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www.aerodefensetech.
com August 2019
Welcome to
your Digital Edition of
Aerospace & Defense
Technology Microturbine Propulsion
for UAVs
August 2019
Preventing Ice Buildup
on Electric Aircraft
Peridynamic Modeling
From the Publishers of
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Intro Cov ToC + – A
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Overcome antenna crosstalk
issues with simulation.
Visualization of the electric field norm and 3D far field due to a transmitting
antenna. Antennas are intentionally large in this tutorial model.
Multiple antennas are needed to create more complex

communication systems on airplanes. But this arrangement of
transmitters and receivers can cause aircraft operation issues
due to crosstalk, or cosite interference. Simulation helps you
analyze the crosstalk effect on an aircraft and in turn find the
best antenna placement.
The COMSOL Multiphysics® software is used for simulating
designs, devices, and processes in all fields of engineering,
manufacturing, and scientific research. See how you can apply
it to antenna simulation.
comsol.blog/antenna-crosstalk
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/72996-793
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www.aerodefensetech.com August 2019
Microturbine Propulsion
for UAVs
Preventing Ice Buildup
on Electric Aircraft
From the Publishers of
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Aerospace & Defense Technology
Contents
FEATURES ________________________________________ 30 Thermal Conductivities of Some Polymers and Composites
32 Hands-on Cybersecurity Studies: Multi-Perspective Analysis of
Avionics the WannaCry Ransomware
4 How Miniaturized Distributed Modular Architecture Advances 33 Real-Time Heuristics and Metaheuristics for Static and
Avionics Design Dynamic Weapon Target Assignments
Aerospace Alloys 34 Hybrid Ultra-Low VOC and Non-HAP Rain Erosion Coatings
10 Peridynamic Modeling
Propulsion Systems
DEPARTMENTS ___________________________________
16 Microturbine Propulsion for UAVs
36 Application Briefs
Aerodynamics
52 New Products
18 Preventing Ice Buildup on Electric Aircraft
56 Advertisers Index
RF & Microwave Technology
22 Critical Communications Break Out of the Analog Mold
26 Pathfinder Radar ISR and SAR Systems: Tactical Eyes for the ON THE COVER ___________________________________
Warfighter Seventy years ago, military aviation moved from
reciprocating engines to vastly more reliable turbo
jets and turboprops. The same cannot be said for
UAVs. The industry has been slow to innovate and
TECH BRIEFS _____________________________________ develop turbine propulsion systems for small air-
craft because it is far more difficult to design and
28 Feasibility Study of Portable Water Desalination Systems for produce high performance small turbines than large
Water Contingencies at Remote Navy Installations ones. But that may be about to change. To learn
29 Nominal High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) more, read the feature article on page 16.
Waveforms (Photo by sibsky2016/Shutterstock.com)
LAB DEVELOPMENT to RUGGED DEPLOYMENT

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;: 98:765:483:210:765:/.65-,+1.6: ;: 3: 3:93:3::2:)6,*.'-0)'
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• ARINC 404A ;: 8:+.:8:!1#!:7,$.-6+:
;: &%+0)$):,..*16#:".0:!1#! .)0)5: )6,*.'-0)'
$.5-*)'
;: $7**:".0$:"7,+.0:)6,*.'-0)'
• MIL-STD-1275 ;: )63:(&(&4%3:3:
;: )63:3:(&4%3:(&3:
0153:/.$7,+/
/.$7,+/ :765:.+!)0:)$)55)5:
• MIL-STD-167 ;: .)03:)'+.3:)6:07$)3: ".0$:"7,+.0'
7,$.-6+3:.01.6+7*: 6')0+1.6:
;: 7')*7+)3:".0,)5 7103:!)7+
• MIL-STD-461 765:2
)%,!76#)03:765:*1-15 ,..*)5:,!7''1'
;: :
7-5:
)6 9:'1#67*16#
;: 9848:710:765:,.65-,+1.6 ,..*)5:
• MIL-STD-704 ;: :+765705::7,*76)' $.5-*)'
;: 905 70+:2#6.'+1, ;: 7,*76)':1+!::
7-5:'1#67*16#:
• MIL-STD-810 ;: +1.67*: :2/3: :/3:23: 16:7:076#):.":+..*.#1)'
:765::,)6+01,:.)0:'-*1)' ;: 1#!+)616#:0.+),+1.6
• MIL-STD-91403 ;: )5*7,:)$)'+:')707+1.6
• RTCA/DO-160
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How Miniaturized Distributed
Modular Architecture
Advances Avionics Design
M
ost of today’s collision- able, and expanded data transmission This trend is now moving into avion-
avoidance, in-flight-enter- speed and bandwidth. However, a cen- ics. Embedded computing and distrib-
tainment (IFE), air-to- tralized big box has some significant uted architecture are combining to
ground-communications, limitations, which inspired the develop- push IMA to the next level. Designers
and other avionics systems employ elec- ment of ARINC 800 series standards can now implement modular and dis-
tronics packaging based on the Aeronau- at the turn of this century. tributed avionics throughout the air-
tics Radio INC (ARINC) 600 standard. ARINC 800 standards respond to the craft using miniaturized electronics
Compared to the older ARINC 404 stan- general technological trend toward embed- packaging to perform navigation, com-
dard dating from the 1970s that defined ded computing on miniaturized printed cir- munications, the gathering of various
“black box” enclosures and racks within cuit boards (PCBs) deployed locally. This sensor information, and other intelli-
aircraft, ARINC 600 specified a Modular trend got started in other industries look- gent functions locally without being
Concept Unit (MCU) — the basic building ing for ways to reduce weight and size, wired back to a central microcomputer.
block module for avionics. An ARINC handle higher data loads due to the prolif- To this end, a family of new ARINC 800
600 metal enclosure can hold up to 12 eration of sensors, improve thermal man- standards was developed, which include:
MCUs, allowing a lot of computing power agement, and push intelligence closer to • ARINC 801 through 807 that advance
to be placed in a centralized “box.” By the point where control decisions are the use of fiber optics in avionics
making it possible to run numerous ap- made. For example, automotive designers systems;
plications over a real-time network, now employ a myriad of electronic control • ARINC 836 that defines modular,
ARINC 600 enabled “next generation” units (ECU) in highly engineered cars, and standardized rack-style enclosures,
integrated modular avionics (IMA). consumer product designers embed nu- cabling, connectors, and grounding
A centralized IMA approach offers merous intelligent controls in “connected” methods for aircraft cabins;
several advantages: reduced size and consumer appliances.
weight, easier maintenance with stan-
dardized cards that are easily replace-
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4 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, August 2019
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Avionics
New latching
accomplished by simply swapping out
mechanisms for TE’s modules.
MiniMRP enclosure
(courtesy of
TE Connectivity)
Robust Latches and Interconnects
Avionics designers often face tight
constraints with PCBs; design flexibility
is accounted for by using European Stan-
dard EN4165-mateable interconnects for
modular racks. With a fully-integrated
MiniMRP design, PCB connector mod-
ules and boxes can be securely latched
using techniques to protect against pull-
out and torsion. The preferred connec-
tor for MiniMRP modules is the classic
• ARINC 836A that updates the original Smaller, Lighter DEUTSCH DMC-M series aircraft con-
ARINC 836 standard to establish a ARINC 836A MiniMRP modules are nector. This design conforms to de-
mini modular rack principle (Mini - available in four compact size combina- manding avionics specifications, includ-
MRP) for avionics packaging. (Initially tions: single-width (42 mm/1.6 inches) or ing EN4165. The DMC-M family offers
aimed at commercial cabin systems, double-width (84 mm/3.3 inches), and many contact arrangements and insert
ARINC 836A MiniMRP is also finding single-height (112.3 mm/4.4 inches) or layouts in both multi-cavity and single-
use in military aerospace.) double-height (224.8 mm/8.8 inches) module configurations. Sizes include 8,
variations. Lightweight composite mater- 12, 16, 20, and 22 gauges. Contacts can
For the designer, ARINC 836A Mini- ials replace traditional heavy metal enclo- be crimped on copper wire, aluminum
MRP makes it possible to realize the full sures. Advanced composite formulations wire, or PCB mounting.
potential of integrated modular and dis- — including base materials and fillers —
tributed avionics. The basic technical can be selected according to specific ap- Network Speed and Bandwidth
goal of ARINC 836A was to define stan- plication needs. Fillers range from carbon In distributed avionics, a large num-
dardized cabin-system-module form fibers to microsphere and nanotubes. ber of links are shorter than 83 meters
factors for weights ranging from a few Composites can be selectively plated to and are suitable for 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
ounces to a maximum of six pounds. add shielding, circuit elements, and other In these cases, Cat 6a copper cabling
The advantages of MiniMRP imple- features, such as embedded antennas. can be used for flight control, avionics,
mented in TE Connectivity (TE) tech- Sometimes considered an expensive, ex- and cabin-management systems. For
nologies include: otic solution, composite enclosures are links less than 60m, 26 AWG cables may
• Significantly reduced size with a 40% now more cost-effective thanks to ad- be used, resulting in smaller and lighter
smaller package and up to 60% weight vanced manufacturing techniques. harnesses. Cat 6a cable can be termi-
savings; nated with small, high-speed ARINC-
• Enhancing flexibility and simplifying Flexibility and Configuration compliant circular connectors.
configuration with a less costly com- With MiniMRP avionics, a big box in Two TE connector families are relevant:
mercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) selection the avionics bay can be replaced with • CeeLok FAS-T circular connectors use
approach; many small boxes distributed through- a true 100-ohm impedance design
• Securing modules and boards with ro- out the aircraft. Modules can be used that is compatible with Cat 6A cable.
bust latches and interconnects; singly or combined as needed for spe- The compact size 8 shell reduces SWaP
• Increasing network speed and band- cific functionality and external environ- (size, weight, and power) requirements.
width by supporting 10-Gigabit Ether- mental factors. MiniMRP packaging en- Crimp-snap contacts allow easy termi-
net over fiber optics and/or high- compasses connecting hardware, nation and field repairability. An inte-
speed copper, with a fiber optic including bus-structured modules,
backbone that can support 40G and interfaces, and power sup-
even 100G links. plies. Standardization allows
designers to take advantage
By using miniaturized, standardized of COTS components to
modules that can be mixed and lower costs and speed
matched within a high-speed network, up the design cycle.
designers enjoy far greater design flexi- Modules are de-
bility in avionics placement and cabling signed for quick and
than with centralized architectures. It's easy tool-less instal- TE’s new
worth examining how TE’s MiniMRP lation. Changes, main- lighter-weight MiniMRP
delivers these design advantages. tenance, and upgrades can be composite enclosure
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Avionics
gral backshell enables easy 360-degree shield termination. A ploy a proven AS39029 design for rugged environments. A
T-shaped contact pattern provides noise cancellation and patented shielding arrangement shields each pair through
decoupling to minimize crosstalk and increase signal in- the connector to provide improved impedance matching
tegrity. and also eliminates crosstalk. TE’s CeeLok FAS-X Connector
• CeeLok FAS-X circular connectors come in a small size 11 is qualified to a new Military Standard MIL-DTL-32546.
shell in a M38999 profile for one 10 Gb/s Ethernet channel To provide higher speeds over longer distances, MiniMRP
(size 25 shell for four channels). CeeLok FAS-X contacts em- accommodates fiber optic cabling. A multimode fiber can
transmit 10 Gigabit/sec up to 550 me-
ters. Optical fiber can also be used for
avionics backbones that can support
40G and even 100G links. Moreover,
compared to a Cat 6a counterpart, fiber
optic cable is 78 percent lighter. Optical
fibers also excel in noise immunity. They
neither emit nor receive electromagnetic
interference (EMI). They are made of di-
electric materials and cable shielding is
not required.
Despite its benefits, fiber optic cable
has a reputation for being fragile and
hard to use. Once again, technological
advances have developed fiber optic ca-
bles that are crush and pinch resistant
Distributed architecture supporting TE’s MiniMRP avionics packaging during installation. Fiber preparation
Ready-To-Ship
Preconfigured Optional
NEXSYS®
ADS-B Out Annunciators ARINC 429
Signal Converter
Component
The 2020 deadline for the FAA
mandate regarding ADS-B is fast
approaching. To help you meet the
ADS-B Out requirements, Applied
Avionics now offers ready-to-ship
VIVISUN® annunciators in three
standard configurations. Don’t wait,
call or visit us online today.
Order Today!
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©2019. VIVISUN® and NEXSYS® are registered trademarks of Applied Avionics, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Avionics
during termination is now simplified in ways that signifi-

cantly reduces labor and installation time.
Designers specifying optical connectors have two main
choices:
• Physical Contact (PC) types with mating termini that physi-
cally touch. PC termini are further distinguished by ceramic
ferrules for single fibers and MT ferrules of multiple fibers.
Ceramic ferrules yield the highest performance as well as
lowest insertion loss and return loss. Multifiber MT ferrules
offer the highest fiber density.
• Expanded Beam (EB) types with a non-contacting interface
for the termini. By avoiding physical contact, EB is more tol-
erant of vibration, shock, and other mechanical hazards.
Wear and tear on the fiber/ferrule face is practically non-ex-
istent during vibration. Lensed MT ferrules leverage the EB
benefits along with offering increased density.
Functionally, EB connectors expand and refocus light at the
fiber end-faces and allow an air gap in the optical pathway.
The EB concept uses optical lenses to expand and collimate
the beam emitted from the launch fiber. The expanded beam
remains collimated across the mechanical interface until the
receiving lens focuses the beam onto the receiving fiber. Be-
cause the ferrule end-face is enclosed and protected behind
the lens, the fiber does not require cleaning. Although EB ex-
hibits higher insertion loss than PC, its longevity and consis-
tency are superior.
In MiniMRP applications, copper and fiber can easily coex-
ist. Each medium brings specific advantages, from the com-
fortable familiarity of copper to the high-bandwidth capabili-
ties of fiber over longer distances. Avionics designers who are
challenged to handle demanding data, IFE, and other band-
width-hungry processes can employ both optical fiber and
copper for an array of high-speed connectivity needs, from
box to box, box to backbone, and box to server in the elec-
tronics bay.
For an end-to-end optical solution, the TE ParaByte trans-
ceiver uses a robust parallel optical design capable of achiev-
ing 10+ GB/s while also meeting MIL-SPEC standards for ro-
bustness. The small and dense design allows multiple
transceivers to fit easily inside a single MiniMRP module.
A relatively new development that can push heavy data
loads through active optical fiber networks is technology that
features extremely small, low cost 10 GbE transceivers for
MiniMRP units that are the end or drop nodes of these large
networks. These transceivers are packed with GbE switches in-
ternal to the MiniMRP that require 10G optical ports.
In an end-to-end solution, the MiniMRP concept empow-
ers designers with standardized, thin boxes packed with em-
bedded computing power that can be distributed as intelli-
gent nodes on an ultra-high-speed network within an
airframe. As a result, designers, systems integrators, and
avionics OEMs can quickly add and remove capabilities
throughout the cabin, using MiniMRP to realize the full po-
tential of IMA today.
This article was written by Russ Graves, Global Aerospace Busi-
ness Development Manager, TE Connectivity (Berwyn, PA). For
more information, visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-500.
Aerospace & Defense Technology, August 2019 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/72996-755 9
➮
➭
An Alternative Approach to Analyzing
Material Failure
A
critical technology challenge for structural material Madenci and Oterkus in 2013, and by Littlewood, Silling,
applications in the aerospace and defense industries Mitchell, Seleson, Bond, Parks, Turner, Burnett, Ostien, and
is to have a means for the reliable analysis of mate- Gunzburger in 2015. There are several important advantages
rial damage and failure. Experimental structural as- of the peridynamic method over the FEM. First, it uses dis-
sessments are typically expensive and often do not provide full placements rather than displacement derivatives in its formu-
information about coupled, multiscale damage processes. lation. Hence, the peridynamic equations are valid every-
Computer-aided analysis has established itself as a useful tool where, including discontinuities. Second, the peridynamic
for complementing experimental structural assessments. A method exploits a length scale variable, to be called horizon,
comparative summary of current computer-aided approaches that enables the use of the peridynamic equations at disparate
is presented in the accompanying table. scales. Third, the peridynamic method does not require an ex-
The Finite Element Method (FEM) has received wide- ternal criterion to model crack initiation and propagation since
spread acceptance in the computer-aided assessments of material failure is invoked through the direct material re-
the traditional macroscale materials and components. Ex- sponse. Fourth, it discards requirements on mesh size in dam-
tensions of classical FEM to model fracture and crack prop- age models.
agation were also developed. Recently, a peridynamic vir- Currently, the peridynamic method has received accept-
tual testing that unifies the mechanics of continuous media, ance in the research community with a steadily increasing
cracks, and discrete particles emerged as an enhancement number of peer-reviewed papers each year. However, a wide
to FEM modeling. adoption of peridynamic in industry is limited by some unfa-
Peridynamic was introduced by Steward Silling in 2000 at vorable factors such as a lack of integration with main-
Sandia National Laboratories and was further developed by stream FEM software, a relatively high computational cost,
agsandrew/Shutterstock.com
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Aerospace Alloys
Computer-aided approach Advantages Drawbacks
Classical FEM FEM analysis has received widespread Intensive remeshing is typically required to
acceptance for traditional macro-scale material capture geometry of cracks and to determine the
systems direction of crack growth
Variety of computer-aided design and Derivatives of displacement are undefined at

postprocessing tools have been developed for discontinuities in FEM
FEM
Extended finite element XFEM enables the modeling of cracks Challenges persist in modeling of dynamic
method (XFEM) independent of the finite element mesh problems (e.g., crack initiation and growth)
XFEM can be used for modeling strong

