CA For Mains 2019 Handouts (10 Class) 48 - 57

Page 1 of 2
CA - 0622
Death
-
penalty
D "
the are of the moral universe must bend towards a more reformative
version of justice rather than retributive one
"
Martin Luther
King
2) context
Justice Kurien Joseph in a recent Judgment observed that

the time has come to review the death penalty its practice 4 purpose ,
3) scenario in India
D In the Bachman Singh case the so ruled that death

,
penalty
could be awarded of
'
only in rarest rare oases

'
Nivbhaya and amendments to Now death

2) case Ipc .
penalty could be
awarded certain and
to category of rapes to
repeat offenders
Anti
D in 2016 ,
the -
Hijacking Act was passed

prescribing death
penalty
47 POGO Aet amended death
in 2018 , was
awarding penalty for rape
and of children below of
gang rape 12 years age
4) statistics
Delhi
Death penalty in India ; Annual statistics Report 2018 by ,
NLU
D 162 death sentences by trail courts in 2017 highest since 2000

-
2) In 2017 ,
Sc commuted death Sentences to life imprisonment lis
11
A the 12 cases it heard
5) Concerns
D Trail courts death

greater affinity for
have penalty
a
2) Judge centric variations affect uniform applications of the law

37 Law commission C 2015 ) observed that the constitutional regulation of
death penalty C Bach an Singh case ) has failed to prevent death sentences
from being arbitrarily imposed
D Judges apply different standards to
judge review petition
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⇒ Disposal of mercy petitions are also based on personal beliefs of

individual Presidents
67 irrevocable nature of the sentence
⇒ His medieval and human rights
against progressive
8) influenced by public opinion
9) of investigations and police
Social bias the and marginalised
co )
-
unfairly targets poor

the criminal
ID Delays in justice system
ID Not been effective in crime
deterring
137 No scope for reformation
6) abolishing death
Arguments against penalty
judicial
D the for punishment not deterrence and
increasing
reason as a
imposed
acting
inefficiency
of crime is problems and
rates the delays in the
judicial system
2) Sc has put in
safeguards
to make sure death
penalty is not arbitrarily
int posed
3) India is affected terrorism and need mechanism

by strong for
the criminals while to prevent it
punishing simultaneously trying
⑥ capital punishment shows that certain crimes will not be tolerated

by the
society
5) it is not it through
arbitrary as goes a process
7) 262 Law commission report 2015 recommendation
1) Death should be abolished for ordinary but

-
penalty crimes can be

terrorism and war the state
on
waging against

Page 1 of 2
CA - 0622
Criminal Defamation
D Context
Journalist Prashant kanojia was accused of defaming up cm
Yogi Aditya nad
27 Definition
of damaging the
" it is an act reputation of another person .
It can be libel cwrilten ) or slander C spoken)

2) Defamation in India is both a civil and criminal offence
37 Section 499 9500 of IPC lists defamation as a criminal offence
3) Constitution
Article 19 C) Ca ) and Article 19127
Article 21
4) Imp Judgement
Dsc in Subramanian not 2016 upheld the constitutional

Swamy us .
validity of criminal defamation

D court said reputation is a
part of right to
dignity under Art . 21
3) Defamation is covered under reasonable restrictions under Art .

lacy
invoked constitutional
'
a) court
'
fraternity ,
as the protection of reputation
serves social interest
5) Arguments
for
Against
D multi religious and multiethnic D No dear definition
checks and 2) It prevents constructive criticism
society requires
balances 37 defamation is
criminalising
civil defamation does not have
2) disproportionate
deter rant effect a) potential fool for harassment
3) Use of social media to defame

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67 forward
way
D Prevent the misuse of section 499 9500 of IPL
2) Penal ise false charges

3) No developed is
having criminal defamation
country

Page 1 of 2
CA - 0622
Freedom of speech 9 Expression
D Context
controversies related to the release of certain films and books
D Constitution
Article 1947cal
Article 19 CD
37 Issues
D threat to public order
⇒ against creative freedom

3) chilling effect on free speech
4) majoritarianism
indiscriminate of section of
%
use 95 Gpc
concerns of judicial censorship
77 hecklers
' '
veto
Berens Patria
'
8) state like
'
acting e
9) influence the masses
a) case of films
D Pre -
censorship
2) CBFC is
statutory body under cinematograph Act
a Films can .
be
publically exhibited only after they get certification from CBFC

D New guidelines issued under Cinematograph Act by each govt
5) Imp Judgements
SC in Rangarajan us P ram case held that mere

.
Jagjeeiau a
threat to order cannot be to

public a
ground suppress
freedom of expression
in KA Abbas case ,
the constitutional validity of CBFC was
However held censorship of films
challenged .
Sc that
including
restraint is valid under the constitution
prior

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6) Shyam Benegal committee recommendations
D emphasis on certification over censorship

2) Selection of Board members should be based on criteria
3) 501 representation
.
for women
4) more
categories of certification

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CA - 0622
to convert
Right marriage g Right to
D Context
Dsc
reversed the order of the Kerala Hc which nullified the
marriage
of Hadiya
2) Anti -
conversion laws in some States
⇒ constitution
D Article 21
2) Article 25
3) SC judgement
in Shatin Tahan vs Asoka n case 2018
Dsc said that right choose religion

to and
marry
is an intrinsic part '
of existence neither the state patriarchal

'
meaningful nor
supremacy
-
's decision
can interfere in a person
faith whether to believe not
D Matters
of belief and , including or are
at the core of constitutional liberty
a) Issues related to
religious conversion
Religious
D Constitution the to freedom of religion however it does
guarantees right ,
not explicitly mention

right to conversion
D conversion is a sensitive social issue and has wider

socio -
political in
plications
③ Indian society
is
pluralist and heterogenous
4) There are also concerns of forced conversions
⇒ Religious practices and social exclusion has forced many people to
voluntarily convert to another religion
5) Anti -
conversion laws
States like MP ,
Odisha ,
Arunachal Pradesh enacted anti - conversion
laws

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CA - 0622
Hate speech
D Context
fr K .
Viswanathan committee constituted by the centre has recommended
strict laws to deal with cases of hate speech and the use
of cyberspace to spread hatred and incitement
2) Definition
so observed that hate speech is effort to
an
marginalia
individuals based on their membership in a
group .
"
2671A Law commission report Gott ) defines hate speech as an Incitement
to hatred primarily against a
group of persons defined in terms of "
race , ethnicity , gender ,

sexual orientation , religious beliefs and the like
3) constitution
Freedom of speech is subjected to reasonable restrictions
4) concerns
D
Targeting minorities or vulnerable groups
2) incidents of online hatespeech
increasing
D cyberbullying and
affecting the
dignity of women
D incitement to violence
5) Defamation
6) majoritarianism
57 Viswanathan committee recommendations
D Appointment of cybercrime coordinators in all states and anti -
cybercrime
cells in each district to deal with online hate speech
2) Amend IPC and insert section 153C prohibit
to incitement to hatred
37 Insert section 505A in the to provocation violence
IPC prevent of
on the grounds of identity

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CA - 0622
Transformative constitution
( C
Indian constitution is social document almost

D a
great , revolutionary
in its aim of transforming a medieval
,
hierarchical Society into a
modern
"
egalitarian democracy
Supreme court .
D Context
,
some of the recent Sc

judgments invoked the concept of transformative
constitution
'
3) Transformative constitution has two dimensions
D Transformed the relationship between the individual a the state

state a
27 Transformed the
.
the
society itself
47 Definition
It is defined as a
longterm project of constitutional enactment ,
interpretation
and enforcement committed 's
transforming to country
political and social institutions and in
power relationships a
democratic and direction

,
participatory egalitarian
5) Prominent cases in the recent times
Pultaswamy case
, right to
privacy
Hadiya case > court upheld the right of two
consenting adults to get married
Shakti vahini case ,
Sc laid down measures to stop
honour
killings
Johar case Sc decriminalised section 377 of IPC
Navtej Singh s
Joseph shine case > decriminalised adultery
Indian Young lawyers s Allowed women of all to

ages
Association case enter shabarimala temple

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67 significance of Transformative constitution
D Reflects the evolving social and moral standards of the

society
D Promotes social
change
3) creative interpretation of the constitution
D Upholds constitutional morality '
57 Acts checks and balances mechanism the political

'
as a
against
executive
67 upholding individual rights
7) Sets a legal precedent
D Increases faith in constitution and law
9) this shows that it is not

merely
or constitution
borrowed
A concerns
D Interpreted by nominated judges

2) Tension between social
rights and legal rights
3) Reforms should not be
top down
'
4) Judicial legislation
8) Global case
Transformative constitutionalism was popularised in the context of

