consisting of sounds, words,
and sentence
🍖Skill based- Specific ability
🍖Notion- Collection of function
🍖Content-based- collection of real or imaginary situations ( content or information)
🍖 Needs of the learners- kaya na design ang Curriculum and Syllabus
🍖Testing creates different learning group- Hindi totoo (Not true ablut testing)
🍖Making students write specific text type each day- strategies in helping struggling writers in
secondary levels
🍖Thoroughly assesses and evaluate students- a teacher should do prior remediation
🍖Their abilities fall several levels below their current levels- characterizes remedial students in
general
🍖Classe gets smaller- class size be affected in remedial instruction in English
🍖Contexualized minimal pairs- teaching pronunciation can also help students in vocabulary
🍖Transitional Signal- Does not concern the teaching pronunciation
🍖Transferring a textual material to a tabular form- illustrate the skill of viewing and representing
🍖Its a skill subject- English as a subject of Curriculum
🍖General Learners need- English in basic education provides competencies necessary to meet
🍖Academic Rationalism- Curriculum ideology focuses on the mastery of content of English
Subject
🍖IM explains the lesson- not a purpose of instructional materials
🍖Co-text- Linguistic context or textual environment provided by discourse and which helps in
the interpretation of meaning
🍖Eye Contact- establish in communicating w/ audienxe
🍖Histronics- delivering with emotions with so much of crying and shouting