(displacement) as well as weak (strain)
discontinuities
Meshless and mesh-free Meshless and mesh-free methods can provide Meshless and mesh-free models are typically
methods accurate estimates in two-dimensional impractical for modeling three-dimensional
structures with cracks geometries
Peridynamic Peridynamic is a nonlocal theory based on direct Lack of integration with mainstream FEM
interactions between nodes (points) software
Peridynamic equations are valid everywhere, Differences (compared to FEM) in the

including three-dimensional discontinuities and discretization process, selection of model
heterogeneities parameters, and application of initial and
boundary conditions from standard approaches
Peridynamic modeling can be performed at
disparate scales Relatively high computational cost
Material damage and crack initiation can be Scarcity of demonstration for engineering
modelled without external criteria breakthrough applications
No requirements on mesh size in damage models
A comparative summary of computer-aided approaches for structural assessment of materials. Peridynamic is moving ahead of the competition by offering
advanced features for modeling damage and crack initiation.
and a scarcity of demonstration for important engineering bond-based material models that are computationally inex-
applications. pensive and robust but account only for simple two-point
interactions with Poisson’s ratio of one quarter. The second
The Peridynamic Method category is ordinary state-based material models in which
The peridynamic methodology pursued in this study is a the pairwise force between any two material points depends
nonlocal theory based on interactions between material on the deformations of all material points within the neigh-
points. Here, points are connected by imaginary mechanical borhood of these two points. The third category represents
bonds and can interact with each other according to nonlocal non-ordinary state-based material models providing a way
forces. The peridynamic equation of deformation is given by to use material models developed for the FEM within a peri-
(Littlewood et at, 2016): dynamic framework.
ሬሬሬԦ െ ‫ݔ‬Ԧ‫ ۄ‬െܶ ቀ‫ݔ‬Ԣ
ߩሺ‫ݔ‬Ԧ, ‫ݐ‬ሻ‫ݑ‬ሷ ሺ‫ݔ‬Ԧ, ‫ݐ‬ሻ = ‫ ׬‬ቄܶ ሺ‫ݔ‬Ԧ, ‫ݐ‬ሻ ‫ݔۃ‬Ԣ ሬሬሬԦ, ‫ݐ‬ቁ ‫ݔۃ‬Ԧ െ ‫ݔ‬ԦԢ‫ۄ‬ቅ ܸ݀‫ݔ‬Ԣ + ܾሬԦሺ‫ݔ‬Ԧ, ‫ݐ‬ሻ, (1) Different types of bonds can be included in a peridy-
namic damage model, which stretch arbitrarily in any di-
where T is the nonlocal force, x is a material point in the ref- rection and fail in different ways. Currently, the peridy-
erence configuration of a body B, u is the deformation, ρ is namics code MesoEqs, utilized in this study, supports two
the density field, and b is the prescribed external body force bond damage models: a critical stretch model and a fatigue
density. The integration in (1) is over a spherical neighbor- damage model. The critical stretch model uses a critical
hood in B centered at x. It can be demonstrated that Equa- stretch bond breaking criterion with critical stretch param-
tion (1) will recover the classical Cauchy momentum equa- eters determining when each individual bond is broken.
tion if the integral of nonlocal forces is replaced with the The critical stretch parameters can be calibrated using ex-
divergence of stress. perimentally measured energy release rates. The fatigue
Existing peridynamic material models can be classified damage model follows an approach by Silling and Askari,
into the following three categories. The first category is 2014, that does not require any pre-defined criterion in its
➮
➭
Aerospace Alloys
formulation. Here, the associated re-

maining life D at any given time t for
each bond is determined by
2.0x10-2
1exp(t/)

=
|| , (2)
where τ = Δt/ln(f Δt), s is the cyclic
bond strain, Δt is the time step of peri- 1.0x10-2
dynamic solver, R is the loading ratio, A
Displacement (m)
is the fitting coefficient, m is the fitting
degree, and f is the frequency of rota-
tion per minute. The cyclic strain is re- 0.0
lated to the cyclic stress intensity factor
ΔK through the following expression:

(3)
-1.0x10-2
where E is the modulus, δ is the horizon, ACE+ Multiphysics

and g(r/δ) is a function. Fatigue life is Partial-stress peridynamic
known to highly depend on the quality Mesh-free peridynamic
-2.0x10-2
of surface. This effect can be accounted
for in the damage model by rescaling the
cyclic stress intensity factor as following: -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 -0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.5 2.5

(4) X (m)
where the “r” and “s” in the superscript Figure 1. Feasibility of coupled ACE+/MesoEqs simulation was demonstrated for a bar under tension problem.
stands for rough and smooth surfaces,
respectively, Kt is a factor that can de-
pend on the average roughness (Ra), the 0 1 2 3 4 5
peak-to-valley height roughness (R y),
and the 10-point roughness (Rz), the ef-
fective profile valley radius of the sur-
-1.5
face texture (q), and the stress state for
tension. Considering Equations (3)
and (4), the cyclic strains for rough and
smooth surfaces can be related as
log (Strain)
-2.0

(5)
Equation (5) can be directly applied

to compute remaining life D for each
bond near the rough surface during
-2.5
peridynamic modeling. Such bonds
need to be ether tracked during the sim- Experimental data
ulation or picked based on the number Fit
of nearest neighbors as currently imple-
mented in MesoEqs. Indeed, nearest -3.0
neighbors are material points that are
0 1 2 3 4 5
located within a sphere of radius equal
to horizon. Surface points are expected Log (N)
to have a smaller number of neighbors
Figure 2. Analytical fit to a strain ratio versus cycle dependence was developed to calibrate the peridynam-
compared to those in bulk. Conse- ic fatigue damage model. Experimental data by Zhao and Jiang, 2008 for a 7075-T651 aluminum alloy
quently, Equation (5) will be effective were used.
only to those points with a number of
neighbors less than a chosen criterion. method only in regions susceptible to veloped to demonstrate the feasibility
material failure while using the FEM of such a concept. Here, a peridynamic
FEM/Peridynamic Modeling elsewhere. A two-tier bridging frame- partial-stress technique was used in the
One of the promising approaches to work for coupling the FEM simulation transitions regions to greatly reduce the
circumvent the shortcomings of the in local domains with the peridynamic mathematical incompatibilities be-
peridynamic method is to use this modeling in nonlocal regions was de- tween the local and nonlocal equations
Aerospace & Defense Technology, August 2019 www.aerodefensetech.com 13
➮
➭
Aerospace Alloys
through reduction of the peridynamic

102 revolutions 5x104 revolutions
horizon near interfaces between the
local and nonlocal domains.
Feasibility of the bridging framework
was demonstrated by blending main-
Displacement (cm) stream ACE+ Multiphysics software by
Displacement (cm)
0.1 0.32 ESI-group with the peridynamic solver,
to be called MesoEqs. A bar under ten-
0.05 0.16
sion test problem was considered. The
bar was discretized into five domains: a
0 mesh-free peridynamic domain in the
0
center, two FEM regions at the ends of
the bar, and two peridynamic partial-
stress regions in-between. FEM and
peridynamic simulations were per-
Potential formed with the elastic and elastic cor-
Damage crack Damage
0.00018 0.10 respondence material models, respec-
0.00014 0.08 tively. Modeling results are presented
0.00011 0.06
in Figure 1.
7.2e-05 0.04
3.6e-05 0.02
Smooth transitions between solutions
0.0 0.0 obtained using FEM, the peridynamic
partial-stress approach, and the mesh-
Figure 3. Displacement and damage versus number of cycles. CAD geometry of the turbine blade like that
of Rolls-Royce Pegasus blade was obtained from GrabCAD library, https://grabcad.com/library. The dam- free peridynamic validated the two-tier
age peak at the bottom of the trailing edge of the blade indicates the location of potential crack initiation. bridging framework. As discussed
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Aerospace Alloys
above, one of the limiting factors for the adoption of peridy-

namic in industry is a relatively high computational cost that
is 3¥ to 5¥ higher than the standard FEM computational cost.
The feasibility of improving the efficiency of peridynamic
modeling by separating the modeling domain into local and
nonlocal regions was examined for a large-scale tensile test
problem. It was determined that the coupled FEM/peridy-
namic modeling was 1.6¥ faster than the classical peridy-
namic simulation when the horizon was 6-times larger than
the peridynamic node spacing, a typical situation for model-
ing systems with material damage.
High-Cycle Fatigue Modeling

Turbine blades of aircraft engines can be responsible for
Aerospace & Defense
up to 75% of an aircraft's thrust. The high-cycle fatigue
(HCF) failure of the turbine blades has traditionally been
analyzed with a Goodman diagram. However, the high in-
Precision Components
cidence of HCF related failures calls for new approaches
such as peridynamic.
The peridynamic MesoEqs software was applied to the mod- Partner with the largest precision turned components manufacturer in
eling of a turbine blade made from 7075-T651 aluminum the US. American Made for over 50 years with extensive experience
alloy. Coefficients required for computing the remaining life making Aerospace & Defense components for everything from night
in the peridynamic HCF damage model given by Equation 2 vision optics to guided missiles.
were obtained by developing an analytical fit to a strain ratio Proud supplier in helping to outfit US Troops throughout the globe!
versus cycle dependence reported by Zhao and Jiang in 2008 Market leaders in partnering for the field, the sky, the firing range,
for that alloy. The obtained fit is shown in Figure 2. or tactical engagements. Let our breadth of experience and volume
Computer Aided Design (CAD) geometry of the turbine capacity reduce your supply chain economics and improve quality,
delivery, and costs.
blade like that of a Rolls-Royce Pegasus blade was obtained
from GrabCAD library (https://grabcad.com/library). Damage • Swiss Automation is the largest precision turned components
processes in the blade were resolved with the implicit quasi- manufacturer in the US.
static time integration. Temperature was prescribed as a func- • DOD SBA, ITAR Registered, with full ISO 9001 and 13485
tion of height and varied from 400°C at the bottom of the Certification, as well as AS9100 Compliance.
blade to 500°C at the top of the blade. RPM was equal to • Roughly 200 of the world’s finest automated lathes, many with up to
15,000. Time harmonic external force with lift and drag com- 12 Axis of Cutting Capability
ponents acting on the pressure side of the blade was pre- • Diameter Capacity ranging from a human hair up to 2 ¾” or 70mm.
scribed. This force caused deformation of the blades as shown
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The displacement increases with height and peaks at the • We just broke ground on an additional 20,000 sq ft of
top free surface of the blade. Its peak rises with the number manufacturing space, bringing us to 150,000 sq ft between 2
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of cycles. The damage resulting from fatigue of the blade
had a strong dependence on the number of cycles, as illus- • We provide timely solutions to your most demanding
trated in Figure 3. The damage peak at the bottom of the manufacturing needs.
trailing edge of the blade indicates the location of potential
crack initiation.
Conclusions
The computer-aided engineering industry has been slow to
adopt the peridynamic method because of some unfavorable
factors, including a lack of integration with mainstream FEM
software, a relatively high computational cost, and a scarcity
of demonstration for engineering applications. Recent scien-
tific advances provide new opportunities to use the peridy-
namic method only in regions susceptible to material failure
while using the FEM approach elsewhere. www.swissautomation.com
www.swissautomation.com
This article was written by Alex Vasenkov, CEO, Sunergolab Inc. 1020 W. Northwest Hwy • Barrington, IL 60010 • Ph: 847-381-4405
1020 W. Northwest Hwy • Barrington, IL 60010 • Ph: 847-381-4405
(Huntsville, AL). For more information, contact Mr. Vasenkov at
avv@sunergolab.com or visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-501.
➮
➭
Microturbine Propulsion for UAVs
S
eventy years ago, military avia- gas turbine engine small enough to fit weight of these systems are major con-
tion moved from reciprocating into Group 3 (max gross take-off weight straints. A little over thirteen hundred
engines to vastly more reliable less than 1320 lbs) and Group 4 (MGTOW pounds really isn’t much.
turbo jets and turboprops. of more than 1320 lbs) the team at UAV
Shortly after, the commercial air trans- Turbines has achieved this engineering How It Works
port industry followed suit, enabling feat with the recent launch of its Monarch To achieve significant thrust, the
modern air transport. Today, virtually propulsion system. The Monarch turbo- heavy fuel (typically JP-8 or Jet A) burns
all large aircraft rely on turbine propul- prop was carefully designed to outper- in a very small space at similar tempera-
sion, yet small aircraft, both manned form conventional reciprocating engines tures as the larger engines. The internal
and unmanned, have not exploited the in several ways: distances, however, are much smaller, so
advantages of turbines for propulsion. • Monarch propulsion systems will pro- managing thermal gradients and the re-
While UAVs have become integral for vide more time in the air and less time sulting stress becomes more difficult.
both commercial and military aerial being serviced on the ground with up- The low air flows in these engines call for
missions, the continued use of recipro- wards of a 2,000 hour increase in op- the use of very small air passages and
cating engines has limited the UAV eration time between overhauls when very high-speed turbomachinery.
market’s ability to reach its true growth compared to available Class 3 engines. The core rpm in the first system UAV
potential. The industry has been slow to • The Monarch system’s variable pitch Turbines is releasing for flight test is
innovate and develop turbine propul- propeller will enable UAVs to climb right around 100,000 rpm at cruise
sion systems for small aircraft because it faster and reach greater dash speeds, speed. UAV Turbines built even smaller
is far more difficult to design and pro- enabling greater performance and effi- experimental engines with rotor speeds
duce high performance small turbines ciency in both commercial and mili- of 200,000 rpm. Managing tolerances
than large ones. tary aircraft. and designing to process capabilities be-
Today’s engine market is riddled with • The reliability of Monarch systems comes critical. New engineering ap-
inefficiencies and hazards that jeopard- eliminates the need for extra engines proaches were essential to deal with the
ize the safety and reliability of UAVs. for a single aircraft. extreme internal thermal stresses and
Current engines powering drone deliv- • The flexibility to run efficiently on all tight tolerances.
ery are unreliable and run on highly types of heavy fuels, such as jet fuel, One solution to the thermal issue was
volatile and dangerous fuel, minimizing makes Monarch propulsion safer and to separate the hot section from the en-
the impact of a drone fleet and raising more convenient than engines run-
costs. A major percentage of vehicle ning on volatile aviation gasoline.
losses with their payloads are attributed • Monarch RP generates useful on-
Background image: aapsky/Shutterstock.com
to engine failure. Plus, with the need for board electrical power that is 2-3×
frequent overhauls, customers have to greater than what is produced by con-
purchase multiple engines for a single ventional engines.
vehicle so that, when one engine is In designing this system, the team at
being worked on, they can continue op- UAV Turbines had to overcome
erating with an alternate engine. This two key issues facing the UAV
severely limits the potential for the en- engine industry: designing a
tire industry. small, powerful engine that
was both reliable and ran on
Designing a Solution safer fuel. There are several fundamen- Artist’s illustration
After spending five years working to tal problems that had to be overcome, of a Monarch RP
design and manufacture a world-class starting with the fact that the size and microturbine engine.
➮
➭
Propulsion Systems
gine’s bearing cavity by placing the turbine rotor at the end of The entire system must then be integrated into a flyable pack-
the shaft, cantilevered, so that the bearings are located in a age, a classic systems challenge.
cold section of the engine core. Overhung systems have been Today’s military and commercial organizations are urgently
used before but there are critical fits between the components in need of a more reliable and safer propulsion system for their
that have to provide intimate contact from zero cold to full UAVs. Reliable, lightweight, fuel efficient microturbine engines
speed hot - and all transients in between. The designers ended may be the answer to provide propulsion and power generation
up balancing on the limits of what can be made with what in small to medium-sized UAV propulsion systems.
will operate. This article was written by Kirk Warshaw, CEO, UAV
Another factor is that this is not just an engine, but a Turbines (Miami, FL). For more information, visit
propulsion system. To put that power to work, it’s neces- http://info.hotims.com/72996-502.
sary to step down from 100k core rpm to 6k rpm via an
extremely efficient, lightweight gearbox. This drives a
variable pitch propeller so that the power can be ef-
ficiently converted to thrust through each mission
stage, from take-off to landing. The engine itself
runs at essentially constant speed, so pilot throttle Impeller and turbine for a 197,000
RPM turbogenerator, one of
changes result in pitch changes to the propeller several 10 HP electrical
blades via a variable pitch mechanism as calculated generator prototypes
by the engine FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine built and operated
in the UAVT
Control). The propeller itself was designed with small development
pusher UAV installations in mind. The propeller was de- program.
signed with three blades to reduce noise from the propeller in-
teracting with the wing wakes, increase ground clearance, and
reduce the chance of ground strikes during takeoff or landing.
These test conditions don’t get much tougher.

