2 Chapers| , Bae di shey ge the message? Pechap, perhaps oe. The ambiguous subd of Molt carcante of Dann consis in preserving, Wiha & osnibiewlvesal application, anthe reading thatsesin Dania noting bucthe ious of exe The Paris aciene = commons end bourgrols ety or grand probly undemtood hae the comedy touched ona ane ‘ental tenon between an aspen fr perional or fell ol romo- Son (which they shared) anc 2 macheterated norm that Worked oe rmobliz and rewodace the exiting soc onde The Paris atence may Inae understood the pla as warning for eeyoae, weer the pesos sci anand ere of abion. But may alo hve seen ating inthe ‘comedy bu Dandi’ oulandsh exaggeration, which might rites be. lef thata more rescasble ambition woud aces, The universally” of Molitsis clas trary commonplace, bts vay esi thi py of pose recepons of work the eae rtons i noved rm the onder ofthe scaly posible wo lay bre the very rel pines of ow sexier pets 4. Popular Appropriations: The Readers and Their Books Jer Popular clases a exegory of the ened. Why shoud bein with such sm abraptpropstion Sint remind ws ft he debts sured ‘ven the deinon of popular else engage scoeep tha aempes ste by the coro cept of popular cals, ints mulple and contadtory seating has pues the elaionshipe mainined by wetem intlecual (og them “scholas") wih those whore cal others even mot lial ‘o undead then that encountered “exe land. ‘Rdhog exzeme smpion, once edie theanunserable defi tions of popular clare fo two great deep and inept models "The, aming to abs alors eer choca, conceives of popalr clare as coherent and autonomous syle sem that fare ons acon wo lpi sbckely foreign to those flies cule: The seand concerned wih emphasing the elon of domination that org ‘ae the socal worl, pects popular cule ia dependences ed les with resp the dominant care, On one side, the, pope ar calrre consis weld apart, coved on te dependent. On the popelr cles comple defined by ts dtane ram xsl of which idee dsiplineseagagen research nt poplar clue: story acthropoogy, to tociolgyJear-Clade asron ha een showm te metodolog (aldangers ofboth fhe mode Jas escola tne of tala spl pope clesencungepptine edn hh pope patie ‘mena fn he onc bpp oye ate the |4 Chapa , teay of earings wh, ae ‘Soke fom of mili, doc ohog tore fan deco oem Eiiiee nr ditdinasohemes sok frmotesstee! “The opposition holds eve vm foc tem: the cekbain of 2 mete popunt ct oppecea deni "by dea hereon oa ‘Epaly inal the nmbolc aves oppo: emindr ofthe imps ‘erches of the socal weed ‘One igh low Paseron when be rema hat as hese defnons «poparctaestegialy and methosologaly conraicony they do for ene adequate principles of cation for scholihip "the “latonbewern these vo ways of deer popular ele canbe fone interme wor, nthe sme autho” and hl boundary ns snaccly inal deacripions of popular cle tht combine thse leave ne eee mentees” "As a ora Tight ad hat the coxa ener these 680 Pe specivs tht wich arent the bole sonemy of popu cae thd tht whlch ints on ts pendence wih esp tthe deriant cl- ‘rei the foundton of alhrnologiel mod that oppoe «golden tof popular cleo snd independent, wo a tine of eave and consi a doused ad dante "We mast be crf now cep wth reseraton the noweconse- cated ine scere ds consider be al of ie vee cet ‘Wenn ope to ave been eof major oper pled en age of bean fe, nd profi popular cle aaa age of curch tod ae ipl oped ard ibjugued hace According to this view, fer 1600 oe 1530 the combined ors of the represie ‘Gort fhe Proemaatand Cake formato "sre Poptnton, and thow ofthe sbioisntes mo cenalie ad unl the lon aes ating or lng the ivenve cxibeance of a fockentcaltse. By imposing new dip, by inex 2 ew wu misivenes by teacng sew mode of compormen, cic and wae gel desroyedthe ror and ance eqn of ado Wa iewing ad experccing the wok. "Poplar car, much rua st bun expend an ment complete eps in he emo the San King Wis tema cobecee dippered deeiely Tt eould no longs be a em of ura pilsopy of exten? wits Rober Muctesbled 1 | its descipon ofthe “reprenion of popular cote” a France during crete and eighth naan? ‘ina moc subtle wey ironies she ono nonensnitha ‘ggamentreemtrst anon Cxtholicand Potent clergy, [cheney indesandaueso and oppress eit pu, many ens of uadioal popular care? endaanesaier sat The el ic abosss ‘ny, fis appuren that when thi scheme coma the splendor of e ‘alae of people