South Africa 's transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy

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CA - 0623
National Register of citizens
D context
' The final list of NRC will be published on July 31 2019
B President
,
Nath Hovind his address to the

of
Ram in
joint sitting
Parliament said that centre has decided to implement the process of NRC
on a
priority basis in areas affected by NRC
D NRC
NRC is register names of Indian citizens which was prepared
a
containing
the
for only time in 1951
It is
being updated for only Assam to weed out the illegal immigrants
D Background
D the root of the problem is
illegal
immigration from Bangladesh
D After and
years of mass protest
violence the Assam Peace Accord
,
was signed between the Rajiv Gandhi

govt Assam Govt and AASU in 1985
,
Bangladesh
to deport illegal migrants and to

.
stop illegal immigration from Bangladesh
3) Section 6A of citizenship Act added amendment 1986

'
was through an in
to accommodate the Assam Accord

4) the cut-off date for citizenship kept as 25 March 1971 C Bangladesh
liberation war ) .
However the NRC was not updated
5) In 2009
,
based on a
petition , Sc directed the state to complete the
'
NRL update on
?
47 the Process
to enroll NRC
if she the
'
A person is
eligible in the update on , can prove
that heyhis ancestors were
living in Assam or were
citizens of India
before March 1971 have to provide documents
24 ,
.
They supporting
to chili case
prov .
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5) Issues
D the draft NRC included 2.9 crore people out of 3.29 crore
27 the verification is tedious and

a process many genuine people are
not included
D Govt fears that violence can break out time
any
4) the process will be extended with claims and contestations
,
5) Lack of proper documentation system in the

country
6) concerns about the basic of the people became stateless
rights who have
with
7) deportation agreement
No Bangladesh
8) Bangladesh has consistently denied
illegal immigration of its citizens
9) the citizenship came nd ment ) Bill grants citizenship to minorities
, from
Bangladesh Pakistan, Afghanistan who entered
,
even
after the cut off date -
of ME NRC
107 the potential of this issue to lead to communal tensions in the
region
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CA - 0623
Policy
Refugee of India
1) Context
the crisis has prompted look into the
Rohingya refugee a
refugee
policy of India
2) Refugee Policy of India
India has not

D
though signed the UN convention for Refugees
nor its protocol India has always accommodated and assimilated
,
from the countries

refugees neighbouring
⇒ there are Tibetans Afghans ,

Chak mas , najongs ,
Rohingyas ,
Sri lankan
,
Tamils and other refugees in India
C Amendment) Bill to
⇒ citizenship 2016 proposed grant citizenship to
minority refugees from Bangladesh , Afghanistan and Pakistan
India Declaration for and

4) signed Newyork Refugees migrants in 2016
3) Why India is not a to ON

Refugee convention ?
signatory
D India believed that 1951 convention were tailored to fit the
requirements of postwar European countries
2) Internal due to borders

security concerns porus
3) Strain on infrastructure and resources
④ Upset the balance
demographic
⇒ concerns about radicalisation
6) ratification of the convention means India will be bound its
by
rules like non -
refoulement principle

2 of 3
Rohingya crisis
D Quote
'
the Rohingya issue is one of systematic and widespread ethnic

'
Cleansing by Myanmar
2) Rohingyas
D Rohingyas are majorly ethnic muslim minority people living primarily
's western Rakhine state
in Myanmar
D Myanmar do not provide citizenship to the Rohingyas
37 Crisis
D it 15 a humanitarian crisis and has
implications on the
region B
27 The violence inflicted by the dominant
" ' ' DA MYANMAR
•
Bhdhist
groups and theunfair treatment
by the
govt has resulted lakhs of
,
Rakhineroofing
the
rohingyas to Hee country
3) crossed into
many refugees are Bangladesh .
.
India and South-East Asian countries Andaman
④ the present crisis has its in

origin .
the
'
clearance carried out
'
Malaysia
operations
Myanmar to root out the
by army
rohingya refugees INDONESIA
4) Indian Govt 's stance
D Due to national security concerns Govt want to deport Rohingyas

D Centre asked all States to prevent Rohingyas entry
⇒ Operation lnsaniyat -
Indian Govt 's humanitarian assistance to Bangladesh
on account of influx of Rohingya refugees

3 of 3
5) Sc direction
Accomo date and take care of the basic needs of the Rohingyas
till a
permanent solution is found
b) N
hikers 's to deport
against govt plan Rohingyas
⇒ Issues
D large scale refugee exodus

2) human networks
trafficking
3) human rights violations
4) radicalisation of the community
in Rakhine
5)
emergence of armed guerilla groups
the bilateral relations
.
a affect .

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CA - 0623
to strike
Right
D context
An attack on a
junior doctor by the relatives of the dead patient
has sparked an all India agitation by doctors
2) Strike
it is a
stoppage of work caused by the mass refusal in
response
to grievances
strike not fundamental right but

Right to is a a
statutory right
3) Constitution
Article 19 CD
D statute
ease
D Industrial disputes Act
2) trade unions Act
57
Imp .
Judgements
D Bharat Kumar Us Cpm
'
Sc held that Bandh is illegal because it involves an element of
coercion . It threatens a total Shutdown and paralyses normal life
other hand hartal that
on the a is not
illegal provided proper
procedure is followed by hartal is
6) Arguments
for
Against
D to their when D will disrupt the life
convey grievances economy ,
all other methods fail 2) incidents of violence

D Turn the attention of the nation D violates the to freedom
right
and create about the and to life
awareness
of movement
right
problems faced by them a) worst affected will be the
poor
37 it
may act as a safety -
valve and vulnerable as in the doctor's strike

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CA - 0629
Basic rights
D Context
D A PIL has been filed in the Patna NC
against
the Bihar govt
not its which caused
for fulfilling promise of controlling Encephalitis ,
the death of more than 150 children
D Me water crisis in Chennai
2) What is Basic rights

claims state walk
" Basic rights are on the to provide her people
goods and services that satisfy their basic needs
2) Basic rights are different from fundamental rights .
they are needed

for
basic survival
37 Eg food water ,
health
,
D Even if these
rights are not recognised and enforceable ,
It is the same
human
for all beings
3) Imp Judgement
.
Manohar Pratap us Uo I
,
2019
'
case
'
In a PIL with respect to AES in Bihar so observed that people have a

,
basic right to medical care nutrition and hygienic ,

environment
4) Imp .
of basic
rights :
D Basic minimum decent life worth

rights Anything really
-
ensure a .
pursuing
depends on the satisfaction of basic needs
2) to ensure elementary justice

3) Prevent tragedies like death due to malnutrition , starvation etc
47 If basic rights are not fulfilled the people will be disastifled and they
will
agitate
ForumIAS Guidance Center

Page 2 of 8
5) challenges
State's side
'
Peoples side
Governance deficit back

of awareness
Administrative failure not

demanding
least
priority
Civil society I media
not codified no attention
corruption
6) way forward
Govt must be made accountable for the violation of basic rights -

Rajiv Bhargava

Page 3 of 8
fiscal Federalism
'
D the union govt is committed to cooperative federalism .

Our mantra is
Sab ka Sabha vikas
'
Saath ,
Pm Narendra Modi
⇒ context
some States are of the view that Union Govt is to encroach
trying
on the States through GST council 151k finance commission
,
3) fiscal Federalism
it deals with the division of governmental functions and financial
relations
among the levels of govt
47 Concerns
D Implementation of GST
a) the uncertainty and unpredictability in the GST regime

b) States autonomy to fix the rates have been taken away
c) loss of revenue due to cast
d) Restrictions taxation and implementation of model
on one
of development
2) Terms of reference of 1515 finance commission
a) usage of soil Census data in the tax distribution formula

9) conditions on state borrowing
c) Performance based incentive to the States on the basis of certain indicators .
which relate to union schemes and schemes

are mostly govt flagship
5) way Forward -
Pillars of new Fiscal Federalism C Vijay Kelkar )
D finance commission
2) New Institution with financial Powers for allocating for developmental
schemes and to address imbalances
regional
3) for Gst with third Tier
-
Arrangements sharing proceeds

47 Implementation of flawless Gst

Page 4 of 8

Page 5 of 8
special category status
1) Context
Andhra Pradesh ,
Odisha , Bihar Jharkhand etc is
demanding Scs
,
2) What is Scs ?
Because of geographic , demographic historic and ,

economic reasons
few States were

given special category status
3) criteria
D hilly and difficult terrain
glow population density or

presence of sizeable tribal population
3) strategic location along international borders
47 to no mic and infrastructural backwardness
5) non -
viable nature of stale finances
a) Benefits of Scs
D 304 of the total central Assistance were allocated to these States