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➭
Preventing Ice Buildup on
Electric Aircraft
F
uel economy is one of the biggest TBMG: Why can’t these methods be There is no hot air system for all-electric
challenges facing the aviation in- used on all-electric aircraft? aircraft, and a hot air system is not ben-
dustry. To overcome these chal- Abbasi: Actually, there are many rea- eficial for the protection of composite
lenges, researchers are working sons not to use these methods on all- structures because of the materials’ tem-
on next generation aviation systems. electric aircraft. With technology break- perature limitations.
Next generation aircraft will be either hy- throughs in the areas of aerodynamics,
brid power, or all-electric power, which materials, and power, next-generation TBMG: What is your approach to pre-
would help with fuel consumption. But aviation systems will use a large num- venting ice formation, and what is in-
electric aircraft present challenges in ber of composite materials, all electric novative about it?
other areas such as the prevention of ice engine technology, and the latest aero- Abbasi: We proposed a concept of
formation. Ice formation on aircraft can dynamic technologies. The reasons plasma icing control using Dielectric
degrade the aerodynamic performance conventional anti-icing methods can- Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actu-
significantly by reducing lift while in- not be used in next generation aviation ators utilizing both aerodynamic and
creasing drag. Tech Briefs Media Group includes, for example, the fact that the thermal effects. Actually, plasma ac-
(TBMG) editor, Billy Hurley, interviewed application of natural laminar flow tuators were recently used for flow
researcher Afaq Ahmed Abbasi of North- technique requires extremely smooth control using their aerodynamic ef-
western Polytechnical University’s De- and precisely finished surfaces, while fect (induced wind). We have shown
partment of Fluid Mechanics to learn the current mechanical-based and hot- that the temperature effect (thermal
more about these challenges. air anti/de-icing techniques have sur- effect) can be used for icing control.
face gaps and steps which can provoke The idea is to achieve flow control
TBMG: What are the traditional laminar-turbulent transition not suit- and icing control using the
methods of preventing ice formation able for use on all-electric aircraft. same set of equipment,
on aircraft? Another example – the bleed hot air i.e. plasma actua-
Abbasi: There are numerous methods system is the method most used by jet tors. The actu-
used for ice prevention on an aircraft sur- aircraft to keep flight surfaces above the ators are
face. The methods can be classified into freezing temperature required for ice to
three main categories: liquid-based, such as accumulate. But this system will not be
weeping wings;mechanical-based, such as suitable for next-generation avia-
pneumatic boots;thermal-based, tion, which is advancing
such as hot-air and elec- towards all-electric
tro-thermal sys- and composite
tems. materials.
By Truba7113/Shutterstock.com
➮
➭
Aerodynamics
used for icing control in icing condi-

Ceramic substrate
tions and for flow control in non-
icing environments.
Plasma icing control technology al-
most satisfies all the icing control re-
quirements of next generation aircraft.
First, it can make use of both the aero- Covered electrode
Ice Cube
dynamic and thermal effects of the
plasma, meaning it can utilize most of
the power consumption of the plasma
actuation. Second, it can be smoothly
set on any surface, i.e. parts of the
aircraft, to keep the natural
laminar flow. Third,
the temperature
of the
Exposed
d electrode
l t
Plasma
a glow
An ice cube on plasma actuator, Aug. of 2012.
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➮
➭
Aerodynamics
AC-SDBD discharge has a limited tem- craft as a full electric-based icing control actuator characterization in still air at
perature increase due to its stable self- technique. atmospheric pressure (PIV and surface
limiting character in atmospheric pres- Over the past year, we have been temperature measurements) and wind
sure, so it will protect the composite working to explore the mechanism of tunnel experiments (surface tempera-
structures during anti-/de-icing. Lastly, plasma icing control through experi- ture measurements and high-speed
it can be easily settled on all-electric air- mental research. Through the plasma camera records), we found that the
performance of plasma icing control
is directly related to the design of the
15m/s -20°C
plasma actuators, based on the cou-
pled aerodynamic and thermal effects.
Such novel findings provide an im-
portant basis for system optimization
of plasma icing control.
TBMG: What are plasma actuators,

and how do they play a role in your
method? What inspired the use of
these plasma actuators?
Abbasi: Plasma actuators are actu-
Actuators on Cylindrical Model in icing wind tunnel. ally a set of electrodes placed with
each other and powered using high
voltage. The plasma actuator is com-
posed of two electrodes separated by a
Plasma actuators
dielectric material arranged in an
asymmetric fashion. Application of a
sufficiently high-voltage AC signal be-
tween the e lec trodes weakly ionizes
the air over the dielectric covering the
encapsulated electrode. The ioniza-
Plasma on
Plasma off tion of the air is a dynamic process
within the AC cycle. The ionized air,
in the presence of the electric field, re-
sults in a body force vector that acts
on the ambient air, inducing a veloc-
ity field. Such induced air flow can be
modulated to achieve active aerody-
Airfoil model namic control. It has the advantages
of non-mechanical parts, zero reac-
tion time, broad frequency band-
Leading edge of Airfoil widths and relatively low energy con-
sumption. Most importantly, the
plasma actuators can be conveniently
arranged on the surface of the vehicle
parts or the wind turbine.
This plasma discharge induces the
adjacent air towards the actuator sur-
face producing downstream accelera-
Plasma on Plasma off tion, known as ionic wind (aerody-
namic effect). This ionic wind of
AC-SDBD plasma actuators is gener-
Dielectric
t i layer ally several meters per second. Many
researchers use this ionic wind for
flow control applications. But induced
Model in icing wind tunnel aerodynamic effect only consumes a
small part of total electrical power,
and a large part is converted into heat
Plasma actuators were placed on the surface of airfoil, as shown. energy. Therefore, plasma actuators
➮
➭
Aerodynamics
Semiconductor, MEMS
and R&D Fab Tools
have an obvious thermal effect. We can utilize this thermal
effect for icing control.
It all started with a simple but historic experiment; an ice NLD-570EXa for Deep
cube taken out of the refrigerator was placed in the dis- Oxide Etching
charge area of the plasma actuator. We were surprised to
see the ice cube melted into water within a few seconds, • Stable process and excellent
without causing any short circuit. This ice cube test was repeatability
our first inspiration to use these actuators for icing control. • High selectivity
After that, we used a cylindrical model, and placed the • Smooth side walls
model in an icing wind tunnel. In photos taken in the icing
wind tunnel, it can clearly be seen that when the actuator
Made in USA
is on, ice is prevented/removed from the surface.
NE-550EXa Magnetically
TBMG: How did you test this out, and what did the tests
determine? Enhanced ICP Plasma Etcher
Abbasi: We carried out icing tests in the university’s icing • Optimized process for LED,
wind tunnel. It provides an icing environment felt by an air- RF Device, SiC, Noble Metal,
craft at a specific altitude. We could vary different icing pa-
III-V Materials, and Ferro-Electric
rameters and wind speeds in the wind tunnel to see how our
model would behave for specific conditions/ environment. Materials
Three different types of actuators were designed to gener- • ULVAC patented STAR electrode
ate the induced air flow in different directions to the in- prevents re-deposition
Made in USA
coming flow. Two sets of plasma actuators were placed on
the same surface of the airfoil, and the anti-icing effects of
the plasma were observed by comparing each set. One set ENVIRO-1Xa for MEMS
of actuators was turned on, while the other one was on Release and Difficult Strip
during both quiescent air and wind tunnel tests. The actu- Applications
ators were characterized using two parameters: Particle-
Image-Velocimetry (2D-PIV) and the surface temperature • Dry plasma, low temperature,
distribution measurements. The plasma icing control over polymeric sacrificial layer removal
the airfoil was studied in the icing wind tunnel, discussed, system
and conclusions were drawn based on experimental results
• Removes thick and difficult
in the quiescent air and wind tunnel. The tests determined
that these actuators can be efficiently used for de-icing. Made in USA
photoresists
TBMG: So what’s next? How do you envision this tech-

CS-200 Load-Lock Sputtering
nology being used in the future?
Abbasi: Our work is just beginning in this field. Based on System for R&D and Low
the conclusion, the methods and materials used for this re- Production Volumes
search are sufficient, but still further research is required
for the detailed cause and effect relationship between the • Substrate transfer capability
plasma discharge and the icing. up to φ300mm (deposition
The most important part of future work is to establish a performance up to φ200mm)
direct connection between the plasma aerodynamic effect • Automatic multi-layered
and the thermal effect based on experimental research or deposition by recipe control
numerical simulation. Furthermore, the effects of plasma
actuation (both thermal and aerodynamic effects) on the
flow around the airfoil in the icing environment should be
studied, and the changes in the spatial velocity field and
the surface pressure field with plasma actuation need to be
studied. There is still a lot to do in this field, although we
hope that this technology will replace the conventional
methods for icing control in the future.
For more information, contact Afaq Ahmed Abbasi, Researcher,
Department of Fluid Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical Uni- 401 Griffin Brook Drive, Methuen, MA 01844
versity at afaq@mail.nwpu.edu.cn, or visit http://info.hotims.com/ www.ulvac.com | sales@us.ulvac.com | 978-686-7550
72996-503.
➮
➭
Critical
Communications
Break Out
of the
Analog
Mold
Military and public safety communications increase digital and data capabilities without sacrificing
reliability or interoperability.
O
nce firmly rooted in its ana- gies, ranging from digital public safety duction of equipment that is interoper-
log origins, critical commu- standards and modulation formats, to able, compatible, and spectrally effi-
nications is now steadily technologies like wireless local area net- cient. P25 has two phases that are non-
evolving to provide en- working (WLAN) and Long Term Evolu- compatible but Phase 2 radios and
hanced situational awareness. The latest tion (LTE). networks can revert to Phase 1 opera-
public safety and military communication if needed. Both phases use a 12.5-
tions (MilCom) radios are more versatile Public Safety Standards kHz channel bandwidth but employ dif-
and reliable, supporting ad-hoc net- In the public safety arena, this trend ferent channel access methods. Phase 1
works to improve or enable connectiv- is evident as land mobile radio (LMR) leverages frequency division multiple
ity. With higher-data-rate capabilities, evolves to digital standards. Examples access, while Phase 2 relies on two-slot
critical communications solutions can include the Association of Public Safety time division multiple access (TDMA).
send and receive high-resolution im- Communications Officials (APCO) Proj- TETRA is the European version of a
ages, videos, and other types of data-in- ect 25 (P25), Terrestrial Trunked Radio digital trunked mobile radio standard.
tensive content. At the same time, they (TETRA), and Digital Mobile Radio For traditional professional mobile
provide higher-quality voice communi- (DMR). APCO P25, which originated in radio user organizations, it offers a scal-
cations while maintaining security. To the U.S., allows public safety and other able architecture that can provide local-
ensure communications and interoper- LMR systems, such as those used by util- area through wide-area coverage. TETRA
ability, they still can support analog ities, to move to two-way digital com- features high-level voice encryption and
communications as a failsafe. These munications. Beyond the integration of rapid call setup for group calls over a
myriad capabilities are possible through voice and data, the standards compris- wide area. With direct-mode operation,
the ongoing adoption of new technolo- ing APCO P25 aim to enable the pro- it permits back-to-back radio communi-
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capacitors in parallel or series retention at -55ºC requires less space withstands up to 80g’s dry-out for exceptionally long life
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digital data. The systems use signal pro- specifically for LTE, with the goal of
cessing algorithms to help minimize providing large-scale coverage and su-
distortion and provide intelligent audio perior propagation to penetrate struc-
capable of adjusting volume in response tures. FirstNet public safety radios,
to the noise level in the environment. which are LTE-time division duplexing
(TDD) capable, are an example of LTE
LTE and WLAN Adoption Rises implementation.
Leveraging the research and develop- Unlike LTE, WLAN technology of-
ment done in the commercial world is a fers easy deployment with fewer infra-
pragmatic approach to enable multi-for- structure demands. As a result, ad-hoc
mat radios for critical communications military and public safety networks
quickly. The LTE architecture, which is worldwide already leverage WLAN
all Internet Protocol, offers both low la- technology. “Ad hoc” refers to the fact
tency and high resilience. These fea- that they do not use an existing wire-
tures pave the way for interoperability less infrastructure. Nodes forward data
in both voice and data applications; to each other based on aspects like
however, LTE’s lower 1 W transmit connectivity and the employed rout-
power translates into higher-density ing algorithm. These networks do not
radio sites. rely on a central node and can be
The Third Generation Partnership formed rapidly, which makes them at-
Project (3GPP) sets global standards for tractive for emergency scenarios and
cation that is independent of the net- LTE and other cellular telecommunica- military conflict zones.
work. Trunked-mode operation can also tions. To support MilCom and public In the U.S., for example, the FCC has
be employed so that TETRA mobile ra- safety radios, 3GPP Release 12 focused allocated 50 MHz of spectrum in the
dios operate with TETRA network infra- on mission-critical applications. Release 4.9-GHz band for fixed and mobile pub-
structure. Key to TETRA is its use of 13 added support for mission-critical lic safety services. At such frequencies,
TDMA to maximize spectral efficiency push-to-talk and a range of features to this spectrum will likely be used for
with the allocation of four user chan- support emergency users such as first re- short-range communications. Broad-
nels on a single radio carrier with 25- sponders. Release 14 introduced mis- band applications supported in the U.S.
kHz spacing between those carriers. sion-critical data and video features into band include mesh networks, hotspots,
TETRA continues to evolve with the the standard, along with additional per- ad-hoc mobile networks, voice over IP,
development of new standards includ- formance features. The U.S. has allo- video surveillance, and backhaul. These
ing TETRA Release 2, which features cated spectrum in the 700-MHz band capabilities enable fast and easy data
TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS).
TEDS enables wideband, high-speed
data communications services. It uti-
lizes different RF channel bandwidths
(25, 50, 100, and 150 kHz) and data
rates for flexible use of professional mo-
bile radio-frequency bands.
Another open standard, DMR, pro-
vides voice, data, and related services.
Considered more of a business-critical
than mission-critical solution, DMR
leverages two-slot TDMA technology to
add control features and double the ca-
pacity of an existing 12.5-kHz channel.
The system enables two calls on the
same channel independently, providing
twice the system channel capacity as a
standard two-way analog radio system.
In the future, it will satisfy requirements
for 6.25 kHz to meet U.S. Federal Com-
munications Commission (FCC) certifi-
cation rules demanding such operation.
DMR systems promise audio quality im-
provements by converting voice data to
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sharing of potentially critical informa- keying (QPSK) are complex modulation cations systems must meet require-
tion in large video, image, and other file formats built upon these basic digital ments for performance, interoperability,
formats. modulation formats. QAM and QPSK and security.
provide more efficient bandwidth usage Radio manufacturers must test these
Leveraging Digital Modulation and security for voice communication versatile radios for compliance with
Formats on the battlefield. Digitizing long-dis- industry standards, such as LTE and
Key to these communications ap- tance analog signals provides clearer, WLAN, in addition to frequency
proaches is their use of modulation to more accurate, and more secure military checks that ensure correct radio oper-
move from analog to digital formats. communications. Advances leveraged ation and frequency precision. Among
Modulation enables multiline commu- from complex modulation technology other performance indicators tested
nications by changing the carrier wave’s have enabled many recent advances in are power output and receive signal
characteristics to those of a different tactical communications. strength, which ultimately defines the
wave, referred to as the modulating sig- Public safety and military agencies range, audio clarity, volume, and
nal. Digital signal processing – which will take an increasingly diverse ap- more in the field. Complete testing of
converts analog information into digi- proach to update their radio communi- radio and network parameters and
tal data by altering the carrier-wave cations systems, adding WLAN, LTE, leveraging trusted critical communi-
characteristics such as phase, ampli- and other technologies to augment ca- cations solutions is key to securing
tude, or frequency – is at the heart of pabilities and increase data sharing. Key the world, whether the scene is a local
digital modulation. to these systems is interoperability with accident or a military zone.
The three basic forms of digital mod- both older and newer systems, allowing This article was written by Nancy
ulation are amplitude shift keying, fre- different units to communicate as Friedrich, Industry Solutions Marketing,
quency shift keying, and phase shift needed. While infrastructure varies Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, CA. For
keying. Quadrature amplitude modula- from smaller ad-hoc networks to more more information, visit http://info.
tion (QAM) and quadrature phase shift complex rollouts, all critical communi- hotims.com/72996-504.
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20 David Road, North Attleboro MA 02761-0069
SINCE 1968
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Pathfinder Radar ISR and SAR Systems: Tactical Eyes for the Warfighter
S andia National Laboratories’ (Al-

