Unit-1

Introduction to Database Management Systems

1. what is a file system? And explain
File:
Is a collection of information
File system:
 Is a method of organizing and managing data was a definite improvement over a manual
system
 The file processing system supposed by conventional operating system
 The system store permeant records in various files and it needs different applications program
to extract records and add records
Disadvantages of file processing system:
Data redundancy:
The same information exists multiple times is called data redundancy
Through this there need higher storage and access cost
Data inconsistency:
Through data redundancy the database lead to data inconsistency because single copy of data
exists many times so which is consistent data could not be identified
Difficulty in accessing data:
There no special software to access the particular data from the database
For example if we want to get whose students are not paid the fee that is not possible because
there is no special software
Data isolation:
Data is scatter in various files and the files are in different formats
So if you want to retrieve the particular data that cannot be isolated
Integrity problems:
To insert the new data into database there should satisfy the some constraints or rules
So that there is no constraints in the file processing system hence it leads to integrity problem
Atomicity problem:
The component of any other device become fail while maintain the data
When it is fail the recovery of the data is very difficult
Concurrent access anomalies:
When two or more users access the same data from files then it cannot be accessed and there
will come conflict is called concurrency
Security problems:
The data is in free hand so that can be accessed by anyone
 So to control that there should need authorization to access the data
But the file system does not provide any security application to the database
2. What is a DBMS? And explain advantages of DBMS
Data:
Is a collection of information or raw facts
The data must be in proper format for storage and processing and presentation
Information:
Is produced by processing data
Is used to reveal the meaning of data
The main aim of information to take good decision making
Database:
The collection of integrated files is called database
And it is also called meta data
Meta data provides a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the
data found in the database
DBMS:
A database management system is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and
controls access to the data stored in the database
The managing operations include
1. viewing the data
2. inserting data
3. deleting data
4. updating data
5.selecting data
Advantages of dbms:
The drawbacks which are in file processing system those all are overcome by dbms
So you should write the all drawbacks of file system into dbms advantages
3. Explain the components of DBMS
The dbms is composed of five components
1.hardware
2. software
3. people
4. procedures
5. data
Hardware:
It refers to all the systems of physical devices
Ex: computers, storage devices, printers etc..
Software:
Dbms itself is the software
With this also there are 3 types of softwares
1. operating system 2. Application programs 3. Utilities
Operating system:
It manages all hardware components and makes it possible for all other software to
run on the computer
And it is an intermediate between end user and database software
For example:
Windows, linux, mac os, mvs etc..
Application programs:
Are used to access and manipulate the database
Application programs are most commonly used to access data found within the
database to generate reports and decision making
Utillites:
Are special programs to control the database
In the DBMS there include four types of utilities
1. loading 2. Backup
3.database storage and reorganization
4. performance monitoring
Loading:
It is the process of load the database from database server
Backup:
It is used to create the copy of data to safe mode
Database storage and reorganization:
The database is available in collection of files and that should be maintained in
some order
When the new files are occurred into database that should be rearranged
Performance monitoring:
It is used to check the database storage and conditions etc..
People:
It includes various user s of the database system
There are 5 types of users
1.system administrators 2. Database administrators
3. database designers 4. System analyst and programmers
5.end users
System administrators:
 These people are used to operate the system general operations
Database administrators:
These people simply called DBA
These people are used to manage the DBMS environment that the database is function
properly or not
Database designers:
The people are used to design the database structure
System analyst and programmers:
These people are used to design and implement the application programs
The application programs are used to create the reports and procedures and etc..
End users:
Who use the application programs to run the organization daily operations
Procedures:
These are the instructions and rules that govern the database design and user of the database
system
Data:
It covers the collection of facts stored in the database
4. what is a data model? And explain different types of data models
Data model:
It is a collection of concepts that can used to describe the structure of data
It provides the necessary means to achieve the abstraction
Structure of database means data types, relationships, constraints etc..