on oe side of terete with misery on te ote it reiterates forthe cay modem period sn opposition tha hltoant of ‘ecologists have sean other ages. Tn ie fshion, in the hitenth ce ‘ary, ordering of the elope, enti, and pidophildomsig that separated learcd clear forthe folk tadon rere inthe cent of paces henceforth held o be superious or ezerodox. fais Le (Gs recognizes inthe el cenray “the growth oy popular cate, -uchlog into the breach opened. by aly rior oroughy imbued with the one salable cal sem ditin: fom the cee, may, the tation of flor fo Jean Clan Sch the dice ‘cay open sal "slraton"s ‘Qos must yond he peng sunrises of ‘Bebo (des, aps), be penonlsing of pres ne ge ‘Beem duet generar ote armertt pneu) ‘Ana alu ated is saposed to hare ecced in Frsace daring the balcentary tht separted the wats of 1879 and 1916 pe od devote to rerng radon cultures ~peatantan"popalr”— fo theienches (ts uprooting them) ando promoting aun, atonal, and sepublien cule of modes aamp’ Another sich ransfomnation| Ur asmamed to have cccued before and afer the advent of conempo5 Chapters > sey sac, hh oh i ed he eit doy Trcic, pehups eat the moe problem not to Senay the decisive ‘omen of donpprins of popaere bt eet cone fx epoch oe (ror oes fly) aataablshcpastionctine lowed to ‘owom nd eomeines ened) "This lends oye another ew for ao organ ou ence devep- tion fhe caltures ofthe Earopesn ancien égime according tothe rapes the contrary we shoud ename tats pape ‘beween the norm ndreaifeexperencr, between junction ad pace, snd bervent theses intended and the sneecontmced—a ap into ‘which formulas end proceuresfocavldane could ow: The clare Impote bythe in power driog thors cetaies wat no moc abl han the more powerful as culture of ou tne to destroy the parca den- ‘de nd dep-rocted paces tat cei, Whar changed in our er, ‘obvi, war the manner in which those dene and pracice were ‘pened and by which they firmed thelr existence and made eee own {Se of lanovations cigs designed to cura tem. But creping cis _mutiton incontestable der not acest oblige ur to acknowledge = ‘pre in card contintyeroughout the ve eames of de iy ‘modem pevod. Not docs i force us to agree that, afer a nie pol, there wat no pce let for prcties and though other then toe hat churches, the sean ofthese, or the maker of iconses wanted lace. yore ‘These ary seems ome, questions of the same ore those posed in Lawrence W. Levine’ thee of “cle Bian” eo carcnerne the Topilar Appropriation: The Readesand Their Books 87 tfctmey of American clare inthe antes centr. Teesson jor ronolgial conn, opposing an ancient tie of sharing, ening, end ‘ural exuberance wih new sepron between pubs space, nen, le Bybee in tei ofthe cond alo the enh cena Ame ‘healt war ndegung roce of fapmennson lear aor ‘heel dene oe sed pace which i he wc a te eer ey faced ns sre of ae calito ‘ss od oe with snot: Team ope owes, eum, ‘hades el ted cowdsefeplcxpetnag mec edt ‘Spree cae wee lets Sein cense ane progase {2th as and kes oud ope fad uence ta ct sro he tte ‘Sona scrum eying a epee cre wach ended ogee ‘hed cee of what we Would eoley sgh nga koe | dosti coon ao he "ied ube ans” the “a ‘eed ae on oe han» poe fee sd becom Wich Sigs otra pairs sie al hc ore owe they ees threo th othe Bnd pos of gon ae Sen thtre oe fe cdma ea he mt Oe, ‘lem enh dined pop “Term ig si cha rdw dere he al swe of west sts fermen te tert nd ee ce ces Hes, «ce Bison fig te eer cles tel oldon focal epee per ces 1 aegeanig comin be = enti Syed legs ce othe pbc nue oh cae ene ts God posed, Wheelie ‘Aad ig the pote of pron nd ication, wee be Dod tres een ein nd ogden a teigt For antenth vary Americ, Dai al eopotsng they thes re quran eon an te itmdgebse9 ofthe foto i acest conned cet sera Pf thc os peut aren oer end te pane by connec est Ee ip and vues of hpmee cur Sanremo “Another question is tat ofthe chronology ofthese wo tales, “European an Ameren, Mart we sue tht ane oro crear “Ameen cure unl the ste road at ha of od reine soea Chapters ' Wiser Europe Oxon he contrary, should we sume that thecal evolution ofthe second half ofthe nnceeadh certry—in which eles ‘cored populate ended with commodiedcue~were den. tial the whole teoughout a Wess world und by tae Aang migration? No doubr the conaecton isang benwen the elamation, fn ove hand, of « “pure” or “pared” aulre~dismned fom rage tases, removed