buquerque, NM) Radar Intelli-
gence, Surveillance and Reconnais-
velops and deploys next-generation
pathfinder solutions.
ments photographic and other optical
imaging capabilities because it is not
limited by the time of day or atmos-
sance (ISR) systems enable a new What is Synthetic Aperture Radar? pheric conditions and because of the
product paradigm in radar capabilities Environmental monitoring, earth- unique responses of terrain and cul-
and modalities. With the ability to resource mapping, and military sys- tural targets to radar frequencies.
shrink sensor size, increase resolution, tems require broad-area imaging at SAR technology has provided ter-
raise image quality, and advance real- high resolutions. Often, this imagery rain structural information to geolo-
time onboard processing, Sandia has must be acquired at night or during gists for mineral exploration, oil spill
been producing next-generation sys- inclement weather. Synthetic Aper- boundaries on water to environmen-
tems for nearly three decades. Sandia ture Radar provides such a capability. talists, sea state and ice hazard maps
specializes in the full system design of SAR systems take advantage of the to navigators, and reconnaissance and
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), long-range propagation characteris- targeting information to military op-
Ground Moving Target Indicator tics of radar signals and the complex erations. There are many other appli-
(GMTI), target recognition, and other information processing capability of cations for this technology. Some of
sensor systems for the Department of modern digital electronics to provide these, particularly civilian, have not
Defense, other government agencies, high-resolution imagery. SAR comple- yet been adequately explored because
and industry partners. lower-cost electronics are just begin-
Since 1997, Sandia radars have been ning to make SAR technology eco-
used to address critical military prob- nomical for smaller scale uses.
lems in all geographic Unified Com-
batant Commands (COCOMs). San- How Does SAR Work?
dia delivers complete solutions Consider an airborne SAR imag-
including mission planning and ing perpendicular to the aircraft
Concept of Operations (CONOPS) velocity as shown in Figure 1.
development, hardware develop- Typically, SAR produces a two-
ment, algorithm development, dimensional (2D) image. One
RANGE
platform integration, and Process- dimension in the image is called
ing, Exploitation and Dissemina- AZIMUTH
range (or cross track) and is a
tion (PED). DOPPLER measure of the line-of-sight dis-
High-impact, multimode SAR and PULSE
tance from the radar to the target.
WIDTH
GMTI systems are reconfigurable for Range measurement and resolution
multiple missions and designed for are achieved in SAR in the same man-
newer plug-and-play systems. As a ner as most other radars. Range is de-
Federally Funded Research and Devel- Figure 1. An airborne SAR imaging perpendicular termined by measuring the time from
opment Center (FFRDC), Sandia de- to the aircraft velocity. transmission of a pulse to receiving
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the echo from a target and, in the sim-

plest SAR, range resolution is deter-
mined by the transmitted pulse
width, i.e. narrow pulses yield fine
range resolution.
The other dimension is called az-
imuth (or along track) and is perpen-
dicular to range. SAR’s ability to pro-
duce relatively fine azimuth
resolution differentiates it from other
radars. To obtain fine azimuth resolu-
tion, a physically large antenna is
needed to focus the transmitted and
received energy into a sharp beam.
The sharpness of the beam defines
the azimuth resolution. Similarly, op-
tical systems, such as telescopes, re-
quire large apertures (mirrors or
lenses that are analogous to the radar
antenna) to obtain fine imaging reso-
lution.
Since SAR is much lower in fre-
quency than optical systems, even
moderate SAR resolutions require an
antenna too large to be practically
carried by an airborne platform; an-
tenna lengths several hundred meters
long are often required. However, air-
borne radar can collect data while fly- Figure 2. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) mosaic of the greater Washington, DC area
ing this distance, and then process the from Sandia’s Rapid Terrain Visualization (RTV) program.
data as if it came from a physically
long antenna. The distance the air- transmitted, which complicate the get scene topographic height informa-
craft flies in synthesizing the antenna range processing but decrease the tion to be calculated. Sandia has
is known as the synthetic aperture. A peak power requirements on the fielded both two-pass and single-pass,
narrow synthetic beam width results transmitter. For even moderate az- multi-phase center antenna, real-time
from the relatively long synthetic imuth resolutions, a target's range to IFSAR systems.
aperture, which yields finer resolution each location on the synthetic aper-
than is possible from a smaller physi- ture changes along the synthetic aper- Summary
cal antenna. ture. The energy reflected from the Sandia has a broad range of engi-
Achieving fine azimuth resolution target must be "mathematically fo- neering, testing, and analysis capabil-
may also be described from a Doppler cused" to compensate for the range ities for Radar Intelligence, Surveil-
processing viewpoint. A target's posi- dependence across the aperture prior lance and Reconnaissance (ISR)
tion along the flight path determines to image formation. Additionally, for systems. With the ability to shrink
the Doppler frequency of its echoes – fine-resolution systems, the range and sensor size, increase resolution, raise
targets ahead of the aircraft produce a azimuth processing are coupled (de- image quality, and advance real-time
positive Doppler offset, while targets pendent on each other) which also onboard processing, Sandia capabili-
behind the aircraft produce a negative greatly increases the computational ties span multimode, real-time, and
offset. As the aircraft flies a distance processing. high-resolution radars.
(the synthetic aperture), echoes are re- Interferometric Synthetic Aperture With the goal to increase decision
solved into a number of Doppler fre- Radar (IFSAR) utilizes two or more superiority through enhanced under-
quencies. The target's Doppler fre- SAR images collected from slightly dif- standing, Sandia's radar systems in-
quency determines its azimuth ferent grazing angles to yield a topo- corporate processing and analysis on-
position. graphic map of the scene. The SAR im- board the aircraft in order to quickly
Transmitting short pulses to pro- ages are coherently compared or and efficiently provide the analyst
vide range resolution is generally not "interfered" to ascertain the phase dif- with relevant data.
practical. Typically, longer pulses with ferences between image pixels, creat- For more information, visit www.sandia.
wide-bandwidth modulation are ing an interferogram. This allows tar- gov/radar/index.html.
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Tech Briefs
Feasibility Study of Portable Water Desalination Systems

for Water Contingencies at Remote Navy Installations
Navy explores ways to ensure an uninterrupted supply of potable water at remote installations.
NAVFAC Expeditionary Program Office (NEPO), Washington Navy Yard, DC
T he Department of the Navy (DON)

has major installations located
around the world. Twenty-two main in-
RO MEMBRANES
stallations operate outside the conti- CHEMICAL

DOSING
nental United States (OCONUS) and
rely on on-base water processing facili-
ties. These facilities serve a total popula- PERMEATE
SEA REJECT
tion of 71,000 military and civilian per- WATER
LP MEDIA CARTRIDGE HP ENERGY
sonnel, and the water plants have a PUMP FILTER FILTER PUMP RECOVERY
DEVICE
total production capacity of 15.7 mil-
lion gallons per day. Typical Reverse Osmosis System Layout
A significant majority of these loca-
tions use a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system supply revealed four potential root causes Contingency Desalination (LECD) units
for water purification. At many of these which could lead to installation issues: to support Navy installations during sys-
installations, the RO systems provide the tem failures and water shortages. This re-
only reliable potable water source for per- 1. Potable water plant remoteness: The search focuses on the feasibility of de-
sonnel. Providing potable water is a criti- remoteness of some installations, ploying desalination systems to remote
cal and core mission of the Naval Facili- compared to CONUS sites, leads to Navy installations in the event of a water
ties Engineering Command (NAVFAC). higher service costs and impairs the contingency. EXWC personnel concen-
The NAVFAC Engineering and Expedi- ability of SMEs to service the water trated on the following areas of interest:
tionary Warfare Center (EXWC) tradi- supply systems effectively.
tionally provides technical support when 2. Compartmentalization and decentral- 1. Determine the viability of developing
U.S. Navy installations face obstacles in ization: NAVFAC currently allows for portable desalination water assets for
supplying potable water. In a majority of regional and local management and remote Navy installations. These as-
historical cases, depleted water supply is- maintenance of the water systems, re- sets would be capable of providing
sues are caused by component failures. sulting in a compartmentalized and potable water from various water
These failures are often exacerbated by a decentralized approach. This prevents sources, including ocean and brack-
lack of preventative maintenance and a NAVFAC from standardizing water ish water resources.
shortage of backup components. systems and thus increases training, 2. Identify the risks associated with mul-
In the event of a system failure, con- maintenance, and supply costs. tiple contingency-response courses of
tingency solutions typically cause the 3. Costs to operate and maintain exist- action. The team conducted two analy-
disruption of work, loss of mission ca- ing infrastructure: The maintenance ses to determine the projected costs,
pability, risk to personnel, and expen- and operating costs of potable water benefits, and risks associated with (1)
sive emergency support and capability systems continue to increase. In a fis- continuing the current reactive contin-
recovery. Additionally, when system cally-constrained environment, gency response process and (2) having
losses have occurred at Navy installa- budgetary pressures can lead remote an LECD unit pre-deployed to support
tion water plants with no available installations to defer routine and crit- emergent contingencies. The team
contingency solutions, personnel have ical infrastructure maintenance. then compared the costs and benefits
performed ad-hoc interim emergency 4. Plant operator quality in remote loca- between the two approaches.
repairs which may cause insufficient tions: Recruiting highly qualified plant
water production and high system risk. operators, compensating them appro- This work was done by Brittany Arias,
Not all Navy installations have a reli- priately, and enticing them to stay at a John Brito, Bryan Long, Rob Nordahl,
able potable water backup system. As a re- remote location is challenging. Cody Reese, Joseph Saenz, and Bill Var-
sult, if a water plant becomes inoperable nava for the NAVFAC Expeditionary Pro-
due to lack of maintenance, breakdown, Any combination of these root causes at gram Office (NEPO). For more informa-
disaster, or terrorist activity, significant a remote installation can lead to an aging tion, download the Technical Support
system downtime could occur, leading potable water system in a state of disrepair Package (free white paper) at
the installation to reduce or eliminate and vulnerable to significant downtime. www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under
critical services provided to DoD forces. NAVFAC Headquarters sponsored the Test & Measurement category.
An investigation into the current water EXWC to evaluate the use of Low Energy NAVSYS-0005
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Tech Briefs
Nominal High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP)

Waveforms
Calculating the characteristics of high-altitude electromagnetic pulses created by the detonation of a
nuclear device.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
E ven before the Trinity nuclear test in

July of 1945, physicists predicted a
transient electromagnetic signal would
mentation. The name “electromagnetic
pulse” (EMP) began to be used to refer
to these signals.
cult time collecting the signal on scale.
With the end of atmospheric testing, so
ended the acquisition of HEMP experi-
be caused by high-energy photons re- EMP is a complex nonlinear phenom- mental data.
leased from the detonation interacting enon. Initially, it was observed that sig- HEMP waveform can be notionally
with the air around the detonation. Pre- nal strengths grew weaker with increas- decomposed into three major time -
dictions of these signals were difficult to ing burst heights, but this trend did not scales: early time (E1), intermediate
make due to the complexity of the continue as burst heights went ever time (E2), and late time (E3). These are
physics unleashed by the detonation. higher; rather, a new and faster signal depicted in the accompanying figure.
Post-World War II, there was a period was observed. This new signal was esti- The early time component, E1, is
of active atmospheric nuclear testing mated ahead of the high-altitude tests caused by the prompt, unscattered
until 1962, during which measurements of 1962 by William Karzas and Richard gamma rays emitted from the nuclear
of these signals were made in order to Latter; without an adequate theory for explosion. The intermediate time com-
understand the phenomena that were this high-altitude EMP (HEMP) phe- ponent, E2, is decomposed into two
previously largely viewed as an annoy- nomenon, however, experimenters and different parts for high-altitude detona-
ance and impediment to other instru- the instrumentation teams had a diffi- tions: the first part of E2, referred to as
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Tech Briefs
E2A, is a continuation of E1. The sec- ergy from the detonation heating and idea that an electromagnetic current
ond part of E2, called E2B, is caused by ionizing the upper atmosphere. The heat- from a nuclear detonation is produced
high-energy neutrons interacting with ing causes the atmosphere to expand and due to the mostly-radial outward move-
the atmosphere. Historically, these begin rising buoyantly. The ionization, ment of recoil electrons from Compton
have been separated due to the differ- combined with the buoyant rise, attempts scattering. In Compton scattering, a
ent physics models used to predict to pull the ions across geomagnetic field gamma-ray from the nuclear detona-
HEMP in these different time regimes. lines, creating a “heave.” tion “collides” with an electron. This
The late-time component, E3, is also di- The physics of E1 and E2 are domi- interaction causes the gamma-ray to
vided into two subcomponents. The first nated by nuclear physics of the interac- transfer energy to the electron and
only appears from detonation altitudes tion of the radiation output of the ex- moves the electron in a different direc-
above about 250 km. It is called E3 “blast” ploding nuclear weapon with the tion. The outward-moving Compton
and is often labeled E3A. It is caused by atmosphere. E3 is dominated by the recoil electrons are also turned as they
the expanding debris from the detonation magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of en- cross the geomagnetic field lines. The
pushing against the earth’s geomagnetic ergetic plasmas interacting with the net motion of the electrons is the out-
field. The second subcomponent of E3 is earth’s geomagnetic field. ward motion (radial) from the detona-
called E3 “heave” and is often labeled The theory of high-altitude, fast elec- tion plus transverse components from
E3B. It is caused by x-ray and kinetic en- tromagnetic pulse signal starts from the turning in the geomagnetic field. As
Notional High-Altitude Electromagetic Pulse Time Scales they traverse through air, these elec-
E1 E2 E3 trons continue to interact with the air,
1.E+05
Early Time Intermediate Time Late Time depositing energy into the air or ioniz-
ing air molecules, creating conductiv-
1.E+04 ity. The amplitude and waveform shape
Prompt
Gammas of the electromagnetic pulse are there-
1.E+03 Scattered
fore the result of the competition be-
Electric Field Magnatude (v/m)
Gammas
1.E+02 tween the creation of the electrical cur-
1.E+02
Neutrons rent, which generates the elec-
tromagnetic fields, and the creation of
1.E+00 conductivity, which dampens electro-
magnetic fields.
1.E-01
This work was done by Jonathan Mor-
Blast Heave
1.E-02 row-Jones of Applied Research Associates
for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.
1.E-03
For more information, download the
1.E-04 Technical Support Package (free white
1.E-10 1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E-00 1.E+02 paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp
Time (s)
under the Test & Measurement cate-
Example timescales for high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP). gory. DTRA-0010
Thermal Conductivities of Some Polymers and Composites

