Ce510 - Design of Rectangular Beam and One-Way Slab

INSTRUCTOR:
TOPIC:
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Consolidation
Load factors are numbers, almost always larger than 1.0, that
are used to increase the estimated loads applied to
structures. They are used for loads applied to all types of
members, not just beams and slabs. The loads are increased
to attempt to account for the uncertainties involved in
estimating their magnitudes. How close can you estimate the
largest wind or seismic loads that will ever be applied to the
building that you are now occupying? How much uncertainty
is present in your answer?
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 3
CE510 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2 (REINFORCED CONCRETE 7/16/2019
Consolidation
Where:
U = 1.4D U = the design or ultimate load the structure

U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) needs to be able to resist
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W) D = dead load
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) L = live load
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S Lr = roof live load
U = 0.9D + 1.0W S = snow load
U = 0.9D + 1.0E R = rain load
W = wind load
E = seismic or earthquake load effects

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Before the design of an actual beam is attempted, several

miscellaneous topics need to be discussed. These include the
following:
1. Beam proportions
2. Deflections
3. Estimated beam weight
4. Selection of bars
5. Cover
6. Minimum spacing of bars
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Lateral Support
It is unlikely that laterally unbraced reinforced concrete beams of any
normal proportions will buckle laterally, even if they are deep and
narrow, unless they are subject to appreciable lateral torsion. As a
result, the ACI Code (10.4.1) states that lateral bracing for a beam is
not required closer than 50 times the least width, b, of the
compression flange or face. Should appreciable torsion be present,
however, it must be considered in determining the maximum spacing
for lateral support.

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Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams

Beams with web depths that exceed 3 ft have a tendency to develop
excessively wide cracks in the upper parts of their tension zones. To
reduce these cracks, it is necessary to add some additional
longitudinal reinforcing in the zone of flexural tension near the
vertical side faces of their webs, as shown in Figure 4.4. The code
(10.6.7) states that additional skin reinforcement must be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of members with h>36 in. for
distances equal to h/2 nearest the flexural reinforcing.

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Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams

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Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams (SI Unit)

For a beam designed in SI units with an effective depth > 1 m,
additional skin reinforcement must be determined with the following
expression, in which Ask is the area of skin reinforcement per meter
of height on each side of the beam:
Its maximum spacing may not exceed d/6 on 300 mm or
1000Ab/(d−750).

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Appendix Tables
The value of Mu/Φbd2 can be computed, and ρ can be selected from
the tables. For most situations this is the quickest and most practical
method. The tables given in Appendices A and B of this text apply only
to tensile-reinforced rectangular sections. Furthermore, we must
remember to check Φ values.

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Use of ρ Formula
Trial-and-Error (Iterative) Method

A value of a can be assumed, the value of As computed, the value of a
determined for that value of As, another value of a calculated, and so
on. Alternatively, a value of the lever arm from C to T (it’s d−a/2 for
rectangular sections) can be estimated and used in the trial-anderror
procedure. This method is a general one that will work for all cross
sections with tensile reinforcing.
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Sometimes when large amounts of steel reinforcing are required in a

beam or column, it is very difficult to fit all the bars in the cross
section. For such situations, groups of parallel bars may be bundled
together. Up to four bars can be bundled, provided they are enclosed
by stirrups or ties.

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Provisions:
• The ACI Code (7.6.6.3) states that bars larger than #11 shall not be
bundled in beams or girders. This is primarily because of crack
control problems (to be discussed soon). That is, if the ACI crack
control provisions are to be met, bars larger than #11 cannot
practically be used.
• The AASHTO permits the use of two-, three-, and four-bar bundles
for bars up through the #11 size. For bars larger than #11,
however, AASHTO limits the bundles to two bars (AASHTO Sections
8.21.5 ASD and 5.10.3.1.5 strength design).
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Although the ACI permits the use of bundled bars, their use in
the tension areas of beams may very well be counterproductive
because of the other applicable code restrictions that are brought into
play as a result of their use.
When spacing limitations and cover requirements are based on
bar sizes, the bundled bars may be treated as a single bar for
computation purposes; the diameter of the fictitious bar is to be
calculated from the total equivalent area of the group. When
individual bars in a bundle are cut off within the span of beams or
girders, they should terminate at different points. The code (7.6.6.4)
requires that there be a stagger of at least 40 bar diameters.
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The dimensions of the beam

shown in the figure have been
selected for architectural
reasons. Determine the
reinforcing steel area by each
of the methods described in
this section.
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Design a rectangular beam for a 22-ft

simple span if a dead load of 1 k/ft (not
including the beam weight) and a live
load of 2 k/ft are to be supported. Use
f’c = 4000psi and fy = 60,000 psi.
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Design a rectangular beam for a 10-m simple

span to support a dead load of 20 kN/m(not
including beam weight) and a live load of 30
kN/m. Use ρ = 0.5ρb, f’c= 28MPa, and fy = 420
MPa, and concrete weight is 23.5 kN/m3. Do not
use the ACI thickness limitation.
Consolidation
Design rectangular sections for the beams, loads, and ρ values shown. Beam
weights are not included in the loads given. Show sketches of cross sections
including bar sizes, arrangements, and spacing. Assume concrete weighs 23.5
kN/m3. fy = 420 MPa and f’c = 28MPa.


Ce510 - Design of Rectangular Beam and One-Way Slab

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Ce510 - Design of Rectangular Beam and One-Way Slab

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INSTRUCTOR:

U = 1.4D U = the design or ultimate load the structure

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 4

Before the design of an actual beam is attempted, several

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 6

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 7

Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 8

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 9

Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams (SI Unit)

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 10

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 11

Trial-and-Error (Iterative) Method

Sometimes when large amounts of steel reinforcing are required in a

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 13

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 16

The dimensions of the beam

Design a rectangular beam for a 22-ft

Design a rectangular beam for a 10-m simple

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS 20

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