Major Events in LTE

Describe major lte drive test parameters

Describe SON features in lte
wht is TTI bundling
wht counters would you look in case of poor accessbility
WHt is Radio Connection Supervision
What are the causes of RRC Connection failures
how does admission control and congestion control happens in lte
how does one derives a downlink speed of 100 Mbps with a bandwidth of 20Mhz.
What is MIMO
What is beamforming
wht is MME pooling
what is OFDM, where is it used and how does it help in LTE
why do we use SCFDMA in uplink, not OFDMA
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Advantage of LTE over Legacy Technologies

who allocates IP to UE in LTE

What the nodes in LTE and what are the Functionality of different nodes in lte.

How does UE camp in LTE or What will happen when we will swith on LTE UE
A.Which UE category you are using in your Network.
B.What are the Max DL and MaxUL thp supported by your UE category.
C.What is the Max DL and Max UL modulation supported by your UE category.
D.What is Max UL modulation technique supported by UE category 3 and UE category 5
UE State in LTE

What is a resource block?

How many RB we will have in 20 Mhz

Minimum no. of resource blocks which can be allocated by a scheduler at a time.
wht is PCI

What is the Formula for PCI

Which modulation we use in LTE DL.

Which modulation we use in LTE UL.
How many bits can be send per symbol in 64QAM
How many bits can be send per symbol in 16QAM
Why is the Cyclic Prefix (CP) needed?
Benefits of OFDMA
Drawback of OFDMA
Why we are using SCFDMA in UL
What is PAPR
What is the TTI in LTE
How many bits can be send per symbol in QPSK
How many transmission mode we have in LTE. wht type of trasmission modes are frequently used in lte

What is the difference b/w Trnsmision mode 3 and Transmision mode 4

UE attach Procedure
WHAT is MCS in LTE
2. X2 handover
3. S1 handover
Explian LTE events

Expain A2,A3 and A5 Events in LTE

Reason for Call drops

Reason for AF

Describe major lte drive test parameters

What is Rank Indicator

What is CSFB and explain the call for CSFB

How to improve throughput in LTE.

Parameter for IRAT and how to improve the IRAT

What is ANR

CSFB is a redirection or handover

wht is TAC. How would you initiate TAC planning
High data rates
– Downlink: >100 Mbps
– Uplink: >50 Mbps
– Cell-edge data rates 2-3 x HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006)
2)Low delay/latency
– User plane RTT: < 10 ms RAN RTT (fewer nodes, shorter TTI)
– Channel set-up: < 100 ms idle-to-active (fewer nodes, shorter messages, quicker node resp.)
3)High spectral efficiency
– Targeting 3 X HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006 )
4)Spectrum flexibility
– Operation in a wide-range of spectrum allocations, new and existing
– Wide range of Bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz, FDD and TDD
5)Simplicity – Less signaling, Auto Configuration e-NodeB
– ”PnP”, ”Simple as an Apple”
6)Cost-effective migration from current/future 3G systems
7)State-of-the-art towards 4G
8)Focus on services from the packet-switched domain

PDN Gateway will allocate the IP to UE

Detailed Answer

1 UE Power ON
2 Mobile scans the available frequency band for finding a suitable cell.First thing, mobile should know is t
cell.
3) It is done using some predefined sequence known as Primary Synchronisation Signal (PSS). PSS is trans
time during specific frequencies and at specific position (To be mroe technical, PSS is transmitted at the la
first and 11th slots for FDD LTE and third symbol of 3rd and 13th slots for TDD). PSS is a Zadoff-Chu sequ
such sequences defined and the sequence transmitted corresposnds to cells Physial cell ID group.
4. Once the mobile has got the PSS, next level is SSS-Secondary Synchronisation Signal. SSS is transmitted
PSS. For FDD, it is transmitted one symbol before PSS. For TDD it is transmitted 3 symbols before. 168 valu
each corresponding to a Physical Cell ID.Once the mobile decodes SSS, it comes to know
===>Physical Cell ID (From the pattern transmitted)
===>Frame boundaries (Different patterns for slot 0/slot11, hence can know the slot in which it is transm
boundaries already known by PSS, Frame boundaries can be detected)
===>FDD/TDD -Since the slots in which PSS/SSS is transmitted is different, once we know the slot bo
can be known
===> CP length (By blind decoding, if SSS is in symbol 5 or 6 is understood. If it is in 5, extended CP.
5).Decoding of PBCH : PBCH corresponds to MIB; It gives the most important parameters like SFN,Bandw
format. MIB is transmitted every 40 ms,fixed scheduling.
6)Decoding SIBs: SIBs contain all the required information for initial access to the cell. It gives information
capabilities, common and shared channels,access restrictions etc. Once the SIBs are decoded, mobile can ac
using common channels like RACH.
7)Reference Signals: Once the UE has identified the synchronisation signals-PSS and SSS, it will use the ref
RSRP/RSRQ measurements and reporting.
Idle,Attach and Detach

A Resource Block (RB) is a time- and frequency resource that occupies 12 subcarriers (12x15 kHz = 180 kH
(= 0.5 ms). RBs are allocated in pairs by the scheduler (then referred to as Scheduling Blocks).