Assessing the performance of polymers used in structural armor and filament winding applications.
Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
T hermoset polymers are good electri-

cal insulators that are used in appli-
cations ranging from electronics to
with emphasis on carbon nanotube
loading. As an example of a low Kt
polymer, a Kt of 0.3 watts per meter per
epoxies, and much lower than those of
metals and crystalline ceramics.
Of particular interest are Kt results for
composite armor. They are rather poor degree kelvin (W/MK) for unfilled various filled diglycidyl ether of bisphe-
thermal conductors, however. polyurethane from an unidentified nol-A or F (DGEBP-A or F) epoxies. The
For encapsulation of electronic com- source has been cited, with higher val- references for Kt of filled epoxies contain
ponents and devices, there is a huge ues for filled resin. Measurements have results at room temperature for the neat
amount of literature on filled poly- also been reported on particle-filled resin, but no other data on temperature
mers, particularly epoxies. One source polypropylene with a neat resin Kt of dependence of Kt for the neat resin. One
provides a recent review of thermal 0.27 W/MK. These thermal conductivi- exception shows that Kt for the neat
conductivity (Kt) of filled polymers ties are higher than those of most resin increases slightly with tempera-
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Tech Briefs
CH3 CH3
CH2 CH CH2 O N = CH CH= N 0 CH2 CH CH2

O 0 We are there
DGETAM
when innovation
20 °C Kt for Epoxies
Reference Epoxy Curing agent Kt (W/MK) leads to an edge.
1 DGEBP-A Amine 0.23
4 DGEBP-F Anhydride 0.2
5 Not Specified Not specified 0.19 Extreme temperature changes,
6 DGEBP-F Amine 0.195-0.2 accelerations and vibrations –
7 DGEBP-A Amine 0.2 our sensors, modules and cus-
8 DGEBP-A Amine 0.185 tomer-specific systems meet
9 DGEBP-A Amine 0.2 the exceptional requirements
14 DGEBP-A Amine ~0.16 for reliability and resilience in
the aerospace industry.
tures from 0–60°C. The accompanying table presents a sum-
mary of 20°C results. All values are ±5%, a fairly standard ac-
curacy for Kt measurements of polymeric materials. All of the
research to date is more concerned with the effects of fillers
on Kt than with Kt for the base polymers.
Some available research also discusses the synthesis of an
epoxy, diglycidyl ether of terephthalylidene-bis-(4-amino-3-
methylphenol) (DGETAM) (see accompanying figure). This
epoxy exhibits partial liquid crystal (LC) behavior, which has
a Kt of 0.35 W/MK in an isotropic phase, and 0.38 W/MK in a
polydomain LC phase. Relevant information is also available
for other special epoxies with neat resin Kt values nearly as
high as 1 W/MK. These are high-temperature epoxies.
Modeling the Kt of polymers would seem to be a nearly
hopeless task, even with today’s modeling capabilities. How-
ever, one researcher, E. Algaer, was able to model the Kt of
polystyrene and amorphous polyamide (nylon) 6-6 within a
factor of 2. The results depend very strongly on the intermol-
ecular potential assumed in the molecular dynamics calcula-
tions. In contrast, results for Kt of several liquids were much
better, often within 10% of experimental values.
This research presents results of thermal conductivity meas-
urements of some polymers used in applications such as struc-
tural armor and filament winding and in basic studies of poly-
mer networks in epoxies at the US Army Research Laboratory
(ARL). For epoxies, the effects of the glass transition tempera-
ture (TG), type of curing agent (amine, polyamide, or anhy-
dride), toughening, and moisture were examined. Two
polyurethanes, poly-dicyclopentadiene (p-DCPD) and poly-
ethylidiene-norbornene (p-ENB) were also studied, as were
composites of the epoxies with E- and S2-glass fibers in vari-
ous woven fabrics. In addition, a uniaxial carbon fiber-epoxy
composite and an S2-glass-phenolic composite were explored.
This work was done by William A Spurgeon for the Army Research
Laboratory. For more information, download the Technical Sup-
port Package (free white paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com www.first-sensor.com
/tsp under the Materials category. ARL-0221
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Tech Briefs
Hands-on Cybersecurity Studies: Multi-Perspective

Analysis of the WannaCry Ransomware
In-depth analysis of malware provides strategy to defend against future attacks.
Army Research Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico
R ansomware is malware that ob-

structs a user from accessing digital
assets through various mechanisms.
spread. This was
known as the Wan-
naCry kill switch and
These assets are held hostage and inac- was identified a few
cessible until the user pays a ransom. In days after its launch,
most cases, this is accomplished using which helped to slow
encryption where, once the malicious the spread of the
program executes, it will target and en- malware. However,
crypt certain files and will release the hours later, other
decryption key at the time of payment. variants, with the re-
Some ransomware instances target only moved kill switch,
certain common user-generated files were released and
such as media and documents. In this continued to spread
case, system files and others required and infect victim
for the operating system to function machines.
correctly (user authentication, process This research in-
execution, etc.) are unaffected. Others volves a multi-per-
encrypt much more and seek to lock spective analysis of WannaCry Infection Notice Window
out entire systems. the WannaCry ran-
The spread of ransomware is accom- somware in the form of a cybersecurity The Internet Information Services
plished through various channels in- exercise. The setup, configuration, and (IIS) web server that comes with Win-
cluding business applications, USB analysis is based on Colin Hardy’s walk- dows 7 Professional was then installed
drives, websites, and especially email. through of identifying different ways of and the patch for MS17-010 was ap-
From 2016–2018, the number of emails finding the malware’s kill switch - the plied on clean. Both virtual machines
carrying ransomware increased by mechanism that makes the ransomware were configured to use a single com-
6,000%. stop spreading. A sandbox environment mon VirtualBox internal network
WannaCry is ransomware that was was set up to run and investigate the named intnet_WannaCry. This al-
originally released in May 2017. Wan- WannaCry ransomware sample consist- lowed the virtual machines to com-
naCry demanded ransoms be paid in ing of: municate only with each other and
the form of bitcoin, in attempts to pre- • Ubuntu 16 LTS laptop with 7th gener- not with any outside devices.
serve anonymity. Although different ation i7 processor and 16 GB RAM As part of WannaCry’s kill switch val-
for variants of WannaCry, the initial • VirtualBox 5.2.6 idation logic, when it is first instanti-
amount started at $300 worth of bit- • Two Windows 7 Professional 64-bit ated, it will attempt to query a DNS ad-
coin and increased to $600 after 72 h. Virtual Machines dress only if the machine has an active
After 7 days, the files were perma- • IDA Pro Free (version 5.0) network interface card with an IP ad-
nently inaccessible. • Wireshark (version 2.6.6) dress. Since network analysis is one per-
While the WannaCry binary file can • WannaCry malware variant with MD5 spective of the exercise, IP addresses
be spread through email—in which case, Hash:db349b97c37d22f5ea1d1841 were set up on both the victim and
a user downloads and executes the file— e3c89eb4 clean machines (11.0.0.100 and
it can also spread without human inter- VirtualBox was used to create a vir- 11.0.0.101, respectively). As the final
vention because it takes advantage of tual machine with an unpatched ver- setup step, a snapshot of both virtual
unpatched Windows Operating Systems sion of Windows 7 (containing MS17- machines was captured.
that have the Server Message Block ver- 010) called victim. The WannaCry This work was done by Adriana Escobar
sion 1 (SMBv1) service enabled (typi- malware was copied onto the desktop de la Torre and Salamah Salamah of the
cally used for file sharing). Certain vari- and a text file named TextFile.txt was University of Texas at El Paso, and Jaime C.
ants of WannaCry would test, before created on the desktop that contained Acosta for the Army Research Laboratory.
spreading, whether a Domain Name the following string: “This is just For more information, download the
Server (DNS) entry to a specific URL some random text. Nothing en- Technical Support Package (free white
could be resolved. If resolved, then the crypted”. A cloned copy of this ma- paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp
malware would halt; otherwise, it would chine was created and called clean. under the Software category. ARL-0220
➮
➭
Tech Briefs
Real-Time Heuristics and Metaheuristics for Static and

Dynamic Weapon Target Assignments
Improved predictability could increase the accuracy of missile defense systems in multiple engagements.
Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
P rojectile weapons have been a consis-

tent threat of hostilities throughout
history. Military advantage has always
been aided by the capacity to inflict dam-
age from a distance. In the 20th century,
missile technology advanced to the point
that an adversary had the potential to at-
tack a protected asset from great dis-
tances. To neutralize this stand-off threat,
the concept of air defense evolved. How-
ever, as the ability to reduce a missile
threat increased, so, too, did the quantity
and quality of missiles available, and re-
search into the effective allocation of air
defense resources emerged.
Originally introduced into the field of
operations research by Manne (1958),
the Weapon Target Assignment (WTA)
Problem, or Missile Allocation Problem
(MAP) as it is sometimes known, seeks
to assign available interceptors to in-
coming missiles so as to minimize the
probability of a missile destroying a pro-
tected asset. While much of the litera-
ture on the WTA focuses on the defen-
sive perspective, some have considered
the offensive perspective, wherein the
objective is to maximize the probability
of destroying enemy protected assets.
There are two distinct categories of the
WTA: the Static WTA (SWTA) and the
Dynamic WTA (DWTA). Originally mod-
eled by Manne (1958), the SWTA defines
a scenario wherein a known number of
incoming missiles (targets) are observed
and a finite number of interceptors
(weapons), with known probabilities of
successfully destroying the targets (prob-
abilities of kill), are available for a single
exchange. The solution to the SWTA in-
forms the defense on how many of each
weapon type to shoot at each target. In
the SWTA, no subsequent engagements
are considered since time is not a dimen-
sion considered in the problem.
By contrast, the DWTA includes time
as a dimension. Variants of the DWTA
include the two-stage DWTA and the
shoot-look-shoot DWTA. The two-stage
DWTA replicates the SWTA in its first
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Tech Briefs
stage, but includes a second stage on how to allocate the weapons and The research report goes on to review
wherein a number of targets of various how many weapons to reserve to reen- the various formulations for both the
types are known only to a probability gage any leakers. SWTA and DWTA. The basic formula-
distribution. In this variant, the solu- The WTA has been solved to optimal- tions of each are examined and the trans-
tion to the DWTA informs the defense ity with exact algorithms. However, as formations that have been implemented
on how to allocate the weapons in the Lloyd & Witsenhausen (1986) showed are explored. Novel formulations that
first stage and how many to reserve for that the WTA is NP-Complete, the ma- have sought to model and solve the prob-
the second stage in order to minimize jority of solution techniques seek to lem in unique settings are reviewed, as
the probability of destruction. The find near optimal solutions in real-time, are the exact algorithms that have been
shoot-look-shoot variant also replicates or “fast enough to provide an engage- used to solve the SWTA and DWTA.
the SWTA, however it enables the de- ment solution before the oncoming tar- This work was done by Captain Alexander
fense to observe which targets may gets reached their goals”. These real- G. Kline for the Air Force Institute of Technology.
have survived the engagement (leakers) time solution techniques are products For more information, download the Tech-
and allows for a subsequent engage- of heuristic algorithms or are solved nical Support Package (free white paper)
ment opportunity. The solution to this using exact algorithms applied to trans- at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under
variant similarly informs the defense formations of the formulation. the Research Lab category. AFRL-0273
Hybrid Ultra-Low VOC and Non-HAP Rain Erosion Coatings

Developing a rapid-curing rain erosion coating based on a unique glycidyl carbamate (GC) hybrid resin
chemistry that offers rapid reactivity and adhesion combined with the erosion, flexibility, weathering
and mechanical properties of polyurethane systems.
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Alexandria, Virginia
N umerous military aircraft and ship-

board surfaces, such as radomes, an-
tennas, gun shields, wing leading edges,
coatings must provide excellent rain ero-
sion resistance, superior mechanical prop-
erties, good adhesion to the substrate and
polyurethane-based and contain large
quantities of volatile organic com-
pounds (VOCs), hazardous air pollu-
and helicopter blade leading edges, are meet a host of other metrics outlined in tants (HAPs), and isocyanates which are
coated with a specialized erosion-resistant MIL-PRF-32239 and SAE AMS-C- 83231A. hazardous and may be prohibited for
protective coating possessing strict per- Historical protective coatings that use in the near future under the Prohib-
formance requirements. These protective meet these metrics are often ited and Controlled Chemical List
(PCCL). A drastic reduction in
VOCs, HAPs, and other haz-
ardous compounds in such
coatings will lead to signifi-
10% 20%
cant environmental and occu-
pational safety improvements,
60% 40% as well as increased coating ap-
plication productivity associ-
ated with reduced application
and cure times.
Protective tapes, an alterna-
tive to rain erosion protective
coatings, have recently been
developed to reduce applicator
occupational safety hazards;
however, these tapes have
shown a drastic decrease in
performance compared to con-
AA 2024 T0 ventional coating systems.
Primer Coating Currently no wear resistant
coating or tape alternative can
GE reverse impact testing (left) and conical mandrel bend testing (right) were performed on pretreated AA2024-O meet the desired requirements
samples coated with relevant GC or COTS rain erosion coatings. for VOCs, HAPs, and iso-
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Tech Briefs
cyanates while meeting the perform- cavitation test method developed by sulted in several formulations that
ance metrics under MIL-PRF-32239A Luna. Other key metrics that were show excellent flexibility, adhesion,
and SAE AMS-C-83231A. tested include impact resistance, low and impact resistance and are compara-
The objective of Luna’s limited temperature flexibility, dry/wet adhe- ble to a commercial rain erosion coat-
scope program was to develop a rapid sion, elongation, and tensile strength. ing system. The program demonstrated
curing rain erosion coating that has Luna assessed top performing coatings that there is significant room to create
low VOC content and is non-HAPs for application time, coating buildup, GC-based environmentally-friendly
via the use of exempt solvent tech- and cure time prior to full rain erosion rain erosion systems and reduce risk as-
nologies. The goal was to develop a testing at the University of Dayton Re- sociated with hazardous materials dur-
rain erosion coating based on a search Institute per SAE AMS-C- ing coating application. Additional
unique glycidyl carbamate (GC) hy- 83231A requirements. work will be needed to optimize coat-
brid resin chemistry that offers This limited scope program was en- ings for rain erosion performance and
epoxy-type rapid reactivity and adhe- abled by the completion of several indi- move the technology from the develop-
sion combined with excellent ero- vidual tasks that culminated in the ment phase toward SAE AMS- C-
sion, flexibility, weathering, and demonstration of highly flexible GC 83231A qualification and full DoD
mechanical properties typical of poly- coating variants. The research team transition.
urethane systems. synthesized and formulated a variety of This work was done by Adam Goff of
Luna focused on coating chemistry resins and coatings intended to bolster Luna Innovations, Inc. for the DoD’s
and full formulation development fol- the toughness and impact resistance Strategic Environmental Research and De-
lowed by property validation per MIL- over prior GC coatings by optimizing velopment Program. For more informa-
PRF-32239A and SAE AMS-C-83231A, the resin chemistry, investigating new tion, download the Technical Support
including rain erosion testing. Variants curative packages, and carefully select- Package (free white paper) at
were initially screened for erosion per- ing additives for toughness and dura- www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under
formance using a custom ultrasonic bility. To date, those efforts have re- the Materials category. SERDP-0002
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Application Briefs
Tiltrotor Aircraft
Bell Helicopter
Fort Worth, TX
817-280-2011
www.bellflight.com
D uring the thirty years since the V-22 Osprey first flew, the
tiltrotor aircraft, built by Bell Helicopter, a Textron Inc.
company, and Boeing, has fundamentally changed how the
U.S. Marine Corps and Air Force operate in combat and sup-
port humanitarian operations. So far, more than 375 V-22 air-
craft have accumulated more than 450,000 flight hours across
a spectrum of missions. The aircraft has proven to be so versa-
tile that the U.S. Navy now has plans to begin leveraging the
Osprey’s unique capabilities by using a new V-22 variant to runway to access areas that are unreachable with any other
deliver personnel and cargo to its aircraft carriers. aircraft. At twice the speed of a helicopter (493 km/h), the Os-
The V-22 has deployed to operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, prey can carry 24 combat troops, or up to 20,000 pounds
and Kuwait, and has been used to carry out humanitarian op- (9,072 kg) of internal cargo or 15,000 pounds (6,084 kg) of ex-
erations, including earthquake relief in Haiti and Japan and ternal cargo. Its cargo bay can accommodate nine litters with
hurricane response in the United States. Military leaders con- medical personnel and equipment.
tinue to find new uses for the V-22. The various missions it Major production locations are Philadelphia and Amarillo,
has performed to date include airborne command and con- with Rolls-Royce producing the aircraft’s two AE1107C en-
trol, airborne fleet logistics, combat search and rescue and gines in its Indianapolis facility. The V-22 industry team is not
special operations support, among others. only producing new aircraft, but it is also currently working
The V-22 Osprey’s unique tiltrotor design means the aircraft with the Marine Corps to reduce the number of aircraft con-
takes off and lands like a helicopter, but it flies as a propeller- figurations and simplify designs for readiness improvements
driven aircraft. These characteristics offer the tactical flexibil- for the active V-22 inventory.
ity to deploy with a smaller logistical footprint and without a For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-460
Hydraulic Thermal Bypass Valve