D Assistance to centrally sponsored schemes
for Scs ie ao : to
37Debt and debt relief schemes

swapping
D Tax concessions
5) Issues war Scs
D the criteria is and not quantifiable

vague
2) there mention the constitution
is no
of Scs in
3) Scs States have not shown any improvement over the years
4) these States are not keen on other source
of revenue
generation
57 Increased devolution by 1415 AC
b) Many of the States does not fulfill the specific criteria

demanding
for Scs

Page 6 of 8
6) Demand of Andra Pradesh for so
D Because of bifurcation of the state

D Promise of an Scs status for a
period of 5 years by
the UPA -
I govt
③ Need of central Assistance to new capital project and other big projects
4) New state is lagging in development
7) Centre
govt 's stand
' '
the distinction between and States

'
special category
'
general category
were no relevant after the 1415 FC recommendations
longer

Page 7 of 8
statehood Demands
D Context
Statehood movements have gathered momentum in North East States viz
Gorkha Land Naga lim Bodoland etc

, ,
27 constitution
Article 2 .
Article 3
37 Reasons
D Regional aspirations
2) marginalisation and govt negligence
.
3) feeling of deprivation and regional disparity

a) illegal mimic ration
⑤
conflict over
sharing of resources
6) Identity and culture

7) Belief that smaller States greater administrative efficiency
=
D vested interests of politicians
with statehood demands

-
D challenges
D Political unrest
D Inefficient development
37 Regionalism
9) Minority protection
5) Intolerance
6) weak
govt and governance
57 Should we have many smaller States ?
For Against
2)Targeted development and feeling of D Small States does not automatically

empowerment mean development
⇒ greater accountability D financial dependence on centre
③ Effective use and monitoring of 3) inter state disputes
- like
migration
natural resources water sharing etc

Page 8 of 8
6) steps to be taken
D strengthen grassroot democracy

2) reduce regional imbalances
3) use of technology for better governance
D Efficient leadership

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CA - 0630
Euthanasia Right to Die
D Context Sc
judgement
-
so upheld passive euthanasia together wear the individuals

allowing
right to draft a living will
D Terms
" Passive euthanasia is an act of withdrawing medical support to a
dying patient with a terminal illness .

with no
hope for revival
D will is will drafted individual

determining if
living a
by an a
medical treatment should be continued or not in case he is
from terminal illness

suffering
3) SC Guidelines on
living will
test
D It includes the
guidelines to the
validity of a
living will ,
by whom it should be certified ,

when and how It should
come into effect
D It also cover a situation where there is no
living will and
how to approach ar
plea for passive euthanasia
47 Imp
Judgement
-
Aruna Shan bang case -
SC decided to
legalise passive euthanasia
but ruled out active euthanasia
5) Law commission
19615
report advocated passive euthanasia
6) Arguments
For
Against
D Right to die with

dignity YA 21 alternative treatments and
-
D
2) Patients autonomy and self palliative care are available
determination It also lead to non voluntary
2) may
-
relieve
'
close euthanasia
'
3) will
living may
family members and care 37 for doctors ,
does it mean an
burden
givers of the moral abandonment of their
obligation
of making a life ending decision to preserve life

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Article 35 A
1) context
Sc is
considering whether Article 35A is violative of the constitution
2) Article 35A
'
define permanent residents

'
D It
empowers Tak state
legislature
to
of the state and provide special rights and

privileges to those
permanent residents
D denies certain
It rights to non -
permanent residents .
They cannot
immovable vote
squire property , ,
admission
seek govt job or to a
aided educational institute Tak

govt in
3) Background of Article 35A
D Article 35A was incorporated through

a Presidential order in 1954
2) In 1952
,
TEK and Union signed
the Delhi Agreement which extended Indian citizenship to all residents
of the state and allowed the state to decide on the

rights and
privileges of the state subjects
3) Teak enjoys special status under Article 370

g- the constitution
4) Arguments
Against For
D It is
discriminatory against women D Threat of demographic change
violates Article 14 .
D Article 35A was

negotiated between
2) Article 35A was inserted through the princely state of Tak and Got
Presidential order
a
not welts the and is the bedrock of accession
Parliament 's approval 3) abrogation of the Article will create

3) this article is an hindrance to the more tension and conflict in the
investment opportunities region

a) increases alienation

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triple talaq Bill - Muslim women C Protection

of Rights on
marriage Bill
D context
govt introduced the fresh Triple Talaq bill
,
2019
2) Provisions of the Bill
D Triple Talaq has been declared void and

illegal
D it is cognizable
a and non -
bailable offence
3) Imprisonment upto years and fine
3
a) women can seek subsistence allowance and is entitled to seek custody

of her minor children
3) So
judgement
Sc in Shay ara Bano us Uo I declared Triple Talaq unconstitutional

and void
a) Arguments
for Against
D declared that bid dat convert civil
Sc talaq .
e- D Attempt to a
wrong
illegal into a criminal offence
27 the bill is to ensure gender justice D section of
498A Ipc already
and gender equality allows prosecution of a
D Even after there were husband for domestic violence
so
judgement .
of instant D Husband not the

reports imuslim talaq may pay
a) Bharatiya Manila Aan dolan maintenance
welcomed the bill a) It only deals with divorce not
-
deserting wife . .
5) Committee recommendations
centre 's High Level Committee on status of women in India 0157

@
recommended reforming personal laws of all communities

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6 of 7
uniform Civil Code
D Context '
'
D Law Commission in its consultation paper on family Law Reforms stated

that acc is neither necessary nor desirable at this stage
2) constitution
Article 44 that state shall endeavour to secure for the citizens
says
a ucc the territory of India
throughout
③ Ucc
set of laws the the
" A common
governing personal matters for all citizens
of the country irrespective of religion
⇒ Presently different laws regulate the personal matters for the adherents
of different religion
7
Arguments
57
For Against
D National integration D three impediments as stated by

and Social Equity Law ministry
2) Gender justice
37 Social reform is conservatism
4) reduce vote bank politics ii) misconceived notions
57 Practice is other countries about Personal laws
iii) separatism
'
hi
27 unity diversity
'
Against
3) It is a western concept
97 To reach consensus and drafting a law
Law commission paper family law Reforms

a A unified nation does not necessarily need to have uniformity
27 the mere existence of difference does not imply discrimination but it is
,
indicative of robust democracy

a .
thus the diversity of personal laws
must be preserved while at the same time it must be ensured that
they do not contradict the fundamental Rights guaranteed under

constitution

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3) It recommended to remove discriminatory provisions in

personal Laws
D Uniform age of marriage of 18
years for both boys and
girls so that
they marry as equals .

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CA - 0706
Election Commission
D Elections the bedrock of democracy and Ihi EC 's

are
credibility
is central to democratic
legitimacy
5. Y Quraishi former CEC
2) context
concerns about the independence of EC
during
the recent
general
elections
③ Constitution
Article 324
4) Issues
D crisis
of credibility
2) Control of Central Govt on the EC
Appointment
Removal
3) NO
separate independent
and permanent secretariat
4) NO to de political parties
power register .
⇒ EC reluctant to take bold steps
DA
6) Dissent in the EC
5) Law Commission 25515 report
Collegium system for the appointment of Ears
⇒ A permanent secretariat
6) Good Examples
se Shan confidence
T N Jim Lyngdoh etc won public as CEC
.
-
.

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CA - 0706
voting behaviour
D Context
behaviour in the recently held General elections

voting
determinants India
D General of voting behaviour in
D Caste -
identity
2) Ideology of the political parties
37 Perception about the 2 ofcandidate
2
4) Age and gender
5) Regionalism
6) Money power - cash for votes
⇒ literacy
3) changes visible in recent elections
D Effect of social media

2) role of mainstream media
3) data -
driven approach
charismatic leadership
¥ no of women voters
large
§ Fake news
§
7) hate speech
Appeal to emotions
§
Paid news
Political consultancies
One party dominance
4) social media and elections
D take news
2)Difficult to monitor
③ Digital divide
4) Social media companies has the power to influence election
57 hate campaigns
6) Polarisation

2 of 2

1 of 2
CA - 0706
Model code of Conduct
1) context
the recent election
campaigning
has witnessed
many
incidents of
violation of Mcc
2) Model code of Conduct

D set of guidelines political parties and
for candidates during election period
evolved with the
of political parties Its
-
to
consensus objective . is
level
ensure a
playing field .
2) Election Commission
issues
the MCC
using its executive powers
D MCC comes into operation right from the time and day the election
.
schedule is announced by the EC and remains in operation fill the

completion of electoral process
g) Mcc does not have legal but several of its have
sanctity provisions
laws contained in RPA 1951 and IPC
enabling ,
37 constitution
Article 324 Superintendence direction and control of elections to be
, ,
vested in an EC
4) Imp .
Judgement
so in s Subramaniam
.
Balaji v .
Govt of t.nl observed that the EC in order
to ensure a level playing field and also to see that the
purity of election
does not vitiated has been instructions under the Mcc
process get issuing
its
power under Article 324
exercising
57 Issues
D Not binding or enforceable
legally
D Rules of me are
difficult to enforce went the advent of social media
and
internet
lot of restrictions the and the normal
37 Mcc put ni on
govt affects
governance
g) concerns of and
subjectivity partiality by the Ec
B making me
legally enforceable
would be a
self defeating
. measure

2 of 2
6) Political parties continue to violate the code

'
'
that it toothless
7) EC
recently confessed to the SC was
6) committees
D Dinesh Goswami Committee 99907 recommended that Mcc should have
the statutory backing
D Parliamentary standing committee -
bist report on electoral reforms recommended

the violation
that the
power to
de -
recognize political parties for of

Mcc
Should be in ME RPA 1951 Itself

incorporated
.