🍖Some Strategies and Techniques in Teaching Literature🍖

🍖Show and Tell and Blurb Writing– using the title and cover design
🍖Writing Chapter Zero / Epilogue – writing a prequel or sequel
🍖Mock Author Interview – assigning a student to play the role of the author
🍖Biographical Montage – compiling authentic materials about the author
🍖Sculpting – making a tableau or montage
🍖Creative Conversation, Speech Balloons, or Thought Bubbles – supplying dialogues
🍖Transforms – translating or turning a piece into another genre
🍖Literary Criticism – involves the reading, interpretation and commentary of a specific text or
texts which have been designated as literature.
🍖Classical Literary Theory –literature is an imitation of life
🍖New Criticism – believes that literature is an organic unity
🍖Psychoanalytical Theory-It believes that creative writing is like dreaming – it disguises what
cannot be confronted directly – the critic must decode what is disguised.
🍖Structuralist Literary Theory- recognizes language as a system or structure
🍖structuralism should identify the general principles of literary structure and not to provide
interpretations of individual texts
🍖Deconstruction – interrogates our common practices in reading and exposes the gaps,
incoherences, the contradictions in a discourse and how the text undermine itself or how a text
contradicts itself. Deconstruction draws much from the works of Jacques Derrida.
🍖Russian Formalism – led by Viktor Shklovsky – aims to establish a ‘science of literature’ and
discover the literariness of a text by highlighting the devices and technical elements used by the
author
🍖 baring the device – e.g. distorting time in various ways – foreshortening, skipping, expanding,
transposing, reversing, flashback, flashforward,
🍖defamiliarization – this means making strange and using fresh ways of describing things
🍖retardation of the narrative – the technique of delaying and protracting actions by using
digressions, displacements, extended descriptions, etc.
🍖naturalization – refers to how we endlessly become inventive in finding ways of making sense
of the most random or chaotic utterances or discourse.
🍖carnivalization – Mikhail Bakhtin used this term to describe the shaping effect of carnival on
literary texts. The festivities associated with the carnival are collective and popular; hierarchies
are turned on their heads (fools become wise; kings become beggars); opposites are mingled
(fact and fantasy, heaven and hell); the sacred is profaned; the rigid or serious is subverted,
mocked or loosened
🍖Marxist Literary Theory. It aims to explain literature relation to society – that literature can only
be properly understood within a larger framework of social reality.
🍖Postcolonial Criticism. Postcolonialism refers to the independence enjoyed by Third World
countries after the decline of colonial rule by imperialist powers.
🍖Post Modern Literary Theory. Postmodern refers to the culture of advanced capitalist
societies, which has undergone a profound shift in the ‘structure of feeling
🍖Linguistic Approaches to Reading🍖
🍖Bloomfield Approach – Leonard Bloomfield and Clarence Barnhart advocate that the child
should be acquainted with the letters of the alphabet at the very start. The child should begin
with capital letters and then go to small letters.
🍖Fries Approach – Charles Fries’ basic concept : Learning to read in one’s native language is
learning to shift, to transfer, from auditory signs for the language signals which the child has
already learned to visual or graphic signs for the same signals for language perception. The aim
is to develop high-speed recognition responses to English spelling patterns.
🍖Eclectic Approach- Unique blend attitude of the teacher in teaching reading
🍖Reading as interest – development of the recreational reading habit; the major approach is
personalized or individualized reading
🍖Reading as language process🍖
• Language Experience Approach – a strategy which views reading as an extension of speaking
: thinking/experiencing, talking, writing, reading.
• Psycholinguistic Approach – view reading as an interaction of thought and language, a
process of combining psychology and linguistics. This approach advances that reading, like
listening, is a receptive process, used to understand a written message, that readers reconstruct
the author’s meaning in their own words.
🍖Reading as culture – focuses on the relation between dialect differences and the written
message as well as on one’s cultural heritage. It makes instruction relevant to the pupil’s
cultural background.
🍖Reading as a learned process – emphasizes on controlled development of skills in a
structured sequence progressing from simple to complex
🍖The Basal Textbook Approach – follows this general format : scope-and-sequence or flow
chart for all an overall view of skills; kindergarten readiness workbooks; first grade, second
grade and above skillbooks; teacher’s guides and assessment tests.
🍖The Linguistic Approach – look at reading as recognizing and interpreting graphic symbols
representing spoken sounds which have meaning. It stresses sound-symbol regularity and
systematic exposure to frequently used sounding patterns.
🍖The Phonics Approach – believes that the English spelling system is essentially regular in its
correspondence between letters and speech sounds and that letter sounds can be blended
together to form words. For second language learners short phonics drills on crucial sounds like
f, v, j, sh, th, z, a and the schwa are needed.
🍖Programmed Instruction – includes step-by-step learning, learning, immediate feedback,
regular and constant review and individual progress through materials.
🍖The Skills Monitoring Approach – reading is analyzed in terms of skills arranged in hierarchies.
This approach entails
🍖Stage and Speech Arts🍖
🍖Intrapersonal – involves only oneself.
🍖Internal discourse like thinking, analysis, contemplation, meditation
🍖Solo vocal communication like thinking aloud, soliloquies
🍖Solo written communication not intended for others like diaries, or personal journals
🍖Interpersonal – involves an exchange between sender and receiver of a message. It may be
direct (face-to-face) or indirect (via telephone, e-mail, teleconference)
• Dyadic communication ; two people talking
• Group communication ; study group, committee meetings
• Public communication ; scholarly lectures, political campaigns
🍖The Speech Arts🍖

according to purpose
🍖• Informative – to present facts, knowledge, information
🍖• Persuasive – to reinforce or modify the audience’s beliefs
🍖• Occasional or entertaining – to amuse the audience
1. How the speech is delivered
🍖• Impromptu speech – delivered with little or no preparation
🍖• Extemporaneous speech – delivered with some prepared structure such as notes or outlines
🍖• Memorized speech – reciting speech from memory
🍖• Manuscript speaking – reading the speech word-for-word from its written form or the
manuscript
1. Types of oral interpretation
🍖a. Solo interpretation
🍖• Story telling – oral sharing of a personal or traditional story; it may be illustrative (using
drawings) or creative / dramatic (using gestures and creative movements) for entertaining or
educating
🍖• Interpretative / interpretive reading – also called dramatic reading, oral reading, or reading
aloud by using the elements of voice and diction to convey meaning and mood
🍖• Declamation – recitation of a poem from memory and is marked by strong feelings
🍖• Monologue – interpretative oral performance of prose or poetry in which the interpreter plays
a role
b. Group interpretation
🍖• Reading concert – also known as Readers Theatre- oral reading activity with speakers
presenting literature in a dramatic form
🍖• Chamber Theater – theatrical approach to performing narrative literature
🍖• Speech Choir – also choral reading, choric interpretation, vocal orchestration – ensemble
reading technique where a group of readers recite as one in coordinated voices and related
interpretation