100
2 RBs
PCI is "Physical cell identity". Max no of PCI ijn N/w will be 504 (0 to 503)
3 SSS +PSS
SSS is Secondary Synchronization Signal and its value is from 1 to 168
PSS is primary Synchronization Signal and its value if from (0,1,2)
so total no of PCI in N/w will be = 168*3 = 504
OFDMA
SCFDMA
in 64 QAM 6 bits per symbol
in 16 QAM 4 bits per symbol
In order to reduce the ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and ICI (Inter Carrier Interference) in time dispersive
Benefits: flexible bandwidth usage, frequency diversity, robust against time dispersion, easy to implement
Drawbacks: Sensitive to frequency errors, high PAPR, introduces overhead (CP)
Cause PAPR is very in OFDMA and UE transmitter cann't handel such high PAPR
This Peack to average power ratio
TTI = 1 ms in LTE
in QPSK 2 bits per symbol
We have total 7 transmision mode in LTE , Normally we use the Tranmision mode 3 in LTE

Transmission mode 3 is open loop spatial multiplexing .In open loop UE will send the RI and CQI. It is for
users
Transmission mode 4 is closed loop spatial multiplexing. In closed loop UE will send the RI, CQI and PMI
stationary users.

Modulation and Coding Scheme. A term encompassing the modulation order and code rate of a transmiss
therefore describes the information data rate of a transmission. Dynamically controlled by Link Adaptation
1) Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold)
2) Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold)
3) Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell)
4) Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold)
5) Event A5 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better than threshold2)
neighbor becomes better than threshold B2: serving
threshold of WCDMA

1) A2 indicates that UE is in poor coverage. If current serving RSRP is below A2 threshold that means UE i
normally we set A2 as -112 dBm
2) A3 events is for Intra LTE HO when source and target both have the same frequency.
3)A5 is for Inter frequency LTE HO

1) Poor Coverage
2) HO Failure
3) Alarm on nearby site.
4) While HO UL RSSL at target cell cause the call drop
5) UE will lost the sync.

1)Poor Coverage
2)UL RSSI
3) unavailability of Resources Block
4)No of user crocessing the Licence Limit
5)If we set qRXlev value very low like default value for qRXlevmin is -122 dBm but if we set it to -130 then
cell which are having the RSRP value of -130dBm and cause the Access Failure(AF)
6)VSWR issue at site
6)Any other service effective alarm cause the AF on site

LTE Drive Test Parameter

RSRP
PCI
SINR
RSRQ
DL Throughput
UL Throughput
RI

Based on the coverage UE will send the Rank Indicator to eNODE. If RI = 1 that will there will be no MIMO
send the single stream only
If RI=2 then eNodeB will send the 2 stream , RI = 4 then eNodeB will send the 4 stream
CSFB(Circuit Switch Fall back)
It is used to facilitate incoming and outgoing CS(Voice) services in while rooming on LTE N/w
Call flow
Mobile will send the Extended Service request

To improve the Throughput we have to improve the SINR. For improving SINR we have to make 1 PCI do
physical optimization.
Parametrically We can reduce the NO of active user in TTI and also reduce the number RLC packet retran
16 to 8 in Ericsson number RLC packet retransmission packet default value is 16

We can play with a2 threshold to improve IFHO. We we change the a2 threshold from -112 to -114 then UE
LTE and there will be less IRAT in N/w so that Tile on LTE will be improve in N/w

ANR is automatic Neighbor relation. UE will send the Measurement report to eNodeB if eNOdeB don’t ha
neighbor list then eNodeB will request the CGI (cell global identity) for reported cell and after receiving th
send the CGI to eNodeB , after receiving the CGI of reported cell UE will add this in its neighbor list

Redirection
Short Answer
1)UE power on
2)PLMN Selection
3)Slot Sycn using PSS
4)Fram Sycn using SSS
5)Read MIB using PBCH
6)Read SIB and send RACH to eNODEB
Explain attach procedure in LTE?
What are tEvent A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold)
Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold)
Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell)
Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold)
Event A5 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better than threshold2)
Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell)
Inter RAT Events:

Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold)

Event B2 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour becomes better than
threshold2)

When Radio Link Failure is deteRadio link failure to be detected:

1) upon T310 expiry
2) upon random access problem indication from MAC while neither T300, T301, T304
3) upon indication from RLC that the maximum number of re-transmissions has been

32) In what are the scenario UE Triggers RRC Connection Reestablishment?