1 of 2
CA - 0706
Criminalisation of politics
whatever constitution
"
p the
may or
may not provide welfare of the
, country
will depend the in which is administered that will depend
on way "
country .
on the men who administer it

Dr Rajendra Prasad
431
.
criminalisation of Politics
⇒
it the criminals the politics and elections and even
means entering contesting getting
elected .
It takes place primarily due to the nexus between criminals and
politicians
③ statistics
D In the current Loksabha , of sitting MPs have criminal charges
D In 2014 ,
344 had criminal charges
4) Sc judgment
Sc directed political parties to publish online the pending criminal cases
of their and urged candidates

Parliament to
bring a strong law to ensure
that candidates with criminal records do not enter public life and take part in
lawmaking
57 constitution
Disqualification of MPs at A 102 and MLAs UH 191
i section 8 of RPA bans convicted politicians .
sii ) However those

facing trail ,
no matter how serious the charge are free to
contest elections
6) other prominent cases
i ) Lily Thomas v .
UOI Case
,
SC ruled that any MP or MLA who is convicted
of a crime and awarded a minimum 2

year imprisonment loses .
membership
the House with immediate effect ie section set ) of RPA declared
of . was
unconstitutional
ii ) ADR q PULL us not case Sc upheld court order the EC
,
High
a
mandating
to obtain and disclose the background information relating to candidates

2 of 2
so directed
the centre to frame a scheme for setting up of criminal
courts exclusively to deal with
-
criminal cases
involving politicians . this
Should function on the lines of the fast Track court to expedite the cases
7) issues
i)
increasing election expenditure
ii ) tickets given only on the basis of money
or muscle power
Iii ) no timely justice
is toothless laws convicted politicians
against
role elections
u ) of caste and religion in
8) committees
i ) Goswami committee on electoral reforms highlighted the
crippling effect of
and muscle
power
in elections
money
ii ) Vohra committee pointed to the criminal who carried out their
gangs
activities under the
aegis of
various political parties

1 of 2
CA - 0706
Political
funding
D Context
Introduction of electoral bonds
political
2) Data
D According to ADR 094 of the income of the political parties was
from unknown sources
has made Act

'
2) No party any complainer under RTE
③ causes
D Loopholes in the laws
2) commercialisation of elections
3) Black
money
a)
criminalisation of elections
4) Consequences
corruption a no free a fair lack of quality

nexus elections legislators
erosion of
maladministration poor governance
public trust
Electoral Bonds
) Electoral Bonds were introduced in 2017 When the Finance Act

amended four different statutes .
the RPA 1951 Companies Act 2013 ,
,
RBI Act 1934 and income Tax Act 1961

2 of 2
2) Objective
To enhance transparency in political funding
③ Electoral Bonds
it is a bearer instrument
DD
It will be issued
by
a notified bank CSBD for specified denominations
37 It can be purchased by citizen of India or a incorporated in India
any body
4) It can be donated to political party which be em ashed
a
regd can
that verified party's

Afcwithin
I through days
15
the donor
will be known the
identity of the not to receiver
4) Issues
D secrecy and anonymity
D funding through shell companies
D Political parties are no
longer required to
reveal the donors name
for contributions in the form of electoral bonds

4) Elimination of 751 cap on net profit means even loss making companies
can make unlimited donations
⇒ shareholders may not be aware to which political party donations are
gone
timers
88£
5) Law commission
Law Commission in its 25515 report observed that in political
' '
opacity
results in and capture of the donors
funding lobbying govt by big
"
cec Sy Quraishi suggested that National Electoral fund to

which all donors will contribute .
the funds will be allocated to
political parties in proportion to the votes they get

Page 1 of 4
CA - 0707
Aadhaar Verdict q Aadhaar and other laws Amendment ) Bill
D Context
in a majority judgment , upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar Act
Govt introduced Aadhaar amendment Bill

2)
2) Aadhaar
Aadhaar proof of identity is a 12
digit number UDAI was set up to
p ,
.
DSC
status Aadhaar Financial
issue .
It was
given statutory by C Targeted Delivery of
and other subsidies ,
Benefits and Services ) Act 2016
⇒ Aadhaar records a persons demographic and biometric information
Aadhaar
3) Benefits of
universally acceptable portable , unique identification
, ,
⇒
It is free for every
individual
It is inclusive
37
verifiable
It is and avoids fake records and duplicates
authentication by UDAI and privacy safeguards
⇒
p digitisation of public service delivery
a) the verdict
D Aadhaar is constitutional and it is mandatory for filing income tax returns
D Aadhaar is necessary for availing welfare schemes and subsidies given by
the govt
3) SC struck down section 57 of Aadhaar Act which allowed private companies
to avail Aadhaar Act
47 Sc ruled that data retained under Aadhaar architecture should not be stored
for more that 6 months
5) Disclosure of information can be done only after a court order and after the
individual is
given an opportunity to hearing
6) with to authentication failure for manual Labours and others whose
regard
fingerprints are worn out ,
the apex court asked Govt to devise alternate methods
of authentication
7) Not only UDAI ,
but individual can
file a
complaint for breach or violation
of privacy
8) Aadhaar Act be tabled
can as a
money bill

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Page 2 of 4
57 Observations of judges
D is not violated as only minimalist and information is collected
Privacy necessary
D Aadhaar passes the
triple test -
existence of law
-
legitimate state interest

- test of proportionality
3) Dignity of the community is linked with their

right to welfare schemes
4) the act has been established for the public good
5) Aadhaar is a tool for inclusion
6) Power of the choice rests with the individual so Aadhaar cannot be made
,
mandatory
7) Aadhaar does not create surveillance state
D Arguments against
D Aadhaar as a bill is a
fraud on the constitution
money
2) Safety of biometric system
3) violates right
to
privacy informational
4) no
independent regulatory framework
5) different logic for different rights → not
required for RTE , but required for NFSA
6) de linking with Bank Alc but

linking with PAN
7) individual court ; will lead to
legal battles
Now it
an can
approach unending
8) Issues with Aadhaar implementation
⇒ the Aadhaar and other Laws CAmendment ) Bill - Features
D Provides for voluntary use of aadhaar no
2) opt out option for children on

attaining
is
years of age
37 Prevents denial of services
for refusing to ,
or
being unable to undergo
authentication
4) Establishment of UDAI fund
5) Provides for penalties for violations of Aadhaar Act
D
Benefits challenges
D
opting out option for children D Try to bypass the Sc
judgement
2) complaints by individuals D Privacy concerns
Accepting
3) more
powers
to UDAI 33 the bill has no provisions to
a) use of virtual ID differentiate between whistleblower and
offender

Page 3 of 4
g) Committees
D B .
N .
Sri Krishna committee on Data Protection

Page 4 of 4

1 of 2
CA - 0707
Anti Torture Law
D Context
Recent custodial deaths in Punjab and Kerala
27 Need of a law
D human constitutional value

dignity is a core
2) India 's failure to ratify UN convention

Against Torture Cun cat )
37 NHRL Stressed for a stand alone law
a) facilitate the extradition of criminals
'
5) Sc described Torture as an of human degradation

used by the state
D Prevention of Torture Bill Gott
injury
Dit a widedefinition to torture
gives
D State is responsible for any inflicted by its agents on
the people
instrument
3) It provides for a
presumption that injuries of any person in police
custody is inflicted by
the police action ,
unless proven
otherwise
4) courts should provide justiciable compensation for victims

5) Punishment ranges from fine to life imprisonment
4)
Pros Cons
D Protect human rights D Police will continue to have the
2) prevent custodial deaths responsibility of investigating the

3) helps in extradition torture I custodial deaths Hence
process .
complaints about torture rarely

result in successful prosecution
5) Law commission
in its 27 3rd report has proposed an anti -
torture law