🍖simple sentence -makes one self-standing assertion, i.e., has one main clause, e.g., “Connie
loves Rommel.”
🍖compound sentence -makes two or more self-standing assertions, i.e., has two main clauses,
e.g., “Connie loves Rommel and Rommel enjoys it.”
🍖complex sentence -makes one self-standing assertion and one or more dependent assertions,
subordinate clauses, dependent on the main clause, e.g., “Connie who has been desiring
Rommel these twelve years, loves him, and Rommel, what’s more, still enjoys it.”
🍖restrictive clause -modifies directly, and so restricts the meaning of the antecedent it refers
back to, e.g., “This is the girl that started all the fun.” One specific girl is intended. The relative
clause is not set off by a comma.
🍖nonrestrictive clause-though still a dependent clause, does not directly modify its antecedent
and is set off by commas. “These girls, who came from Iloilo, are all sweet and charming.”
🍖Appositives- An appositive is an amplifying word or phrase placed next to the term it refers to
and set off by commas, e.g., “Henry VIII, a glutton for punishment, had six wives.
🍖Basic Sentence Patterns (based on syntax)🍖
🍖Parataxis – Phrases or clauses arranged independently, in a coordinate construction, and
often without connectives, e.g., “I came, I saw, I conquered.”
🍖2. Hypotaxis – Phrases or clauses arranged in a dependent, subordinate relationship, e.g., “I
came, and after I came and looked around a bit, I decided, well, why not, and so conquered.
🍖Asyndeton – Connectives are committed between words, phrases, or clauses, e.g., “I’ve been
stressed, destressed, beat down, beat up, held down, held up, conditioned, reconditioned.”
🍖 Polysendeton – Connectives are always supplied between words, phrases, or clauses, as
when Milton talks about Satan pursuing his way, “And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or
flies.”
🍖Periodic Sentence – is a long sentence with a number of elements, usually balanced or
antithetical, standing in a clear syntactical relationship to each other. Usually it suspends the
conclusion of the sense until the end of the sentence, and so is sometimes called asuspended
syntax.
🍖Loose Sentence – a sentence whose elements are loosely related to one another, follow in no
particularly antithetical climactic order, and do not suspend its grammatical completion until the
close. A sentence so loose as to verge on incoherence is often called a run-onsentence.
🍖 Isocolon – the Greek word means, literally, syntactic units of equal length, and it is used in
English to describe the repetition of phrases of equal length and corresponding structure, e.g.,
“Harry, now I do not speak to thee in drink but in tears, not in pleasure but in passion, not in
words only, but in woes also.”
🍖Chiasmus – is the basic pattern of antithetical inversion, the AB:BA pattern. The best example
is probably from John F. Kennedy’s first inaugural address: “Ask not what your country can do
for you, but what you can do for your country.”

(((PLACE OF ARTICULATION)))
🍖 Bilabial
Bilabial consonants are those consonants which are produced by using both lips. Some of the
bilabial consonants are, /p/, /b/, /m/ and so on.

🍖Labiodentical
Labiodentical consonants are those consonants which are produced by using the lower lip and
upper teeth. Some of the labiodentical consonants are, /f/, /v/.

🍖Dental/Interdental
Dental/Interdental consonants are those consonants which are produced between the teeth as
in - Think /Th/ produced between the teeth.

🍖Alveolar
Alveolar consonants are those consonants which are produced by the ridge behind the upper
teeth. Some of the alveolar consonants are, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /r/.

🍖Alveo-palatal
Alveolar-palatal consonants are those who are avaliable between the alveo ridge and hard
palate as in Charge.

🍖Palatal
It's a hard palatal of the mouth. In English, the commonest example WRT this is /j/.

🍖Velar
It's a soft palate of the mouth. In English, the commonest examplesare /k/, /g/.