Ans:
UE Triggers RRC Connection Reestablishment procedure on following condition:

Upon detecting Radio Link Failure

Handover Failure
Mobility From E-UTRA Failure
Integrity Failure Indication Received From Lower Layers
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Failure

List some benefits and drawbacks of OFDM

s better than threshold2)

better than

AC while neither T300, T301, T304 nor T311 is running

mber of re-transmissions has been reached
How do you do eNB performance analysis:-

Based on my current job profile i am responsible for 5 major cities & 10 other small Provinces for LTE KPI.
> we are monitoring daily major KPI trend (Accessibility , CDR, Mobility , Retainability & Cell Availability based on target value)
> Find out top Worst offender on network & take necessary action to resolve the issue on higher priority.
1) Fetching LTE KPI's n counters through ENIQ.
2) Fetching LTE network Alarm through OSS.( Like Heartbeat Failure alarm , Communication lost with RET alarm,System Cloc
Gigabit Ethernet Link Fault
NTP Server Reachability Fault & Plug-In Unit HW Failure Alarm )
3) Inform to NOC team by creating Trouble ticket from Remedy Tool to clear the critical & major alarm from enode B.
4) To improve the accessibility & CDR we focus on external and Internal interference cases (PUCCH interference power highe
5) EnodeB & cluster level analysis & trouble shooting on counter basis ( for improving major KPI like Accesibility & retainabilit
6) Parameter & Feature inconsistency check through Moshell.
7) Creating CR ( changing Request ) for Parameter optimization ( A3 offset , A3Time to trigger and others)

Do you also need to optimize low throughput in LTE and how do you do it?

Yes, For solving Low throughput cases we checked MIMO, PRB( Physical resource Block) Utilization ,MCS,Transmission Mode
Backhoul limitation.
Apart from this we focus on physical optimization & Interfernce cases to improve the cell throughput.

Also we tuned Parameter Uplink & Downlink Baseband capacity to improve the enodeB throughput.

Have you ever used Actix for analysis? If not, what is the tool for optimization?

Yes i used Actix tool for DT analysis.

How well you know LTE parameters in daily optimization

I have good knowledege on LTE Paramter in Ericsson System & mainly focusing on following parameter for Daily optimization
( pmax ,Pmaxservingcell , A2ThresholdRsrpPrim , pZeroNominalPusch , partOfSectorPower, qRxLevMin , filterCoefficientEUt
hysteresisA3,a3offset , timeToTriggerA3 ,cellIndividualOffsetEUtran , pZeroNominalPucch , cellAddRsrpThresholdEutran )
 What is TAC

Basic
Basic How you perform the CW test
Normal Which MIMO Technique will have consider in planning
Normal Which MIMO you will use in Planning 2T2R or 4T4R

Normal Standered Formula for for Path loss

Normal Expian K1<k2 to K7 cofficent

Normal What is Shadow fading margin

Normal What is interference margin

Normal Handoff Gain

High Level How to perform the model tuninig

High Level What will be the difference in 2T2R and 4T4R planning
High Level How to Do the TAC planning
High Level How to to PCI planning
A Tracking Area corresponds to the Routing Area (RA) used in Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and GSM/Edge Radio Access Network
(GERAN). The TA consists of a cluster of RBSs having the same Tracking
Area Code (TAC). The TA provides a way to track UE location in idle mode.
TA information is used by the MME when paging idle UE to notify them of
incoming data connections.

In Airtel Kolkata Planning I have consider Transmission mode 3 technique in planning

Lp(d) = K1 + K2.log(d) + K3.Hms + K4.log(Hms) + K5.log(Heff)

+ K6.log(Heff).log(d) + K7.Ldiff + Lclutter

K1 and K2 (Intercept and Slope)

K7 (Diffraction Parameter)
K3 and K4 relate to the mobile height
K5 and K6 are very important parameters since they relate to the effective base
station antenna height,
Shadow fading indicates the fading brought by obstruction due to a building or a natural feature. Shadow fading changes slowl

As the subscriber load increases, additional interference is generated

from both inside and outside of a cell. With increased interference,the coverage area shrinks and some calls are dropped. As ca
dropped, the interference decreases and the coverage area expands.
– the expansion/contraction of the coverage area is a phenomenon known as “cell breathing”.•
We must introduce an interference degradation margin into the link
budget to account for cell breathing

At the boundary area between two cells, we obtain a macrodiversityeffect.

•
Although the link to the serving base station may be shadowedsuch that Ωp (dBm) is below the receiver threshold, the link to a
station may provide a Ωp (dBm)above the receiver threshold.
•
Handoffs take advantage of macrodiversity to reduce the required shadow margin over the single cell case, by an amount equa
the handoff gain,G HO

With 4T4R we will get the more UL throughput as compare to the 2T2R while in there will be no change in DL thp in 2T2R and
d is thus called “slow fading”.