2 of 2

Current
2nd Floor, IAPL House, Affairs
#19, Pusa Road, 2019 Classes
Karol Bagh, by ForumIAS
Delhi -110005 I student@forumias.academy I
1 of 2
CA - 0707
DNA
Technology C use and Application) Regulation Bill
,
2019
1) context
cabinet cleared the
Technology Cuse DNA
and Application) Regulation Bill
once
again .
2) Objective
the Bill seeks to create a
regulatory framework for
obtaining storing ,
and
testing of DNA samples of human beings mainly for the
criminal with the objective of establishing
purpose of investigations ,
the
identity of the
person
37 Imp .
Provisions
D set two institutional framework a DNA

regulatory board and
up ,
A DNA data bank at the national level

,
2) Board will be the main regulatory authority and Data bank would
be the repository of all samples collected
37 DNA profiling will be undertaken only for identification of a person
4) Consent will be required to collect the DNA samples
5) Maintenance of strict confidentiality
6) violators of the provisions will be liable for punishment
a)
Pros cons
D crime
investigation D Privacy concerns
e) Identification of missing persons g Sample contamination

and dead 3) lack of infrastructure
D Improve conviction rate 4) data breach
4) proper regulation of the data
⇒ committee
B.nl .
Sri Krishna committee on Data Protection

2 of 2

Current
1 of 2
CA - 0707
law
Anti -
trafficking
1) context
the
trafficking of Persons C prevention
,
Protection and rehabilitation ) Bill
2018 though passed in Loksabha , lapsed with the dissolution of
the Loksabha
⇒ constitution
Article 23 -
Prohibition of traffic in human being and forced labour
③ statistics
human
According to NCRB ,
8137 cases of trafficking were reported
in 2016 . It was increased by 1st .
from 2015
4) Salient features of the Bill
D Addresses the issue from the point of view of prevention , rescue and
rehabilitation
D ensure confidentiality of victims I witnesses
37 time bound trail and
repatriation of the victims
D designated courts for speedy.

trail
5) created a rehabilitation fund and National anti -
trafficking Bureau
6) punishment of 10
years to life imprisonment
.
5) Issues
D Raid -
Rescue -
Rehabilitation model
27 victim has to lead the police to the trafficker
D vulnerable people are exploited
4) does not differentiate between those who are trafficked and voluntary
sex workers
57 root of the problem ie Poverty is not addressed
6) committee
An ministerial
inter committee has been constituted under mowed
to tackle human trafficking

2 of 2

Current
1 of 2
CA - 0713
Legislative Impact Assessment
"
D If we find ourselves the same laws and part

amending again again ,
bad
'
the to with
of reason lies in
enacting
laws begin
D context
idea
the of legislative Impact Assessment is
slowly getting traction around
the world
37 Mechanism for LIA in India

D Law commission reports
2) Standing committees of Parliament
3) committees
Ad-hoc
D Specific bodies created this
for purpose
5) Public Feedback
4) of Loksabha
Dogra
-
PRS Research 's analysis 16M

-
legislative
Total noof .
Bills passed - 133
D Bills lapsed with the end of u -

46
of ordinances 45
D No
promulgated
.
-
4) Proportion of Bill scrutinised by committees : 25 't
5) Benefits of LIA
D Laws affects all the citizens and the growth and development of the nation
Different use
of resources
3) Remove contradictions with in the Act
LD Eliminate the need for frequent amendments

5) LIA ensures participatory and deliberative democracy
6) Reduce Judicial
legislation
6) Issues
D Delays in
legislation
D with varied interests and
diversity "
it is difficult to reach consensus
3) back of institutions and resources to conduct LIA

2 of 2

1 of 2
CA - 0713
Dissent judgements
"
D Dissent is the safety value of democracy .

If it is not allowed
,
the
value will burst
"
safety
justice Dy Chandra Chad
D Context
the dissent judgements of the shabarimala case and the Aadhaar
verdict were widely debated
3) constitution
Article 145 (5)
No
judgement
and no such opinion shall be delivered by the SC
with the of the

save concurrence
of the majority judges present
at the hearing of the case but in this clause shall be deemed
, nothing
to prevent a
judge who does not concur from delivering a dissenting
judgement
4) Recent Dissent judgements
D Shaba vimala case
2) Aadhaar case
3) Triple Talaq case
5) Significance of Dissent judgements
D not monolithic with view

Judiciary is
entity only point
-
one one
2) impartiality of Judiciary
D upholding constitutional morality
a) Such judgement was an outcome of deliberation
5) Values minority opinion

p legal precedence
⇒ Encourages public debates
D creative
interpretation

2 of 2
6) Issues
'
D the
'
lone voice in the Habeas case

dissenting corpus during Emergency was
Justice Khanna 's

'
.
it cost him the chief Justice -
ship of India
that
'
the
D Presence of dissent gives hope to people a
future appeal may
the judgement
change
3) Dissenting judgements erode the authority of the court

1 of 2
CA - 0713
Judiciary
" "
D The rule of law and maintenance of order is the science

of governance
-
Kanti Iya 's Arthashastra
2) Context
Recent controversies have started the debate on
regarding judiciary
required to make it accountable and efficient
judicial reforms more
3) Constitution I Laws
D Article 124 147
27 Article 142 -
Sc is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws
made by the Parliament
3) Judges C Inquiry ) Act ,
1968
4) Data Economic
Dp
-
survey 2019
pending
3.5 cases in the
crore
Judiciary
57
with a ease clearance rate below 100% and heavy backlog of pre
-
existing
cases ,
Indian courts suffer from increasing delays
37874 the in lower courts
of pending cases are
Issues
④ Institutional issues
D Collegium system
D not
representative
37 post retirement jobs taken by judges
4) huge vacancies
problems in lower
57
judiciary .
6)
Disagreements between the judges coming to the
open
⇒ Inaccessibility
④ Procedural Issues
D Procedural issues related to the handling of the sexual harassment

complaint against Cti
2) huge cases
backlog of
3) delays in verdict
little time constitutional matters
for

2 of 2
judicial legislation -
Judicial overreach
p insensitive judgments
⇒ frequent recourse to contempt of court
Master of roster issue

% Tribunal is a lion of justice
to constraint to ease of doing business
57 Reforms undertaken
Institutional
CA
D Hike in
judges
salaries
2) E -
courts
3) National Judicial Data Grid
and
a) Bifurcation of us of Telangana AP
(B) Procedural
D live -
streaming of court proceedings

2) in -
house
proceedings for complaints against judges
6) Reforms needed
① Institutional
D National court of Appeal
D Increase retirement of judges
age
37 All India Judicial services
4) strengthen ADR mechanism

5) Fill up the vacancies
6) Infrastructure
(B)
Procedural
D Transparency in Appointments
27 Judicial standards and Accountability Bill
D Strict control over adjournments

7) Economic
Survey 2019 -
Ways to make Indian courts more productive
D Increase the number of working days by reducing the number A holidays

A Establishment of Indian courts and Tribunal Services
3) Use of technology like e -

courts
,
National Judicial Data Grid

1 of 2
CA - 0713
Anti -
Defection Law
D Context
D Incidents of opposition MLAs
joining ruling party
in Goa , Telangana
2) Karnataka episode exposes issues with Anti -
defection Law
27 ADL
D the purpose is to curb political detection by legislators

⇒ Grounds of disqualification
his
D If the member voluntarily gives up membership
he votes abstains to
2) If from voting contrary
'
against or
the directions of his party and his action is not condoned

by his party
3) Exception
thirds
Dlf a minimum of two -
of a
party
decides to
join
another party
4) Power lies with the
to
disqualify speaker
5) ADL was brought in by 52 amendment act 1985
,
3) Pros and cons
Pros cons
D To prevent trading horse and D No importance to individual

frequent changing of political parties legislators and their opinion
2) to prevent political instability D undue importance and usage of
③ voters elect a candidate both on whips
individual capacity and for the 37 inner party
no
democracy
party belongs he to ADL cannot prevent mass
g
47 members should be committed to the defections
election manifesto of the
party 5) Disproportionate power given
to speaker
67 Increases parliamentary disruptions

2 of 2
4) Committees
D Dinesh Goswami committee - ADL should be applied only to
no -
confidence motion
D Venkata challah Commission -

the decision on defection should be
made by President or Governor on the advice of EC

1 of 2
CA - 0713
office of profit
D Context
Issues of disqualification of MLAs , citing that they held office of profit
2) Constitution
D Article 1024 ) Ca ) provides for the disqualification of the membership
of either house Parliament if holds under the Got
of the he OOP
or any state other than an office declared by the Parliament by Law
not to disqualify its holder