🍖Glottal
In English, the glottal consonant is deeper. The commonest example of this is /h/. It's deeper
when it's produced.
🍖Hamartia- In a tragedy, the protagonist recognizes a fundamental error or sin, known as
🍖Catharsis- The resolution of a tragedy, which elicits pity and fear in the audience and results in
a purging of those aroused emotions
🍖Couplet- What is the name given to a pair of rhyming lines of verse that are self-contained in
grammatical structure and meaning
🍖Soliloquy- Term refers to the passage in a drama in which a character expresses his thoughts
or feelings aloud while alone upon the stage or with the other actors keeping silent?
🍖Discourse Analysis- is the study of larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or
written texts
🍖Interlanguage- type of language is used to describe the kind of language a learner uses at a
given time, that is, his version of a given language, which deviates in certain ways from the
language of a mature speaker
🍖Part of learning process- According to cognitivists, errors in second language learning
🍖Thomas Bertram Reid- He introduces the term "register"
🍖Pedagogy- a Jargon academe
🍖 Tony Dudley-Evans- He define ESP by absolute and variables characteristic
🍖Argot- an informal specialized vocabulary related to a
hobby, job, sport
🍖skill-based syllabus- type of ESP syllabus is appropriate for a course in writing business letters
or a course in presenting business reports
🍖Objective Scoring- type of scoring in ESP tests aims to evaluate the students’ overall
performance
🍖John Keats-Beauty is truth, truth beauty – that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to
know”
🍖Oscar Wilde- He was the champion of the “art for art’s sake” philosophy, which means,
roughly, that the aesthetic (or beauty) operates independently of any other consideration.
🍖Walt Whitman- Frankness of expression
🍖Henry David Thoreau-The mass of men leads lives of quiet desperation”
🍖Joseph Campbell-He wrote the book “The Hero with a Thousand Faces” which discussed his
theory of the journey of the archetypal hero found in world mythologies.
🍖A Thousand and One Nights- a collection of stories and fables from Arabia, Egypt, India, and
Persia that were compiled from oral tales that had been passed down through these cultures for
generations
🍖Class Discussion- A technique that encourages students to think deeply about words
🍖Concrete & Vicarous Dicussion- Concepts can be learned through ______.
🍖Through out the day in classes- Vocabulary instruction should take place ____
🍖Close- ended sorts- Classifying words into categories supplied by the teacher is doing _____.
🍖Anecdotal Records- Written accounts of specific classroom incidents are called _____.
🍖Trade books- At the heart of a literature-based reading program are __
🍖 A minilesso- The first stage in a writing workshop is ___
🍖Teacher modelling- Comprehension monitoring should be taught through ___
🍖A soft news story- Which phrase describes a feature
🍖Lead - A piece of information that attracts and keeps the
🍖Soft news- News that’s entertaining or interesting
🍖 Hard News- News that affects an everyone
🍖Editorial-An opinion piece that uses the pronoun "I"
🍖Libel- Publishing a false statement that damages someone’s reputation
🍖Defamation- An untruthful accusation that lowers someone’s reputation
🍖Clichés- The problem with phrases like “dead body” and “unexpected surprise” is that they are
___
🍖Ageism- is stereotyping the elderly as lonely, inactive, unproductive, poor, passive, weak and
sick
🍖Sexism- Including in news stories descriptions of the appearance and dress of women but not
doing so for men is an example of _____.
🍖climax-- this is an element of short story which gives the reader a feeling called suspension of
disbelief.
🍖complication--- This part of the story makes the problem more serious.
🍖verse--- this term refers to the single line of poetry.
🍖peripeteia--- this element of tragedy shows the reversal of the fortune of the protagonist.
🍖meter--- this poetic term refers to the number of syllables in a verse,which identifies its poetic
verse.
🍖octave--- refers to the grouping of verse by 8 lines.
🍖iamb--- this type of foot can be distinguished through the pattern known as ' ta-Tum'.
🍖diction--- this element of poetry refers to how the poet speaks usually from simplicity to
eloquence.
🍖allegatory--- a narrative poem or story whose meaning is beneath the surface.
🍖elegy---is a meditative poem of grief.
🍖anecdote--- this literary form is a mere product of the writers experience that intends to give
moral lesson.
🍖sonnet--- a poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines.
🍖villabelle-- a sic-stanza poem wherein the first five stanzas are composed of 3 verses and the
last stanza is composed of 4 verses.
🍖ballad--- a short narrative poem is intended to be sung.
🍖passion--- a religious book that pictures the life of sacrifice.
🍖duplo--- a socio- religious play where the players are called bilyacos and bilyacas.
🍖zarzuela--- a musical drama of three acts which is the entertainment for the Filipino elite.
🍖cenakulo--- this is a dramatic performance of the life and the death of Jesus Christ usually
performed during the holy week.
🍖dirge -- these are songs of lamentation or wailing about the death of a loved one expressing
mourning.
🍖edgar Allan poe-- the creates american writer on horror and detective stories.
🍖Robert Frost--- the greatest pastoral poet if all times.
🍖Severino Reyes--- Father of Tagalog drama.
🍖Kalidasa--- Indian Shakespeare.
🍖Francis Bacon--- Father of English essay.
🍖Samuel Clemens--- mark Twain
🍖tragedy--- imitation of life that is serious.
🍖Mahabharata--- the longest epic poem over written in the whole world.
🍖Samuel Taylor Coledrige--- an English critic,poet and philosopher who founded the romantic
movement in England together with his friends.
🍖Hans Christian Andersen--- The master of fairy tales.He authored the emperor's new clothes,
The little match girl,the snow Queen, the Nightingale, the ugly duckling.
🍖Jose Rizal-- To the woman of malolos.
🍖Jhon Milton---paradise lost and Paradise regained.
🍖Washington Irving---Author of the legend of the sleepy Hollow.
🍖Emily Bronte--- author of Wuthering Heights.
🍖The Castle of Oranto- Horace Walpole
🍖The mystery of Udolpho- Anne Radclife
🍖Frankeinstein- Mary Shelly
🍖Ode to nightingale- John Keats
🍖The pickwick Great Expectations, Hard Times, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, A Tale of Two
Cities.- Charles Dickens
🍖first great man of letters," who embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality. -
Benjamin Franklin
🍖Natty Bumppo is the first famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary
forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes. James Fenimore Cooper