There are 3 types of data models
1. object based data model
2. physical
3. record based data model
Object based data model:
 In this data model everything should be declared in objects
 It is used by database designers
 The model completely related to real world
 It can also be called high level or conceptual data model
 Example for this data model is E-R model
Physical data model:
 It provide the concepts that describe the details of how data is stored in the computer
 It was used by computer specialists
 It can also be called low level data model
 The example for this model is frame model
 Record based data model:
 The entire database maintained in the form of records
 Which provide the concepts that may be understand by end users
 These models can hide some details of data storage but can implement directly on
computer
 It can also be called representational or implementation models
 There are three types of record based data models
1. hierarchical
2. network
3. relational
Hierarchical data model:
It was developed in 1960s
It can manage large volumes of data complete manufacturing projects
It follows the top to bottom structure (tree)
In this structure the data divided into levels and segments
Segments:
A segment is equilent to record
The hierarchical model supports 1 to many relationship
Limitations:
It was complex to implement and difficult to manage
The entire data we cannot handle in 1 to many format
Network data model:
It was created to represent complex data relationships more effectively than the
hierarchical model
It can support 1 to many relationships
In this model every relationship is called set
It supports different schemas and sub schemas etc..
Relational data model:
It was introduced by E.F.codd
In this the entire data maintained in tables
Table:
It is a collection of rows and columns
It is very simple to manage the data
It supports all types of relationships
This type of database is called relational database management system
5. Explain about various schemas or data abstraction or three schema architecture or views
Schema:
 The description of database is called the database schema
It specified during database design and is not expected to change frequently
There are some characteristics for database approach
1. insulation of programs and data
2. support of multiple user views
3. use of catalog to store the database description
These characteristics can be visualize using three schema architecture
Diagram
This architecture used to separate the applications and physical database
External schema or view:
 It includes number of external schema or user views
 Each external schema describes the part of database
 It is typically implemented using records based models
Conceptual schema:
 It describes the structure of the whole database for a community of users
 It hides physical storage structure and conceptual entities, datatypes, relationships,
operations and constraints et...
 It was developed by database designers
 It can be implemented representation models
Internal schema:
 It describes the physical storage structure of the database
 It uses physical data model
 And it describes complete details of data storage and access paths for the database
6. What are different architectures of DBMS and explain
Architecture of DBMS follow the architecture of general computer system
Earlier architectures use the mainframe architecture. Because of processing power is very low to
other systems
When the prices of hardware decreased then first database system use the some other architectures
Those are
1. centralized architecture
2. basic client server architecture
a. two tier client server architecture
b. three tier architecture
c. n tier architecture
Centralized architecture:
By default the DBMs is a centralized architecture
In this the database maintained by centralized person or system
 Diagram
Client server architecture:
These are mostly used to connect number of PCs, fileservers, print servers, and database
servers, webservers, etc..
This architecture worked based on network
In this architecture there consist several servers.
Those are 1. File server 2. Print server 3.webserver 4.database server
5. application server
To access the data from that servers there connected several client machines
Client:
who sent the request to server is called client
server:
who respond to the client requests is called server
these architectures are divided into three types
1. 2 tier
2. 3 tier
3. n tier
Two tier architecture:
In this architecture includes two systems
1. client 2. Database server
 In this architecture the database components are distributed on the client and server
 The advantage of this architecture its simplicity and compatibility with existing
systems
 In this the client machine used to access the user interface programs and application
programs
 The server level the DBMS software responsible for handling the data storage and
concurrency and recovery , buffering
3 tier architecture:
 Many of the web applications s include 3 tier architecture
 In this architecture there includes intermediate server between client and database
server
 The intermediate server sometimes called application server or web server
 That intermediate server used to storing business rules
 That rules are used to access data from database server
 It also improve database security and check the clients crendtials before
forwarding a request to the database server
  The intermediate server accepts requests from the client and sent that request to
database server and again set get the processed data from database server and then
sent to clients
N tier architecture:
 In this architecture there include N intermediate system between client and server
 That intermediate system is called business server
 That business server divided into two or more so this is called n tier architecture
 The business server used to distribute the programs and data through entire
network
 The advantage of n tier architecture is that any tier can run on any processor or
operating system
8. what is an interface? And explain different types of interfaces of DBMS
Interface:
It is a n intermediate between end user and DBMS software
Using the user can do any transaction in DBMS
There are several types of interfaces to interact with DBMS
1. menu based interfaces
2. form based interfaces
3. GUI
4. Natural language interfaces
5. speech input and output
6. interfaces for parametric users
7. interfaces for the DBA
Menu based interfaces:
These interfaces present the user with lists of options or commands
That options are used sent the request
Pull down menus are very popular technique in web based user interfaces and these are also used in
browsing interfaces
It display the contents of a database in unstructured manner
Form based interfaces:
A forms based interface display a form to each user
User s can fill out all of the form entries to insert new data or that will retrieve the matching data to
user
Most of the users can interact with this tool very easily and most of the products today came with
form based interface
Graphical user interface:
It display the database with diagrams or pictures
 The user can manipulate the database through that diagrams
The GUI uses both menus and forms
In GUI systems there include a pointing device called mouse used to pick certain parts of the
displayed schema diagram
Natural language interfaces:
These interfaces accept requests written in English or some other language and attempt to understand
them.