2) Article 1914 ) ca ) has a similar provision with respect to state assembly
③ Definition
D the term OOP is not defined in the constitution
2) However SC
through many cases laid down the conditions for deciding
whether an office 15 OOP .
These are
D
govt makes the appointment
i ) govt has the to dismiss the holder
right remove or
the remuneration
Iii )
govt pays
in the holder performs the functions for the govt and the
govt exercises
control over the performance of those functions
a) Laws
Parliament C Prevention
of Disqualification ) Act , 1959 exempts several posts from
disqualification on the grounds of Oop
5) objectives of Oop
D Maintain separation of powers
D to ensure that legislatures should not feel obligated to the executive in
anyway
6) Sc case
D Taya Bachchan us not case

,
2006
Sc held that to decide whether is Oop not it

a
person holding or
,
must be considered whether the post is

capable of yielding profit and
not if the
person has actually relieved the profit

2 of 2
⇒ Issues
D Post of Parliamentary secretaries is mainly created to MLAs
appease
who are not part of the cabinet
D to circumvent Article 164 CD ca ) of the constitution which limits the

number Ministers the cabinet
of in
D It would affect the independent working of the

legislators
4) In Delhi AAP MLA case they disqualified without them
, were
giving
-
their
sufficient opportunity to present case

Page 1 of 10
CA - 0714
Judicial Accountability
" "
D Power tend to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

-
Lord Acton
2) Context
the in which the SC handled sexual harassment case
way
CTI has prompted the debate how to
against again
on
enforce judicial accountability
3) constitution I Laws
' Article 124 and 217 deals with removal of judges
%
Judges C
inquiry ) Act ,
1968
D Judges Protection Aet ,
1985
4) Issues where Judicial Accountability is to be enforced

D Appointment and removal of judges
D Conduct of judges
D in house procedure
-
a) contempt of court
5) Implications
D Against Principles of Natural justice
2) Erosion of public trust
3) Impact judicial independence

4) Against rule of law
6) challenges
D increased emphasis on independence
4 cumbersome process to enforce accountability
Black of political will
D Provision of contempt of court

5) Exempt from RTI

Page 2 of 10
7) measures
D Parliament standing committee on Home

Affairs suggested contempt of court
C Amendment ) Bill ,
2003
D Judicial standards and Accountability Bill 2010
37 In - House mechanism to check Judicial Accountability
g) Strategy for New India @ 75 -

NIT Aa
Yog
-
Judicial reforms
service
D Establishment of Judicial Performance Index
D Establishment of All India Judicial
3) Training for judicial members

Page 3 of 10
Police reforms
D Data
is it million
-
D India faces shortage of policemen -
present strength against

sanctioned strength of 22 million
D India has 138 police personnel per lakh population

only
3) Many complaints against police excess .
2) Law
D Police is in state list
D Present Police system is largely based on Police Act 1861
D Issues
D
legal
, colonial era laws
D Infrastructure
D Lack of proper infrastructure
5)
2) lack of technology
3) Institutional
D lack of training
D
police
no
effective accountability
D rigid hierarchy
a) cyber crimes
a) Social
D non
friendly
2) keeps away poor g vulnerable
D Suicide
among police
policing
personnel
functional
low
D quality investigation
D politicisation of
3) corruption
D overburdened police force
⇒ custodial torture

Page 4 of 10
4) Committees
D Gore committee on police training
D National Police commission
③ Padmanabha iah committee

47 soli
Sorabji committee
5) Sc -
Prakash Singh us not case
,
2006
judgement
D constitute state security commission
merit based transparent
D Appointment of DGP through process
3) Police personnel on operational duties need a minimum tenure of 2

years
g) separate investigation and law and order functions
related
⇒ Police Establishment Board to decide service matters
6) Police complaints Authority
National commission
D security
6) so directive
state govt should send their proposals for the appointment of DGP
D
to UPSC three months before the incumbent is due to retire
will of be in the
2) Upsc
prepare a panel officers fit to DGP
State concerned State .
shall appoint one of the
persons shortlisted
⇒ strategy for New India @ 75 -

NIM
Aayog
D Model Police Act 2015 can serve as the basis for legislative reform
D Identify non -
core functions that can be outsourced
37
encourage greater women participation
4) Transfer and postings should be made more transparent
5) introduce e- FIRS
6) separate cadre into cyber crimes

for exclusively looking
⇒ technological initiatives
⇒ way Forward
SMART Police Sensitive , mobile Alert Reliable and Techno

Savy
-
, ,

Page 5 of 10
Lateral
Entry
D context
Upsc issued appointment letters to the first batch of lateral entry
officers
D Lateral entry
" Refers to a mode of by its regular
joining an organisation passing
.
mode at a higher level in its hierarchical structure

D Lateral
entry in civil service is recommended by
2nd ARC and NIN
Aayog
37 .
Benefits Issues
to have specialists D A civil servant 's job is different from

Dg
Address the shortage of officers put sector job
at the middle level 2) Best talent can be attracted only
there reasonable
making field if
3) Policy is
is
becoming a assurance
increasingly complex of reaching top level positions

D encourage 33 Discontent the
competition among govt personnel
5) improved and adoption a) May increase the disconnect between
governance
best practice and implementation
of policymaking
a) way forward
Civil Service needs reform ,

internal reforms like insulation from political
and and external like lateral entry
pressure specialisation reforms
are
complementary

Page 6 of 10

Page 7 of 10
civil Service Reforms
D Prashant Nair 2007 batch IAS officer of Kerala cadre has earned much
,
public acclaim for many

innovative initiatives as collector of Kozhikode
For Sulaiman Kozhikode etc
'
i
Eg Operation compassionate
.
.
2) Context
Govt lateral in civil service
D brought entry '
2) Govt puts many officials on

'
compulsory retirement over lack of
integrity
3) Dopt asked all govt departments to identify officers who under perform
3) Laws
Article 311 318 -
civil service ( conduct Rules ) 1964
4) Issues
CA ) Institutional CB ) Functional
D
changing role
of government D Need for specialisation
Constitution
D Political interference 2) Corruption
3) Vacancies 3) underperformance and lack of
integrity
D Training capacity a) Issue of frequent transfers
④ Other Issues
D AH lpsltfs officers service to enter into politics
I
leaving
.
2) Recommendations of various committees have not yet been implemented

3) Not Attracting talent
5) Reforms undertaken
BC ) functional
CA) Institutional
D End to VIP culture D 360 degree appraisal
23 7 CPC recommendations D Compulsory retirement
3) Lateral entry 37 Amendment to Prevention of Corruption

g) civil service Board Act to protect honest officers
57 Declaration of assets

Page 8 of 10
6) Committee
D NIT
Aayog
's 3 Year Action Agenda
D Institutional ise
goal setting and tracking for each
department
D increase specialisation and induct lateral entry
3) E and paperless
governance governance
2) 2nd ARC
D Establish National Institute of Public Administration
D Promotions should not be merely on

seniority but on the completion
of mandatory training programs

37 Fix minimum tenure for senior civil servants
47 Provide safeguards against arbitrary dismissal of civil servants
⇒ strategy for New India @ 75 -

NIT
Aayog
D
D Recruitment encourage lateral entry
ii )
municipal Corporation cadres
Strengthen
is Orient meet job outcome oriented goals
2) Training
re
training to
- -
ii ) mid modules
career
training
.
Multi-stakeholder feedback )
3) Evaluation i) Replace ACR , with MSFC
ii )
compulsory retirement for underperforming officers
47 Governance i) Improve public access to information through the KT and
RTI Act
ii ) introduce checks and balance
appropriate system of , including
the
for process of suspension

Page 9 of 10
Consumer Protection Bill
2019
,
D context
Consumer Protection Bill 2019 seeks to replace the consumer Protection Act 1986
,
2) Problems with CPA .