ThermOmegaTech
Warminster, PA
877-379-8258
www.thermomegatech-adg.com
A system supplier to the U.S. Department of Defense re-

cently approached ThermOmegaTech® to obtain a cus-
tom thermal bypass valve. Installed into a military vehicle’s
hydraulic system manifold, the valve bypasses cold hydraulic
fluid to reduce system load and quickly bring it up to operat-
ing temperature.
An established innovator in the design and manufacture of
thermostatic temperature control technology, ThermOmegaT-
ech’s valves are compact, reliable, and fast acting. Completely
mechanical and self-actuating, the valves require no outside
source of electricity to function. Each valve contains the com- project included increasing the size of the actuator to handle
pany’s proprietary Thermoloid® paraffin wax-blend actuator higher loads, increased flow rate, using a stronger return spring
technology, ensuring precise and reliable performance in any to accommodate operating at high pressure, and implement-
application, no matter the environment. ing an actuator with a custom temperature set-point, all made
In this particular case, the customer’s thermal bypass valve to fit into the valve’s available 0.75" ¥ 3.0" space.
application had several unique challenges including a high op- After successfully testing prototypes, the customer imple-
erating pressure, specific flow and pressure drop requirements, mented the custom thermal bypass valve into hundreds of
and size restrictions to fit into an existing manifold. Custom military vehicle’s hydraulic control systems.
modifications made to a stock thermal bypass valve for the For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-464
➮
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Application Briefs
Tactical Communications System

Spectra Group
Tysons, VA
202-818-8429
www.spectra-group.us
S pectra Group (US), a specialist provider of secure voice,

data and satellite communications systems, specifically
optimized for use in remote and challenging environments,
has been selected by the US DoD to take part in the 2019
Army Expeditionary Warrior Experiments (AEWE 2019) at ity development, by providing early and iterative feedback on
Fort Benning. prototypes in a tactical setting. AEWE is actually the “first
The Army Expeditionary Warrior Experiment (AEWE) is the step” of a larger Army and Joint Experimentation enterprise.
US Army’s premier venue for small unit modernization, pro- Being demonstrated at AEWE is Spectra’s SlingShot, which
viding capability developers, the science and technology converts UHF and VHF radio to SATCOM L-Band frequency, en-
(S&T) community, and industry with a repeatable, credible, abling users to maintain real-time, tactical and strategic, be-
rigorous, and validated operational experiment, supporting yond line of sight communications on the move (BLOS COTM)
both concept and material development. The AEWE is an an- in all situations and locations. In addition to standard voice
nual campaign of experimentation to place cutting edge pro- and data C2, it can enable capabilities such as remote biometric
totype technologies into the hands of soldiers to solve small analysis, fire mission planning, tracking and inter-agency oper-
unit tactical problems. ations. SlingShot is man-portable; vehicle, maritime or avia-
The Manoeuvre Battle Lab, as part of the Army Futures Com- tion-borne; useable on the move; and delivers flexible channel
mand (AFC), executes AEWE to accelerate near and midterm leasing, all with a minimal increase in training-burden.
Army modernization and provide bottom up input to capabil- For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-463
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Application Briefs
Mine Roller
Rostec State Corporation
Moscow, Russia
+7 (495) 287-25-25
https://rostec.ru/en/
C helyabinsk Tractor Plant, part of UralVagonZa-

vod Group belonging to Rostec State Corpora-
tion, has developed a mine roller to be installed on
"ironclads” — models B10M2S and B12S armored
tractors. The B10M2S is an armored bulldozer de-
signed and built by Company Uralvagonzavod
(UVZ), a subsidiary of Rostec State Corporation.
The bulldozer, which has a maximum weight of
22,800 kg (50,265 lbs), is powered by a 190 hp
YaMZ-236 diesel engine, giving it a top speed of 11
km/h (6.8 mph). Tractors with a mine roller are
more maneuverable than mine-clearing tanks and
have a longer service life, which makes them optimal for humanitarian demining. It is required to ensure safety and
manitarian demining. Production of a prototype mine-clear- clean the terrain and facilities from explosives. For these
ing tank was scheduled to begin in the first quarter of 2019. purposes, it is more efficient to use mine-clearing tractors,
Mine roller for “ironclads” is designed for clearance of anti- which are smaller, lighter and more maneuverable than
personnel and anti-tank mines. It is based on the TMT-S mine-clearing tanks. In addition, due to a simpler design,
clearing device, which has been reworked to make the con- the clearing device will be cheaper than a tank, which
struction more lightweight and equipped with a newly cre- opens up some export prospects, primarily in the African
ated special coupling. Mine-clearing tractors will be more and Asian markets.”
economically profitable than mine-clearing tanks, as the trac- Old, unexploded landmines left behind in previously war-
tors are considerably cheaper to manufacture and operate torn areas throughout the world present serious risks to inno-
than the tanks. All necessary changes will be made in the de- cent people, prompting widespread efforts to remediate them.
sign of the new machines to protect the crew from shrapnel This new mine roller device is a joint project of the designers
in case of an explosion. of Special Dual-Purpose Equipment Development Center of
According to Sergey Abramov, Industrial Director of Ros- Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and Stankomash.
tec State Corporation, “One of the primary objectives is hu- For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-462
Land Combat Missile • The first scenario was made in LOBL mode (Lock On Before
Launch) on a vehicle moving at 70 km/h.
MBDA Incorporated • The second scenario successfully engaged a cave target in
Arlington, VA low trajectory and in LOBL mode.
703-387-7139 • The third scenario, using the Beyond Line Of Sight (BLOS)
www.mbdainc.com mode, was made using GPS coordinates transmitted by the
FELIN system (French Army Digitized Soldier System). Lock-
In early 2019, the DGA (French Procurement Agency) and on was achieved during flight against a tank not visible from
the French Army (STAT) organized a campaign to test the the launch position. The missile successfully struck the top
MMP land combat missile in extreme cold conditions. Per- of the tank.
formed on the Swedish state firing range at Vidsel, located The campaign confirmed the robustness of the equipment
near the Arctic Circle with temperatures between -15°C and when it is used in extreme conditions such as negative tem-
-30°C, the cold weather campaign of the MMP was deter- peratures. It also confirmed the system’s ease of use and
mined to be a complete success. good ergonomics, including compatibility with cold weather
Three firing scenarios, representative of the operational uses infantry equipment, for example, in highly demanding con-
of the MMP at long range, were successfully completed. In ditions for both the missile system and the user. The cam-
each case the missile successfully hit its target, confirming in paign was designed to complement the technical and opera-
particular the smooth operation of the system’s image pro- tional evaluation of the system that was conducted by the
cessing algorithms under typical winter and subpolar condi- French army and the DGA beginning with the start of deliv-
tions (snowy background). eries at the end of 2017. The system has already been tested
➮
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Application Briefs
in hot weather conditions via a campaign carried out in Dji-

bouti last August.
In service with the French army since 2018, the MMP is to
date the only 5th generation land combat missile in the world
to be deployed in military theaters of operations. Featuring
both fire-and-forget and man-in-the-loop operation, network-
enabled MMP also receives third party target designation for
indirect firing scenarios. MMP has a multi-purpose warhead
with the selectable choice of anti-armor or anti-infrastructure
modes. The system weighs 15 kg including the tube, is 1.3 me-
ters long in its tactical canister, and has an effective range of
more than 4,000 meters.
MMP will replace the Milan and Javelin anti-tank missiles
in service with the French Army and special forces since 2017.
Taking into account the battle experience gained from recent
conflicts involving the French Army, MMP is an effective re-
sponse to a variety of requirements such as: firing from con-
fined spaces, “fire-and-forget”, and self-guidance with a
“man-in-the-loop” facility.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-461
➮
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AirBorn Inc.
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AirBorn is an employee owned company whose core business Products/Services Offered

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COMSOL, Inc.
100 District Avenue Target Markets
Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: +1 781-273-3322 Technical enterprises, research labs, and universities.
Fax: +1 781-273-6603
E-mail: info@comsol.com
www.comsol.com Products/Services Offered
The core COMSOL Multiphysics® product is used for model-

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process, saving time and money.
the field using the
Technical Support: Pentek offers free, unlimited, lifetime
SFF, portable or
technical support from seasoned DSP (digital signal processing)
rugged lines. The
engineers. Pentek's superior support means customers get
Talon recorders uti-
their application implemented significantly faster.
lize analog front-
ends and with the
new digital I/O solu-
tions, the Talon re-
corders are even
closer to the applica-
tion signal path.
Target Markets
Communications, Software Radio, SIGINT, Beamforming,

Radar, Medical & Industrial Control
Model 6001 Model 2589 3.6 GS/sec Ultra Wideband RF/IF Extreme 1/2 ATR Recorder
8-Channel A/D & D/A with QuickPac storage drive
Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC
Processor - QuartzXM Module
https://www.pentek.com/go/coprofile
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SRCTec, LLC
5801 East Taft Road Products/Services Offered
North Syracuse, NY 13212
Phone: 800-724-0451 • electronics manufacturing services (EMS)
E-mail: https://www.srctecems.com/contact • custom manufacturing
https://www.srctecems.com • circuit card assembly (CCA)
• build-to-print
• assembly, integration and test
• environmental stress screening
Company Description
• life cycle management
SRCTec’s turnkey electronics manufacturing services (EMS),
circuit card assembly (CCA), build-to-print and custom manu-
facturing services include test, design, environmental qualifica-
tion, and a host of specialized requirements for the design and
production of products.
Our unique services include state of the art circuit card
assembly for complex designs, a wide array of RF test and
measurement capabilities utilizing anechoic chambers and RF
screen rooms. Custom manufacturing and test processes, along
with our environmental stress screening capabilities, support
the production of critical products where reliability is of princi-
ple importance.
With our life cycle management services, SRCTec can pro-
vide an integrated approach to the production, deployment,
and life cycle sustainment of products. We deliver unmatched
continuity from early involvement in the conceptual product
development through manufacturing, testing, fielding, use and
retirement. https://www.srctecems.com
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Target Markets
Military, Aerospace, Industrial
Atrenne Computing Solutions, a Celestica Company

10 Mupac Drive Products/Services Offered
Brockton, MA 02301
Phone: 508-588-6110 Atrenne Computing Solutions, a
Fax: 508-588-0498 Celestica Company designs and
E-mail: sales@atrenne-cs.com manufactures rugged electronic sys-
www.atrenne.com tems for mission-critical and per-
formance-critical embedded comput-
ing platforms deployed in harsh envi-
Company Description ronments. The portfolio of products
center around the embedded bus
Atrenne Computing Solutions, a Celestica company, special- architectures which include VPX
izes in applications that demand Gen3 and SOSA as well as the legacy of
ruggedized high reliability, including VME/ VME 64x and cPCI architectures. These architectures are
military, aerospace, networking and configured into an array of both rack-mount and ATR profiles.
industrial environments. With opera- Atrenne’s offerings cover a broad spectrum of cooling config-
tions spanning the globe, Atrenne urations that encompass traditional air-cooling, air-over conduc-
designs and manufactures complex, tion, conduction and liquid cooling variants. While based on a
integrated electronic solutions. With pedigree of designs, each system is tailored to meet or exceed
more than 40 years of experience, customer requirements per stringent mil-specifications. Atrenne
Atrenne provides innovatively engi- offers full integration, test and qualification services ensuring
neered products and services compliance and performance standards are maintained.
throughout the program lifecycle,
from concept to manufacturing to www.atrenne.com
obsolescence management.
Target Markets
Aerospace, Defense, Automotive, Medical
First Sensor, Inc.

5700 Corsa Avenue #105 Products/Services Offered
Westlake Village, CA 91362
Phone: 818-706-3400 We offer a broad range of
Fax: 818-889-7053 technologies which in-
Email: us@first-sensor.com clude thick-film tech-
www.first-sensor.com nology as well as all
microelectronic
packaging techno-
Company Description logies from the
processing of bare
First Sensor is one of the world's leading suppliers in the field dice, mounting of
of sensor systems. Our company develops and manufactures active or passive
both standardized and custom made sensor solutions for the electronic compo-
detection of light, radiation, pressure, flow, level and acceleration. nents up to the en-
capsulation and seal-
ing in hermetic hous-
ings. EN 9100 certified.
Products include photo di-
odes, pressure sensors and inertial sensors.
www.first-sensor.com
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Products/Services Offered
Traditional approaches to acoustic testing often involve sig-

nificant costs in both capital equipment and labor. And with the
GRAS Sound & Vibration aerospace industry moving toward returning to supersonic
2234 East Enterprise Parkway, commercial flight, you need even more accuracy and flexibility
Twinsburg, OH 44087 in your test equipment. Only GRAS can offer you the right
Phone: 330-425-1201 / 800-579-GRAS acoustic sensors so you can collect high quality data while
Fax: 330-425-1235 reducing test labor costs.
E-mail: sales@gras.us Shorter time-to-market requirements, new and complex tech-
www.gras.us nologies, and more pressure to ”get it right the first time” in the
testing phase, only makes your selection of acoustic sensors
even that much more important. From standard microphones,
Company Description customized sensors, flyover arrays or microphones for extreme
sound pressures, GRAS has
the right acoustic sensors to
GRAS is a leading global provider of high quality, durable and help you develop tomor-
reliable test microphones and is dedicated to finding new and row’s flying machines today.
better ways to measure acoustics. We design and manufacture For more information
state-of-the-art sensors for industries where accurately meas- about how GRAS can help
uring acoustics is critical in R&D, QA and production. with your aerospace and
At GRAS, we have developed a wide range of acoustic sen- defense industry acoustic
sors and rugged measurement microphones designed to help testing, please contact us
our customers obtain reliable data the first time, and every today.
time. Our world-class equipment is suitable in all types of aero-
space applications, including in-flight measurements, fly-overs,
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standard and custom products, providing you with quality solu-

tions at competitive prices and best in class lead-times. Our
technical support and customer service teams will help you pick
the best product for your needs.
GAGE BILT Inc.