Natural language interface contains its own schema. That is equilant to database conceptual schema
and data dictionary words
It mostly used in the search engines
Speech input and output:
In this interface the speech as an input query and speech as an answer to question
These are mostly used in the applications with limited vocabularies
Example for this telephone directory systems and flight arrival and departure and bank account
information etc..
The speech input is detected using a library of predefined words and used to set up the parameters
that are supplied to the queries
Interfaces of parametric users:
Parametric users:
These persons like bank tellers,etc..
The persons have a small set of operations that they must perform repeatedly
For this purpose there design the small set of abbreviated commands.
Using that commands they can get the information. From that there decrease the number of
keystrokes and can save the time
Interfaces for DBA:
 Most database systems contains privileged commands that can be used only by the DBA’s
staff.
 These include commands for creating accounts , setting system parameters, granting account
authorization, changing a schema and reorganizing the storage structures of a database
9. explain different classifications of DBMS
There are several criteria are used to classify the DBMS
1.based on data models
2. based on number of users
3.based on number of sites
4.based on cost
5. based on types of access path
Based on data models:
 The earlier systems mostly uses the object data model to create the databases but not spread in use
Next onwards they were develop the some legacy databases
We can categorize the DBMS based on the data model into 3 types
1. hierarchical DBMS
2. Network DBMS
3. Relational DBMS
4. Object relational DBMS
Hierarchical DBMS:
It is working in the form of top to bottom structure
The examples for the hierarchical databases is IMS developed by IBM
Network DBMS:
It is working with collection of links
The examples for the network database is IDMS
Relational DBMS:
It is working with collection of tables
It was used by most of the industries because it is very simple to understand and maintain
The example for this database is SQL
Object relational DBMS:
The relational database incorporate the concepts from object based model t it increase its
capability
That combination model name is called object relational DBMS
Based on number of users:
The dbms can interacted with one or more users based on that there are two types
Of DBMSs
1.Single user DBMS
2. multi user DBMS
Single user DBMS:
In this only one user can be interacted at a time. And it does not support of concurrency
Multi user DBMs:
In this systems more than one user can be interacted at a time. And it concurrent transactions
Based on number of sites:
The number of sites describe based on distribution
On basis of that there are two types of DBMSs
1. centralized DBMS 2. Distributed DBMS
Centralized DBMS:
In this DBMS that data stored at a single computer site. And multiple users can access that
data from single computer site
 Distributed DBMS:
In this DBMS the database distributed to multiple sites. And multiple users can interact at
multiple sites
It is formed in two types
1. homogenous DDBMS
2. heterogeneous DDBMS
Homogenous DDBMS:
It use same DBMS software at multiple sites
Heterogeneous DDBMS:
It use the different DBMS software at multiple sites
It is the recent trend in the industry
It can also be called federated DBMS
Based on cost:
It is very difficult to propose any type of classification of DBMSs .
Based on cost we can decide the DBMSs into two types
1. open source 2. Trail ware
Open source:
The DBMS software freely available
Examples for this MYSQL, PostgreSql
Trail ware:
The main RDBMS products are available as free for 30 day copy versions as well as personal
versions
Based on types of access path:
The access path indicates for storing files
In this there are two categories
1. general purpose 2. Special purpose
General purpose:
These are regular database systems and can maintained by public
Special purpose:
These systems are specially designed to that organization or product
Example for this airline reservation systems and telephone directory systems
These special purpose systems are mostly fall into the category of online transaction
processing systems(OLTP)
Which must support large number of concurrent transactions without delay.