1986
D Slow disposal of cases
⇒ Not equipped to deal effectively with e-commerce
D Advertisements are innovative and exploit the loopholes in the law to

mislead the consumers
4) consumer Protection councils does not have much

power
5) To address the market
emerging challenges
3) Key Provisions
avails
'
Defines
'
consumer as
any person who buys good or a service
D any
for a consideration
'
2) Central
'
consumer Protection Authority @
PA) to promote , protect and enforce the
rights of the consumers .
' '
D Punishment for product liability '
47 Mediation to be Alternate Dispute Resolution for

'
is the any dispute
online transactions
' '
5) Covers
celebrities
' '
6) Punishment for misleading endorsements by
④ criticisms
D Does not make e-commerce websites liable for the products and services
sold on their websites
2) more focus on creating institutions and punishments
③ CCPA powers would lead to an encroachment of powers of the consumer
courts
57 Committee
.
committee
'
Dsc observed that consumer courts have

appointed poor
organisational setup

Page 10 of 10
D Consumer awareness is
very low at the rural and semi -
urban
areas
' '
3) Jago Grahak Tago campaign had like reach and effect on
the consumers

1 of 2
CA - 0722
Data Protection
" "
D Data is the new oil
2) Personal data
Personal data is defined as
any data which makes an individual
directly or indirectly identifiable
37 Need for data protection

D Age of big data
FR
.
to
27
Right privacy is a
37 Data breach
a) cyber crimes
5) Data colonisation
D Data commodification
⇒ surveillance and profiling of people
a) constitution a Laws
D Article 21
D IT Act
3) Data Privacy and Protection Bill
57 Sc judgement
held that
Krs Pultaswamy
.
us UOI 2017 Case

,
so
right to
privacy
is
a Fundamental Right
6) the Personal Data Protection Bill 2018

,
D Restrictions on processing and collection of personal data

'
2) Personal data may be processed by the of state

'
govt for functions

data
3) Data Principal rights include right to correction
, right to portability ,
right to be forgotten etc

4) Data localisation
5) Data Protection Authority
6) Data fiduciary should ensure
transparency and security

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2 of 2

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Page 1 of 3
CA - 0722
ECONOMIC SURVEY
⑨
chapter I .
Private Investment
D to achieve the objective of becoming a

$5 trillion
economy by
2024 -
25 India needs to sustain a real GDP growth rate of 81 .
cycle of savings
(2)
D Such can be sustained by virtuous
growth a ,
investment and exports supported big a

favourable demographic phase .
Private investment will be a key driver in this
③ there is a perception that high investment rate will substitute labour .

so
there has been a debate about labour intensive us capital intensive modes
of production .
4) Capital investment enhances Total factor Productivity which in turn enhances export
performance
5) An economy that is in w constant state of dis equilibrium-
needs a new
and
approach to
navigate this .
requires a clear vision , general strategy

and recalibrate tactics
the flexibility willingness to continuously in response
to unanticipated situations
chapter a :
Nudge
'
D Behavioural towards desirable

'
economics provides insights to

nudge people
behaviour
2) Schemes that employed insights from behavioural economics have met ivith
success For Eg.
CD
Swachh Bharat Mission CSBM )
Ci ) SBM has achieved success in
providing toilets and also ensured that
these toilets are used
④ Statistics shows that

literacy and early marriages of correlate
female girls
with and of toilets the States this shows that toilets
-
access across
usage .
access
usage can
be increased
and with behavioural nudges that push
marriages of girls
female literacy rates up and discourage early
④ to initiate behavioural change Swachh his Who are locals recruited
'
'
were
agra
④ SBM relies on community based approaches to sanitation
Other schemes
3) : BBBP PMTDY
'
'
a) Give it
up campaign

Page 2 of 3
chapter 3 :
MSM E
D M SMEs that
grow
not only create greater profits for their promoters but
also contribute to job creation and
productivity in the Govt
economy
.
policies must focus on enabling MIMES to

grow
infant
A
foster dwarfs ie small firms that never grow

(
27 However Govt policies ,
instead of firms that have the potential to grow

'
D Dwarf firms account for more than 50% of all organised firms in manufacturing
their contribution to employment is
only 144 . and to productivity is 8%
4) in contrast large firms though

only 151: by number ,
accounts for 314 of such
employment
5) this is due to size based incentives that are provided irrespective of firm age
and inflexible labour regulations
Govt incentives Dwarf

firms
labour regulation
6) Suggestions
D Sunset clause for size based incentives
2) De
regulation of labour laws
3) Access to credit to firms

young
4) focus on sectors like tourism which has high spill over effects
④ Chapter 4 : Data
D Concurrent with the data explosion of recent the

marginal cost A data
-
years ,
has declined while its

marginal benefit
to
society has increased manifold
D Falling marginal cost of data
Falling prices of
data
storage
.
increasing
increasing skills of
efficiency of Falling marginal data
data gathering cosy of data processing
costless to disseminate data

ways

Page 3 of 3
37 why data must be treated as public good ?
D optimum utilization of data
2) useful resource
for planning
3) Data for welfare
4) Data system
Administrative survey
Data Data
Data maintained
by govt
Transactions institutional
Data Data
5) utility of public datasets

D Govt To improve public service
-
delivery
⇒ Put -
Access to select database to help in developing innovative products
37 citizens - Online services -
Eg Digital Locker
⑤ chapter 5 : Lower Judiciary
D Delays in contract enforcement and disposal resolution the

are
biggest
hurdle to the of doing business in India and higher GDP growth
-
ease
2) Around 87.51 of cases are in the Dt and subordinate courts

.
pending .
therefore .
this segment must be the focus of the reform
3) the study found that 100% clearance rate can be achieved by merely filling
out the vacancies in the lower courts and high courts
47 the States of UP
,
Bihar , Odisha and west Bengal need special attention
57
Suggestions
D Increase number of working days

D Establishment of Indian courts and Tribunal services
37 Deployment of technology

Page 1 of 2
CA - 0722
USD 5 Trillion Economy
D Context
" Economic Survey has drawn up a to make India a USD 5 trillion
economy by 2024 - 25
D Statistics
D India is a USD 2.8 trillion economy
2) India is the sixth in the world
largest economy
3) the had at annual of 71 in the last few years
economy grown an
avg . .
3) Contributing factors
D Reforms initiated by the govt
2) Economic and social sectors are
performing well
37 Investment in infrastructure
private
D Demographic dividend
blueprint
5) Political stability
Declining
⑨
undue focus GDP
-
on growth
Jobless growth
-
Goal is stated in terms of nominal GDP in us dollars
insufficiency of resources
investment
labour reforms
Human and social capital
challenges
Environment us Development debate
increasing inequality
Banking sector issues

Problems in
Agriculture sector
MSM E Sector issues
technological disruptions
shifts wi global economy -
rising protectionism
Export pessimism
Energy security

Page 2 of 2
5) way Forward
D focus on investment
2) Human capital
3) Energy and Infrastructure
¥ Agriculture and
Reforms in manufacturing
RGD and adopting technology
D focus on Service sector
⇒ Reform taxation
8) Ease of doing business
6) suggestions by Economic is -19 C chapter e)

survey so

Page 1 of 2
CA - 0722
MSME Sector
D Statistics - Economic Survey
DMSME Contributes around 401 .

of the total exports
2) Share of MIME in GVA is 32%
D It provides for opportunities for self employment
Amendment to MSMED Act 2006

2) ' '
D Amendment brought change in the basis of classifying MSME from investment

to annual turnover basis . thus the new definition is
a) Micro - annual turnover does not exceed Rs 5 crore
b) Small -
annual turnover between Rs 5 crore to Rs 75 crore
c) medium -
annual turnover between Rs 75 crore to Rs 250 Crore
3) Benefits of the sector
) opportunities
i for employment
ii ) Labour Capital
-
ratio is higher for Msm Es
iii ) relatively low capital requirement makes selling up Msm Es

easy
ID major contributor to manufacturing output
4) Challenges
> of credit availability
lack
> capital ,
rising capital intensity
in cost of production
> lack of skilled workforce

>
labour
, lack of social security
challenges
> Technology s
Technology transformation
issue of Dwarfs C Eco

Survey
.
> Policy complex laws , environmental clearances , GST
> market > lack of access to market

Page 2 of 2
5) Govt Initiatives
programme for
Modi announced support and outreach MSME Which will
i
D PM
help growth expansion and facilitation of

.
Msm Es this
.
will address 5 key
aspects of Msm Es
④ Access to credit in principal -
-
loan approval with in 59 minutes
-
24 interest subvention for GST regd firms
(b) Access to market -
public sector companies asked to procure 25T .
of their total
from Msm Es
purchases
E) Technology up gradation -
Rs 6000 crore package
-
hub and spoke to provide tech centres and
training
⑨ Ease of doing business -
easy complain
ce
Ce) Social security schemes -
compulsorily enrol under social sector schemes

of centre related to insurance pension etc ,
2) FRED s - Trade Receivables e-

Discounting system
37 Cri Sid Ex -
first sentiment index for Ms ME
a) credit guarantee scheme
5) Scheme of Funds for Regeneration of Traditional industries CSFURTD

6) MUDRA scheme
⇒ startup India
8) PMKVY
D by Economic 2018-19
Suggestions survey

Page 1 of 4
CA - 0723
④ Chapter 6 :
Policy uncertainty
D in the investment climate in the

Uncertainty policy making affects
economy
A law lead
27 poorly drafted inevitably to
conflicting interpretations
and endless litigation
D As investment is forward looking future expectations play a critical
,
role in the decision to invest

a) Economic uncertainty measured using Economic Policy Uncertainty
policy
CEPU ) index was the highest in 2011-12
coinciding with the
years
of policy paralysis
However EDU has reduced in India over the last decade
57 significantly
D Suggestions
Policymakers must ensure that their actions are predictable , provide
forward guidance and reduce arbitrariness in policy implementation
④ Monitor EPU Index
Quality assurance certification of process in Govt departments
(7) chapter 7
Demography at 2040
D India has set to witness slowdown in in the

a sharp population growth
next two decades .
demographic
'
has whole will the dividend phase