44766 Centre Ct.
Clinton Twp., MI 48038
Phone: 586-226-1500
Gage Bilt’s continued dedication to create innovative designs
Fax: 586-226-1505
focused on safety, productivity, ergonomic and FOD control has
E-mail: solutions@gagebilt.com
led to a wide range of products. We have improved upon and
www.gagebilt.com
developed new technologies from lockbolt collar feeders to
automated riveting systems, high-production power units to
specialized noses. We take pride in working closely with our
Company Description customers to find
solutions for spe-
Gage Bilt, located in cial applications,
Clinton Township, MI, has such as tight
been manufacturing a full clearances, faster
range of Commercial and cycles, and FOD
Aerospace blind rivet and control. These, and
lockbolt tools since 1956. many other inno-
We have a complete fas- vative products,
tener installation product have proven in-
line that is interchange- valuable to our
able and equivalent with customers.
the competition. Our prod-
uct line includes: Tools,
Nose Assemblies, Power Units, Accessories and Spare parts.
www.gagebilt.com
Gage Bilt is committed to manufacturing innovative and robust,
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Target Markets
Industrial automation, medical technology, security technol-

ogy, instrumentation, communications, aerospace and defense,
maxon precision motors, inc. and consumer applications, among others.
125 Dever Drive
Taunton, MA 02780
Phone: 508-677-0520 Products/Services Offered
E-mail: info.us@maxongroup.com
www.maxongroup.us We are driven by
progress. We are cer-
tain that we can contin-
Company Description uously improve — even
what seems to be per-
At m a xo n , fect — even better. We
we develop and believe that outstand-
build high pre- ing engineers and tech-
cision electric nicians can make a pos-
drive systems itive impact on the world. This is why we support them in their
that are among efforts to go off the beaten path and provide the right drives for
the best in the their ideas. We do this because we share in their uncompromis-
world. We coming drive to excel in technology.
bine electric Our new manufacturing facility located in the USA offers
mo tors, gears many benefits to our customers. We now have a closer cus-
and DC motor controls into high-precision, intelligent drive tomer collaboration on design and manufacturing to include
systems that can be custom-made to fit the specific needs of production, concept development, testing & validation, broad-
customer applications. maxon helps provide innovative solu- based engineering and rapid prototyping.
tions at competitive prices for numerous applications in vari-
ous markets. www.maxongroup.us
• Custom Power Solutions

POWERFUL PRODUCTS. SMART SOLUTIONS.
• DC/DC Converters – 28V Input
Milpower Source, Inc. • DC/DC Converters – 270V Input
P.O. Box 810, 7 Field Lane • AC/DC Power Supplies – 1-Phase
Belmont, NH 03220 • AC/DC Power Supplies – 3-Phase
Phone: 603-267-8865 • AC+DC/DC Converters
Fax: 603-267-7258 • DC/AC Inverters
E-mail: sales@milpower.com • Rectifiers
www.milpower.com • VPX VITA 62
• Shipboard UPS
• Power Distribution Units
Company Description • Hold Up
• Battery Equalizers
For over 40 year, Milpower Source has been an industry • Accessories & More
leader in developing COTS, MOTS and custom power solutions
for military applications. From PDUs and UPSs to VPX VITA 62
power supplies, we have a proven track record in helping our
customers overcome their toughest power challenges on time
and on target.
Target Markets
• Defense
• Aerospace
• Land Systems
• Naval Systems
www.milpower.com
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products and services through persistent dedication backed

by decades of experience. By providing off-the-shelf solu-
tions and custom engineering resources, New Wave DV con-
fidently serves you to meet your cost, schedule, and techni-
cal requirements.
New Wave Design & Verification
4950 W 78th Street Products/Services Offered
Minneapolis, MN 55435
Phone: 952-224-9201 New Wave Design and
E-mail: info@newwavedv.com Verification provides pro-
https://newwavedv.com grammable network in-
terface hardware, FPGA
IP Cores, and system level
Company Description products for high-speed
serial interfaces used in
The New Wave Design and Verification team is made up of embedded and test sys-
passionate professionals who have extensive skill designing, tems. Protocols support-
building, testing, and ed include Ethernet, Fibre
delivering electronic Channel, 1394b AS5643,
systems for aero- sFPDP, ARINC-818, HSDB,
space and defense and custom protocols.
systems. New Wave New Wave DV hardware products provided in XMC and PCIe
DV is focused on form factors. Rugged, high-temperature solutions offered.
your high band- Alternate form factor options available for VPX, PXIe, and VME.
width, ultra-low la- Engineering customization is also available to meet program
tency, and special- requirements.
ized networking
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for industry-leading
Target Markets
Aerospace, defense, electronics, consumer electronics,

transportation and medical device
Specialty Coating Systems
7645 Woodland Drive
Indianapolis, IN 46278 Products/Services Offered
Phone: 317-244-1200
E-mail: scssales@scscoatings.com SCS combines the properties of Parylene with its worldwide
scscoatings.com resources to provide the industry with reliable coatings and
services. Ultra-thin and pinhole-free, SCS Parylene conformal
coatings offer exceptional properties, including:
Company Description • Ultra-thin, lightweight conformal coating
• Micro-encapsulation capabilities
With over 45 years of experience, SCS is a world leader in • Superior chemical, moisture and electrical barrier properties
Parylene conformal coating technologies. SCS is a direct descen- • Biocompatibility and biostability
dant of the compa- • Thermal stability up to 350°C (long-term)
nies that originally SCS Parylenes play a critical role in protecting numerous
developed Parylene components, including circuit boards, MEMS, sensors, LEDs,
and employs some of semiconductors and more, for applications throughout the
the world’s foremost aerospace, defense, electronics, transportation and medical
specialists, highly ex- device industries. SCS recently introduced ParyFree®, a new
perienced sales en- halogen-free variant of Parylene that optimizes barrier proper-
gineers and expert ties and complies with global halogen-free initiatives.
manufacturing per-
sonnel, working in
19 coating facilities scscoatings.com
around the world.
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Target Markets
Aerospace, Defense, Medical Devices, Hydraulics, Electrical,

Energy, Firearms
Swiss Automation, Inc.
1020 W Northwest Hwy
Barrington, IL 60010 Products/Services Offered
Phone: 847-381-4405
Fax: 847-381-4581 Swiss Automation,
E-mail: mail@swissautomation.com Inc. est. 1965, pro-
www.swissautomation.com vides CNC Swiss and
Larger Diameter pre-
cision machining of
Company Description custom components.
With roughly 200
Swiss Automation, Inc. is a leader in precision machining, uti- high-end, automated
lizing the latest technology in multi-axis CNC Swiss Screw lathes, 150,000 sq. ft.
machines and larger diameter automated high-end lathes. As of manufacturing space and over 300 employees, we make
the largest precision turned components manufacturer in the world class parts 24/7. Our newest 20,000 sq. ft. expansion
US, we make components ranging in diameter from micro to was just completed in July 2019. We are now in the midst of
2.75" or 70 mm around. adding up to 60 more machines to increase capacity and
optimize lead times! Take advantage of the opportunity to
reduce lead times and increase the quality of your parts. In
many cases, we will stock components to increase efficiency and
improve delivery to our partners. Fully Certified in ISO 9001 &
ISO 13485 as well as AS9100 Compliant. DOD SBA with ITAR.
www.swissautomation.com
TUTCO SureHeat
22 Industrial Dr.
Manchester, NH 03833
Phone: 603-418-7662
Fax: 603-580-5942
E-mail: jeff.myatt@tutcosureheat.com
www.tutcosureheat.com
Company Description Products/Services Offered
Formerly OSRAM SYLVANIA INC’s process heat division, TUTCO SureHeat produces high temperature, low flow, and
TUTCO SureHeat develops air heating solutions for research, high pressure air heating solutions for industrial process heat-
testing, OEM, and industrial applications. TUTCO SureHeat’s ing applications. From common process heating applications to
specialty flanged inline heater products are engineered and specialty flanged inline heaters for customer specific needs,
manufactured to produce customer specified high tempera- TUTCO SureHeat is your Heating Solutions Partner. As part of
tures and high pressures for research within the Aerospace, a division of TUTCO Heating Solutions Group, TUTCO SureHeat
Defense, Energy, and other demanding industries. is part of a global leader in the heating component industry.
TUTCO supplies electric resistance heating elements for a
Target Markets broad range of applications.
• Aerospace and Defense Research

• Aviation Component Testing http://www.tutcosureheat.com
• Energy and Fuel Cell Research
• Industrial Process Heating Applications
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leak detectors, UHV systems and gauges, gas analyzers and

thermal analysis instrumentation. ULVAC has an installed base
of equipment at defense contractors, National Laboratories,
and DoD Laboratories.
ULVAC Technologies, Inc.

401 Griffin Brook Drive Target Markets
Methuen, MA 01844
Phone: 978-686-7550 • MEMS Gyroscopes
E-mail: sales@us.ulvac.com • Optical Imaging Sensors
www.ulvac.com • Gas Sensors
• Memory
• Logic and ASIC Integrated Circuits
Company Description • R&D
ULVAC is a worldwide com-

pany that designs and manu- Products/Services Offered
factures systems, equipment,
and materials for industrial The ULVAC ENVIRO™-1Xa is a single wafer plasma ashing sys-
and R&D applications utilizing tem. It features a high efficiency downstream plasma source for
vacuum technology. These high rate removal (>10 μm/min or 80- WPH), at a 20 sec process
markets include: automotive, time, of thick or difficult to remove photoresists. The ENVIRO-
MEMS and sensors, semicon- 1Xa has the ability to use small amounts of halogen-bearing gas
ductor fabrication, flat panel to eliminate any residues left behind. The system features 4 to
displays, roll-coating, preci- 8-inch wafer size capability, with the flexibility of dual cassette
sion metallurgy and industrial loading, with both SMIF and HEPA options.
vacuum processes. ULVAC
offers an extensive line of
www.ulvac.com
vacuum components includ-
ing: vacuum pumps, helium
Upcoming...
Webinars SOSA and Its Impact on OpenVPX

Tuesday, August 13, 2019 at Noon U.S. EDT
The new Sensor Open Systems Architecture (SOSA™) Consortium, supported by
industry as well as the tri-service branches of the U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy, is
developing open standards that offer interoperability, sustainability, and affordable
modernization, while accelerating the development and deployment timeline for new
C5ISR platforms.
This one-hour Technical Webinar from the editors of Tech Briefs Media examines the
impact this new initiative will have on OpenVPX. Three of the industry’s leading
experts provide insight on this important topic.
Speakers: This 60-minute
Ken Grob Rodger H. Hosking Mark Littlefield Webinar includes:
Director of Embedded Vice President Vertical Product • Live Q&A session
Computing Architecture, and Co-Founder, Manager, Defense, • Application Demo
Elma Electronic Pentek Inc. Kontron
• Access to archived
event on demand
Please visit www.techbriefs.com/webinar652
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New Products
Temperature Elements for Flight- Plating Measurement System

Critical Equipment Bowman (Schaumburg, IL) has de-
FCI Aerospace’s (San Marcos, CA) buted an addition to their suite of bench-
AS-TE Temperature Element Series sen- top XRF plating measurement systems.
sors utilize precision resistance temper- Bowman’s G Series XRF is a robust system
ature detectors (RTDs) to provide supe- that’s ideally suited for jewelry, connec-
rior accuracy, repeatability and long-life. The AS-TE sensors are tors, and other precious metal analysis. Because it quantifies
typically designed with Platinum RTD or MIL-T-7990 Nickel zinc, zinc-nickel and other anti-corrosion coatings, it is also
RTD sensors. The Platinum RTDs are available in several Ro (ice ideal for components such as fasteners.
point resistance) values and in either two-, three- or four-wire The two most distinctive features of the G Series are “bot-
configurations to ensure optimal performance and system tom-up” measurement using a motorized Z-axis with laser-
compatibility. based auto-focus, and precision video imaging. An available
The AS-TE Series sensors are fully qualified to comply with manual XY stage with 1.5" × 1.5" travel facilitates easy posi-
high vibration, severe shock, and high acceleration environ- tioning of small and large parts.
ments and specifications. They have been tested to perform The standard G Series configuration includes a single fixed
after exposure to more than 100,000 temperature cycles from collimator, solid-state PIN detector, and long-life micro-focus
-40 to +300°F (-40 to +150°C). The standard temperature x-ray tube. As with all Bowman models, the components can
measuring ranges are -80 to 450°F (-62 to 232°C) and high be upgraded to include multiple collimators, a variable focal
temperature elements are available up to 800°F (427°C). camera, or an SDD detector. Like others in the Bowman XRF
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-483 portfolio, G Series instruments simultaneously measure up to
5 coating layers, 10 elements in each layer, a total of 25 ele-
Voice Coil Motor ments in all. Element range is Al (13) through U (92.)
The GVCM-051-127-01 Linear Voice For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-474
Coil Motor is Moticont's (Van Nuys, CA)
newest linear DC motor with internal shaft E-Band Automotive Radar System
and bearing. The 3.75 in. (95.3 mm) stroke of Irish company Arralis (Limerick, Ireland)
the precision ground 0.236 (6.0 mm) diameter shaft announced the launch of its new E-Band
with an internal thread, is guided by a long-life plain automotive radar system. The Corvus Radar
bearing that can allow side loads up to 1 lb (4.4 N). The exceeds what is available in the current au-
housing and coil ends of the motor have threaded mounting tomotive marketplace in detection range,
holes for easy integration into existing and future applica- elevation resolution, and scan area, enabling multiple 3D tar-
tions. This brushless voice coil actuator features: high speed, get detection at up to 300m over a ±45° azimuth angle and ±7°
high acceleration/deceleration, zero backlash, high accuracy, elevation angle.
high repeatability, and a high force to size ratio of 5.0 lbs The system utilizes the Arralis Corvus MMIC portfolio and a
(22.2 N) continuous force and 15.8lb (70.3N) of peak force in patented analogue beamforming technique to enable detection
either direction, in a housing measuring just 2.00 in. (50.8 of a 0 dBm2 target, for instance a fast approaching motorbike, at
mm) dia. × 5.00 in. (127.0 mm) long. 300m distance. Monopulse is applied in both Azimuth and Ele-
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-488 vation planes to enable resolving of targets angle within beams.
Military-Grade Network Switch
MilSource (El Segundo, CA) an- Angular Rate Sensor
nounced the availability of Techaya’s Unlike an accelerometer that meas-
(Akiva, Israel) MILTECH 24FO, a com- ures linear motion, the ARS3 PRO from
pact fiber optic enabled Ethernet switch offering a dense 24 ports DTS (Seal Beach, CA) measures high
in an approximate 8" × 4" × 2" footprint. The fully managed rates of angular velocity. From lever
switch is ideal for radar installations, EO sensor suites, persistent durability to life-cycle testing of a car
wide area surveillance, and signal intelligence applications. door or RPM of a driveshaft, the miniature ARS3 PRO is de-
Advanced network features include switching protocols, signed to be positioned near the point of interest. The alu-
virtual LANS (VLANS), traffic prioritization (QoS), and band- minum 19 mm × 19 mm × 12.5 mm enclosure is IP67 rated,
width aggregation. The MILTECH 24FO’s gigabit speeds and weighs only 9 grams and is shock rated to 10,000g. The triax-
28 VDC power make it instantly compatible with any network ial package is 50% smaller and 40% lighter than even three
device and power systems. Its mechanical packaging enhance- DTS ARS PRO uniaxial sensors on a mounting block. Avail-
ments, including ruggedized Amphenol SIM 2D 44VG con- able in ranges from ±300 to 50K deg/sec and in multiple
nectors, is designed for MIL-STD-810F airborne and ground bandwidths, the ARS3 PRO features DC response and shunt
environmental compliance and high reliability. check capabilities.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-475 For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-480
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New Products
High Precision
Displacement
Sensors
FPGA Development Tools