🍖The World is Too Much with Us, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, She Dwelt Among the
Untrodden Ways, and She was a Phantom of Delight.- Willliam Wordsworth
🍖Childe Harold�s Pilgrimage, She Walks in Beauty, and The Prisoner of Chillon- George
Gordon Byron
🍖The Cloud, To a Skylark, and Ode to the West Wind. Adonais- Percy Bysshe Shelley
🍖Jhon Bunyan--- author of Pilgrims progress.
🍖1o60- The idea for a specialized English program came into existence during.
🍖English for Educational Purposes- What is the other term for English for Academic Purposes
🍖ESP is based on needs analysis- The topics and activities embedded within an ESP course
based on the analysis of students' needs.
🍖Masters- He summarizes the advantages of ESP in four perspectives.
🍖Need analysis- English for Specific PurposesPurposes was originally labeled as
🍖Register Analysis- It is the concept of special language.
🍖Goal Oriented- The rationale of the K to 12 program of the Department of Education is under
what basic features of an ESP course?
🍖ESP is discipline specific- When certain topics are presented in the elementary in a manner
appropriate for grade schoolers, and the same topic is tackled in the high school, but on a much
deeper level, this refers to which of the basic features
🍖 ESP is time-bound- Mr. Guapoo discussed about "The Basic Features of an ESP Course"
whithin 15-minutes. The rest of the time was utilized for an activity to get feedback on how much
the students learned. This is under what feature
🍖ESP is based on needs analysis- Teacher Pah Hong is a neophyte teacher. One time a
mother of one of her students told her and confronted her that her son kept complaining that the
lessons discussed in English weren't in line witb the quizzes, seatwork, activities and outputs.
Which of the basic features of an ESP course is being violated?
🍖Adult- ESP is for _____, simply because tht are the ones who are opting to learn English as a
preparation for higher learning or for the workplace.