foe: lw of economic production, and cacti by he aesteti complybeeneen crestor and ther poli wit on he Shee Jpand, te conquest of commercial cle, dominated by cpa exter se and adres tothe widest posible adence, As Pee Bowral! shown reeay che esablihment in race ding the cod hal ofthe] nineteenth century ofa teary Geld ened ae a word spa, founded on ‘he autonomy, dsneesedas, and absolue Hoary of seat creation, ws rect othe rection of "inde erate” fo evade rr preferences ht deveined its sce ‘The rani of cad ari othe et, nba menos a ‘on night cee snprecednerd dpi betwee hen nua out tothe nbc repre of he pea pn cae ae ingen een i et ese salar contnsefbsnes, sn te peopl snap te moon Sipe "Fora lag time the dominant nd casa undectinding of poplar tren Barope and perhaps in America wa founded on tte ssp ons: fs cha popular etre can be died contrast what second hits posable to caracerie a pop the public of parca cals productions; and hire thelr rfc ci be contre os socially pre, a poplar in and of hemseves. These tree charceics are cena or empl in the clus works done a Fane Popa ‘rare? capbooks sold by pede, or popu rion thee o bbls od practies conve constnent part eligon of the mae, ‘Bt according to more eat work on both topics the anuptions hac had died popuaelsrese dou, “opal tera” app ur religion?” were or rd irene fom the trate ofthe eles or the religion ofthe cris they were shared by sce gonps not excl Poplar they were atthe sume tne smut and aocsfating ‘Consequently, Ihave argued ust ipo ty to dey popu Popular Appopeation: The Readers and This Books 89 Jar tare by some supposedly specie dsmbutan of cle ajes oe ‘model. Tel dln ie lays moe complex than might ser a Sr glanc, as arte uses by groups or individ esac, Lc thated, more o es, by soc at hg, bot understood, defied, snd ‘sed insyesthar vary. Sochen argument event changes the workof the Incocan ce rodoiogu bene regu ienting sa dsengnshing {to overcome the dhoramy beween the two defnkons of popular ‘ure: popelr cle st completely autonomous symbole weld abd popular exe as nde and manipulated by high cure. I propose 3 ‘efomulon ofthe concep of appropeatin that cents lua wc tnd divers uderstaadings and hese Courses and ping the beyond the ech of toe who were {cen 0 them I alo pars company withthe meaning hemeneutes {pve appropri, hich dese with he proce of (peated Salers) epee» CRF ow psa (che neces ee rations) of discouses and mod, brouph back othe fndaneral {octal and inven deteminans and lodged inthe spac prance that proce them, To eonenate on dhe carte conons and pro- ‘asics ha corstru meang sto ecognine, wot adiona ineletra ‘tory thitmindr reno dost and, ule emeneates, atthe ‘ategoea which gender experiences and ltepremtion are hizo, igus, nso), ee.) Ha deine fo each cooly acepale be ‘vir and iesralied norms. To the automatic and unpronal ane of the prodocon of meaning porated by ee “nga ren? we mat ‘oppose another perp, which iis upon te erly and socially ‘termined feoioms that ese “ines terent inthe gene eye, ‘of monns (orth contadcons beeen them) leave acon "The sex danger reds inthe mpc defisons ofa cago ike “popular clare” Whee ne iatends or an dhe very tempt hat theatre itdegnatesessantonomcus as dsany, “exo cltresand is locate symmesrely in respect othe dominang, ert le are, We ‘mu lpel these complementary sions, Oo oa hind, popliclres ‘ze alwateireribed into an onder fell lgitmacy that poses pon ‘hem an avarens of ther own dependence. On the ter Hand the rea ‘ontip of domination, symbolic or no, sneer emer: “A dom Jaane cure doe ot define if in the St place by what renounce, ‘whereas the dominated are alway concerned with Whar the dolaaa fase hem, whatever & heir aired: resignation, dei, comeation, ‘nation x epresion”™* opal Appropriation: The Reader and Their Books 97 “eevee he plan the pontine ne wih he oo cept of popu cea ck our ig que: how 2 ‘Slt witout apt aerating betncen tse oo sof ope Care tht ono an depos of tecnica he Semin elie the own cl iegiracy donee oh, ‘reogution of te manson y whi mine cage on (rpc ins mba cobras pepe to, experts dtr condion™ Th ane no ean bland Reve vo epee ‘Setor oso fom aon be mor bpd pecs on one de tnd on the ote shoe tt groredoninton or agate ih tbe tes consider hac popular pr oc dacoune mig be the ob of ines ou ao a ep Schou enum Sen, ovina, bat theoniy one posi,