Pentek, Inc. (Upper Saddle River, NJ) recently introduced
several enhancements to its Navigator Design Suite for the Xil-
inx Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC. New IP expands Pentek’s existing
IP library to over 140 cores for FPGA development on its
Quartz Architecture platform. Pentek’s Navigator Design Suite
includes the Navigator FDK (FPGA Design Kit) for integrating
custom IP into Pentek factory-shipped designs and the Naviga-
tor BSP (Board Support Package) for creating host applications.
Starting with the FDK, new cores support the RFSoC on-chip A/D and D/A con-
verters with the following new features. Data acquisition and waveform generator
cores have been updated that include support for VITA 49.2 VITA Radio Transport
(VRT) packet formatting. A new optimized ×16 decimation core extends the range
of the built-in RFSoC decimation. Pentek’s Smart A/D Calibration feature adds hard-
ware, FPGA IP and software to make Xilinx’s calibration circuitry more robust across
diverse operational scenarios. The programmable signal synthesizer core now in-
cludes a programmable frequency sweep generator, ideal for generating radar chirp
pulse waveforms. These new cores for Quartz support operation of all eight RFSoC
A/D and D/A converters simultaneously.
PCIe/104 Adapter Board

ACCES I/O Products (San Diego, CA) announced the imme-
diate release of a new family of PCIe/104 carrier modules— Unaffected by
the 104e-mPCIe Family. These adapter boards allow users to
install PCI Express Mini Cards (mPCIe) into new and existing Oil, Dirt, Water,
PCIe/104 embedded systems. The 104e-mPCIe boards are
Type 1 or Type 2 PCIe/104 carrier boards designed to support Radiation & more
up to four PCI Express mini cards, in either half or full lengths. The Advanced
model converts one PCIe x1 lane from the PCIe/104 stack into four mPCIe sock-
ets, while the standard version converts four PCIe x1 lanes from the stack into
four mPCIe sockets. In addition, the board supports up to two mSATA devices Position
(via dip-switch selection—Type 2 only), and all four sockets support USB,
SMBus, and wireless mPCIe devices—including per socket micro-SIM, for cellu-
Vibration
lar (WAN) use. Alignment
Dimensioning
FPGA Boards with SMPM VITA 67.3 Connectors
Annapolis Micro Systems (Annapolis, MD) is now inte-
grating SV Microwave’s SMPM VITA 67.3 connectors in For more information
multiple high-performance COTS boards for maximum RF
signal density and speed to the VPX backplane. The SV Mi- about our full line of
crowave RF connectors are a dense and rugged high-speed eddy current sensors,
coax solution that is aligned with the SOSA™ technical standard. They are available
in 11- and 14-port modules that accept up to Ø.086" coaxial cable, with SMPM min- contact us today!
imum pitch of .228".
The blind mate VPX backplane connectors are available on the latest versions of
these boards: WILDSTAR™ 6U OpenVPX Baseboards; WILDSTAR™ 3U OpenVPX 800-552-6267
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and MULTIGIG RT3 connectors, which support a remarkable 25 Gbps.
Annapolis high-performance products are designed for advanced HPC, ISR, and
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work processing, DRFM, beamforming, sensor processing, wireless communication,
and radar signal processing.
Aerospace & Defense Technology, August 2019 www.aerodefensetech.com Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/72996-787
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Rod Ends and New Products
Spherical
Bearings designed
and manufactured to
Aurora’s exacting
standards for quality
Directional Coupler
and durability.
KRYTAR, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA) an-
nounced a new Directional Coupler
operating in the frequency range of
10 to 110 GHz and offering excep-
tionally flat Nominal Coupling of 10
Registered and Certified dB across the full bandwidth. KRYTAR’s new directional cou-
to ISO_9001 and AS9100. pler, Model 1100110010, offers some of the widest frequency
coverage on the market while maintaining flat 10 dB coupling
From economy commercial across a wide 100-GHz bandwidth. The coupler exhibits Inser-
to aerospace approved, tion Loss of 5.5 dB (max.) across the full frequency range in-
we’ve got it all! cluding coupled power. Maximum VSWR is 1.8:1 at any port
10 to 50 GHz and 2.5:1 at any port 50 to 110 GHz. Input Power
Rating is 20 Watts Average and 3 kW Peak. Operating Temper-
ature is -54°C to +85°C.
This new coupler further expands the KRYTAR family of di-

rectional couplers offering superior coupling performance with
10 dB (±1.5) 10-90 GHz, and 10 dB (±1.8) 90-110 GHz. The di-
Aurora Bearing Company rectional coupler achieves frequency sensitivity (amplitude flat-
901 Aucutt Road ness) of typically ±1.25 dB from 10 to 90 GHz and ±1.80 dB
Montgomery IL. 60538
from 90 to 110 GHz. It provides directivity of at least 10 dB
complete library of CAD drawings and 3D models available at: from 10 to 55 GHz and at least 7 dB (and typically 10 dB) at
w w w. a u r o r a b e a r i n g . c o m higher frequencies from 55 to 110 GHz. For applications requir-
ing multiple couplers on multiple channels, such as high-fre-
quency antenna beamforming systems, the unit-to-unit cou-
pling tolerance (coupling consistency from unit to unit) is also
quite good, within ±1.50 dB across the full bandwidth from 10
to 110 GHz.
CNC Wire EDM Machine

AccuteX (Lorain, OH) recently de-
buted its new AL-600SA CNC Wire
EDM machine. The AL-600SA moving-
table model is fully equipped with 6-
axis capability, PCD cutting circuit,
and AccuteX’s exclusive linear shaft
motors that provide a 10-year positioning guarantee. These
world-class motors were designed and built fully in-house
specifically for AccuteX wire EDM machines. This concept
ensures maintenance-free design, 10% faster cutting,
HIWIN linear guideways, 0.000004" Fagor glass scales, and
64 bit processing.
S-cut fine finish skimming (9 RA μin surface finish), en-
hanced lead in/lead out control that eliminates witness
marks at entry and exit points. Accuracy is achieved at
+/- 0.00012" (0.003 mm) and repeatability +/- 0.00008"
(0.002 mm). MST-II Micro Sparking Technology comes
standard for surface finishes down to 5 Ra μin in 5 passes.
The AL-600SAi comes standard with AccuteX’s patented
fully-annealing automatic wire threading (AWT) with the abil-
ity to perform submerged machining up to 11.81" (300mm)
deep. Travels are 23.62" X-axis, 15.74" Y-axis, 11.81" Z-axis,
and 3.94" U & V axes. Maximum workpiece size (XYZ) is
38.97" × 24.41" × 11.61" (990 mm × 621 mm × 295 mm) with
a max workpiece weight of 2,450 lbs. (1,113 kg.)
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Product Spotlight
New Products MODEL & SIMULATE
DESIGNS, DEVICES,
AND PROCESSES
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Murata (Kyoto, Japan) has launched a series of the integration of COMSOL Multiphysics® simulations
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for standard “analog” DOSA pinout and a 5-pin Bus Converter pinout. STABILITY
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figure output voltage, soft start parameters, input and output over-voltage protection ing especially roughened titanium, Master Bond
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limits, input under-voltage lockout, current limit and thermal shutdown. Telemetry strength retention at elevated temperatures. It bonds
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indications for ‘power good’ and on/off status. The heart of the module is a 32-bit such as metals, glass, composites and many plastics.
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Aircraft Electrical Compliance Software Master Bond Inc.

Siemens (Munich, Germany) announced that its
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Load Analyzer software product to help simplify
aircraft electrical design compliance and certifica- A WORLD OF FIBER OPTIC
tion. Modern aircraft systems, such as electrical SOLUTIONS
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have more electrical content, and have higher compliance risk due to increased
complexity. The new Capital Load Analyzer is the industry’s first electrical sys-
tems technology that leverages automation and digital data continuity to facil-
itate regulatory compliance. • T1/E1 & T3/E3 Modems, WAN
The new Capital Load Analyzer product draws upon the electrical digital twin, • RS-232/422/485 Modems and Multiplexers
• Profibus-DP, Modbus
generated from the overall power system and subsystems design, to predict the • Ethernet LANs
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uct, is an accurate, up-to-date version of the electrical system as it evolves dur- • USB Modem and Hub
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ing the development process. Analysis and simulation are performed using pri-
• ISO-9001
mary design data. Rules-based checking and analysis helps enable accurate and http://www.sitech-bitdriver.com
complete verification for aircraft power system efficiency for each flight phase –
S.I. Tech
even under load shedding for emergency conditions.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-484 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/72996-791
Horizontal-Mount OpenVPX Chassis Platforms Become an INSIDER

Pixus Technologies (Waterloo, Ontario), a provider of Start your free subscription
embedded computing and enclosure solutions, has an- to Tech Briefs’ INSIDER
nounced new OpenVPX enclosures that allow boards to e-mail newsletter to keep
pace with the latest tech-
be mounted horizontally. The first in the series of EUR19VPX OpenVPX horizontal-
nology advances and licens-
mount chassis platforms is a 2U high enclosure. The design allows dual 6U boards, quad ing opportunities in aero-
3U boards, or a hybrid mix to be utilized in the chassis. The cooling is achieved via a space, electronics, photon-
ics, manufacturing, and
front-to-rear airflow orientation. The boards are standardly front-loaded and options are
other key fields.
available for rear loading. Versions in 1U, 3U, and 4U heights are on the roadmap.
The 2U EUR19VPX features an OpenVPX backplane at PCIe Gen3 speeds stan-
dard. Higher speed versions and VITA 66/67 connector options are available upon
request. The chassis allows either pluggable VITA 62 PSUs or a fixed modular VPX
power supply. Specialty card guides that accept conduction-cooled modules can be
incorporated into the enclosure. www.techbriefs.com/insider
➮
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Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Joseph T. Pramberger
Ad Index
Editorial Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linda L. Bell Advertiser Page Web Link
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Accurate Screw Machine ........................................3............................................................www.accuratescrew.com
Digital Editorial Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Billy Hurley
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Managing Editor, Tech Briefs TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kendra Smith
Production Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Adam Santiago Applied Avionics, Inc. ..............................................8 ............................................www.appliedavionics.com/ads-b
Manufacturing Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kevin Coltrinari
Atrenne Computing Solutions,
Creative Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lois Erlacher a Celestica Company................................................2, 45..................................................................www.atrenne.com
Graphic Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Annette Murphy
Marketing Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Debora Rothwell Aurora Bearing Co.....................................................54 ........................................................www.aurorabearing.com
Marketing Communications Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Crystal Haylett
Marketing Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dylan Legarda Broadcom Inc. ............................................................Cover 3 ............................................broadcom.com/hermetics
Audience Development Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Christine Oldenbrook
Audience Development Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stacey Nelson
Century Spring - MW Industries ..........................3 ............................................................www.centuryspring.com
Subscription Changes/Cancellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ADT@OMEDA.com
1-866-351-1125 Click Bond, Inc. ..........................................................9 ..........................................................www.clickbond.com/ad13
TECH BRIEFS MEDIA GROUP, AN SAE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY

COMSOL, Inc.................................................................41, 55, Cover 4 ................................................www.comsol.com
261 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1901, New York, NY 10016
(212) 490-3999 FAX (646) 829-0800 Cornell Dubilier ..........................................................23 ..........................................................cde.com/MLSHSlimpack
Chief Executive Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Domenic A. Mucchetti
Executive Vice-President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Luke Schnirring First Sensor AG ..........................................................31, 45 ........................................................www.first-sensor.com
Technology Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oliver Rockwell
G.R.A.S. Sound & Vibration......................................17, 46............................................................................www.gras.us
Systems Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vlad Gladoun
Digital Development Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peter Bonavita GAGE BILT Inc. ............................................................29, 46 ..............................................................www.gagebilt.com
Digital Production Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Howard Ng
Digital Media Associate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Md Jaliluzzaman Hoffer Flow Controls, Inc. ......................................19 ..................................................................www.hofferflow.com
Digital Production Associate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jerry Aultz
Digital Production Associate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Andrew Greenberg Infinite Electronics/Milestek..................................11..................................................................................MilesTek.com
Digital Production Associate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Symba Wong
Kaman Precision Products ....................................53....................................................................kamansensors.com
Credit/Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Felecia Lahey
Accounting/Human Resources Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sylvia Bonilla Master Bond Inc.........................................................55..............................................................www.masterbond.com
Office Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alfredo Vasquez
Matthews Marking Systems ..................................42 ............................................................matthewsmarking.com
ADVERTISING ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES
MA, NH, ME, VT, RI, Eastern Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ed Marecki maxon precision motors, inc.................................33, 47 ......................................................www.maxongroup.com
(401) 351-0274
CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stan Greenfield Milpower Source........................................................35, 47........................................................................milpower.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(203) 938-2418
NJ, PA, DE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .John Murray Mini-Systems, Inc.......................................................25................................................................mini-systemsinc.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (973) 409-4685
TX, LA, OK, MS, AL, TN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ray Tompkins New Wave Design & Verification ..........................37, 48 ........................................................www.newwavedv.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(281) 313-1004
Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bill Ebner Orbel Corporation ....................................................54....................................................................................ORBEL.com
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(919) 706-5560
Pentek, Inc. ..................................................................1, 43 ....................................................................www.pentek.com
NY, OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ryan Beckman
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(973) 409-4687
S.I. Tech ........................................................................55........................................................www.sitech-bitdriver.com
MI, IN, WI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chris Kennedy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 498-4520 ext. 3008
SAE Mobilus ................................................................51 ............................................................................saemobilus.org
MN, ND, SD, IL, KY, MO, KS, IA, NE, Central Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bob Casey
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 223-5225 Specialty Coating Systems, Inc.............................39, 48..................................................................scscoatings.com
Northwest, N. Calif., Western Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Craig Pitcher
(408) 778-0300 SRCTec, LLC..................................................................7, 44 ............................................................www.srctecems.com
S. Calif., AZ, NM, Rocky Mountain States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tim Powers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(424) 247-9207 Swiss Automation, Inc. ............................................15, 49 ..............................................www.swissautomation.com
Europe — Central & Eastern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sven Anacker
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-202-27169-11 TUTCO SureHeat ........................................................14, 49....................................................www.tutcosureheat.com
Joseph Heeg
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-621-841-5702 ULVAC Technologies, Inc. ........................................21, 50 ....................................................................www.ulvac.com
Europe — Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chris Shaw
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44-1270-522130 W.L. Gore & Associates Inc. ....................................Cover 2 ..................................................gore.com/GORE-FLIGHT
Integrated Media Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Patrick Harvey
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Reprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jill Kaletha Technology, P.O. Box 3525, Northbrook, Il 60062.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(219) 878-6068 August 2019, Volume 4, Number 5
➮
➭
Broadcom High Reliability
Hermetic Optocouplers
For Space, Defense and Harsh Environments
Certified and qualified to Classes E, H and K of MIL-PRF-38534

and operate in temperatures ranging from -55 to +125°C.
Broadcom offers a wide range of digital, IPM interface, high
voltage SSR, gate drive optocouplers and isolation amplifiers
for harsh environments that require an exceptionally strong,
rugged enclosure.
For more information visit broadcom.com/hermetics
Copyright © 2018 Broadcom. All Rights Reserved. Broadcom, the pulse logo, and Connecting everything are among the trademarks of Broadcom. The term
“Broadcom” refers to Broadcom Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. 052118
➮
➭
Overcome antenna crosstalk
issues with simulation.
Visualization of the electric field norm and 3D far field due to a transmitting
antenna. Antennas are intentionally large in this tutorial model.
Multiple antennas are needed to create more complex

communication systems on airplanes. But this arrangement of
transmitters and receivers can cause aircraft operation issues
due to crosstalk, or cosite interference. Simulation helps you
analyze the crosstalk effect on an aircraft and in turn find the
best antenna placement.
The COMSOL Multiphysics® software is used for simulating
designs, devices, and processes in all fields of engineering,
manufacturing, and scientific research. See how you can apply
it to antenna simulation.
comsol.blog/antenna-crosstalk
➮
➭

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