27
Although country a
enjoy
some States will start transitioning to an
ageing society by 2030
3) Population in the o 19 bracket has already peaked due to sharp

age
-
declines in total Fertility Rates CTFR ) across the

country
4) the national TFR is expected to be below replacement rate by 2021
5) working population will grow by roughly 9.7mm per year during

age
and
'
2021 4.2 2031

31 Mn per year in 41
- -
67 the proportion of elementary school

going children (5-14) age group
will witness declines
significant
I Policy snipli cations
is consolidate I merge elementary schools to keep them viable .
thus there is
a need to
shift policy emphasis from quantity towards quality of
education
d) Expand health-care and greater focus on
geriatric care
KD Increase in the retirement

age

Page 2 of 4
chapters : Swachh Bharat Mission
through
D Even after 67
years after India 's independence ,
in 2014 ,
around to crore
rural and I crore urban households in India were without sanitary

a
toilet ;
over 56 crore ,
re close to half the population still practiced
open defecation
a SBM 99.21 of the rural India has been covered .
Since 2014 over
95 crore toilets have been built all over the country and 564,658
declared
villages have been ODE
D SBM adopts a multi -
faceted approach viz , community participation capacity

,
selling up of
the behaviour
building to implement programme , focus on change ,
Swachh Bharat Kosh and

geo tagging
-
4) Impact
d) Health has reduced deaths due diarrhoea malaria
-
:
Becoming ODF to ,
especially under five children and improved child health and nutrition
-
in -
② Economic :
Study conducted by UNICEF on behalf of Mo Dws found that
on an household in an ODF
village saved about Rs 50000
average every
per year due to lower likelihood of disease by better sanitation
③ Environment : considerable impact on
combating contamination water , soil
147 Social gender parity , and girls education
:
dignity
5) way Forward
SBM needs to incorporate environmental and water management issues for
sustainable improvements in the long
-
term
⑨ chapter : 9
Energy
D important for to and

Greater energy access is economic
growth improvement
in various human development indicators
2) India has
lagged behind in energy usage ,
about one -
third of the
global
average
3) to achieve higher per capita GDP and higher HDI
,
India needs to raise its
share of the global consumption commensurate with its share

-
energy
of global population and universal to moder at
ensure access
energy
affordable prices
D to reach this goal initiatives like and has been
ujjwala PAHAL scheme
introduced

Page 3 of 4
been
5) Institutional and legal framework for energy efficiency has strengthened
through Energy Conservation Act cool ) which created Barea of Energy Efficiency
67 India has set ambitious targets for renewable
energy and has been
of the worlds largest renewable

undertaking one
energy expansion programmes
in the world .
7) Now
globally India stands 4th in wind power , 515 in solar power and 5th in
renewable
power installed capacity
8) the share of renewables is total electricity generation has increased from
6% wi 2014 -
15 To 10% in 2018-19 but thermal power still plays A
dominant role at Got . share
FAME
9) Govt Launched KUSUM and schemes to reduce dependence on non -
renewable fuels
to ) Centre and state govt are actively promoting Electric -
vehicles .
the market share
of electric vehicles is
only 0.06% in India when compared to 2% in China
And 32% in Norway .
i D Access to fast charging facilities must be fostered to increase the market

Share of electric vehicles
6) chapter to : MGNREGA
D of technology in
Use
streamlining MGNREGS has helped increase its
efficiency
D Aadhaar and PMJDY have facilitated overcoming the structural
constraints in the implementation of DBT
37 Adoption of Nefms and DBT helped to reduce delays in payment of

wages significantly
47 Both demand and supply of work under MGNREGS increased ,
especially
in districts suffering from distress
5) workforce
.
the vulnerable sections of the society U2 women ,

Sc and ST
increased under MGNREGS during times of economic distress
6) Skillful of when combined with commitment to
use technology monitoring
-
effectiveness of govt schemes can make substantial difference on the
ground
⇒ use of technology
④ Probable indicator of distress
④7 Expansion of works under MGNREGS
Call
up shilling of workers
④ use
of digital infrastructure for micro benefits

Page 4 of 4
④ chapter It : Minimum
wage
D how and in India still remain serious obstacle towards

pay wage inequality
achieving inclusive growth
-
D Present minimum in India is extremely The Minimum

wage system complex .
Act 1948 does not cover all wage workers

wage
D Issues
is Issues relating to coverage
④ lack of uniform criteria across States
①
is Exclusion of workers
④ Gender descrimi nation
④ No
regular revision
at Different minimum for between States
wage same occupation can
trigger
migration
D Impact of minimum wage on the labour market
is Act as a benchmark and enhance the bargaining power

reduction in
inequality
wage
⇒ way forward
is simplification and rationalisation under the code of wage bill
④ Notify a national floor level minimum

wage
that can
vary across
Chi five geographical regions

ID common criteria for setting minimum
wage
viz skill category and
geographical region
④ organized and unorganized sector
include
④ Regular adjustment
④ Role of technology create a national level -
dashboard
Cup Grievance redressal

Page 1 of 2
CA- 0723
Demographic Dividend
D Demographic Dividend refers to the rise in the economic

growth due to
share
rising of working age people in population
D Estimates
is As per Economic Survey 2017 for the first time Since 1950 the combined
, ,
95-59 ) of the advanced countries declined

working age population
④ UN projects that over the next three decades China and Russia will each
,
See their WA population full by over 20-1 .
④ India Seems to be in
demographic sweet spot war its
a working age
to child over tie period
population grow by
same
projected a
jobless
a) More than 300 Million people in India are in the of 18-35 years
age group
⑥ By 2020 the median age will be 28 years C 37 in China )
④ Human capital Index of world Bank ranked India at 115 position
industrialisation
3) Demographic Dividend and
a) Increasing labour force
and
economic
and
growth
drop in
-
dependency ratio
Divert resources invest in physical and human infrastructure
③ Rise in women workforce and decline in fertility
④ Increase in
savings
⑤ shift towards middle class society
5) challenges
d) Investment in human capital
② growth
-
de -
industrialisation
④ de -
globalisation
⑤ fourth
⑥ heterogeneity States related to WA population
among
⑦ lack of skilled manpower and low employability
problems in education and health sector
⑨ lack of skill
wage premium

Page 2 of 2
5) Govt initiatives
d) Skill India Mission
② labour reforms
③ Recognition of Prior Learning
④ SAM
programme
⑤ Reforms in Education and health Sector etc
⑥ make in India
⑦ Digital India
⑧ Startup India
⑨ Stand up India
CD MIME reforms


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Page 1 of 2

Justice Kurien Joseph in a recent Judgment observed that

D In the Bachman Singh case the so ruled that death

only in rarest rare oases

Nivbhaya and amendments to Now death

Hijacking Act was passed

D 162 death sentences by trail courts in 2017 highest since 2000

D Trail courts death

2) Judge centric variations affect uniform applications of the law

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

⇒ Disposal of mercy petitions are also based on personal beliefs of

unfairly targets poor

3) India is affected terrorism and need mechanism

⑥ capital punishment shows that certain crimes will not be tolerated

7) 262 Law commission report 2015 recommendation

1) Death should be abolished for ordinary but

penalty crimes can be

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

Yogi Aditya nad

It can be libel cwrilten ) or slander C spoken)

Dsc in Subramanian not 2016 upheld the constitutional

validity of criminal defamation

3) Defamation is covered under reasonable restrictions under Art .

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

2) Penal ise false charges

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

Freedom of speech 9 Expression

D threat to public order

⇒ against creative freedom

9) influence the masses

publically exhibited only after they get certification from CBFC

SC in Rangarajan us P ram case held that mere

threat to order cannot be to

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

6) Shyam Benegal committee recommendations

D emphasis on certification over censorship

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

conversion laws in some States

Dsc said that right choose religion

of existence neither the state patriarchal

at the core of constitutional liberty

not explicitly mention

D conversion is a sensitive social issue and has wider

⇒ Religious practices and social exclusion has forced many people to

voluntarily convert to another religion

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

of cyberspace to spread hatred and incitement

race , ethnicity , gender ,

57 Viswanathan committee recommendations

D Appointment of cybercrime coordinators in all states and anti -

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

Indian constitution is social document almost

some of the recent Sc

3) Transformative constitution has two dimensions

D Transformed the relationship between the individual a the state

democratic and direction

5) Prominent cases in the recent times

Joseph shine case > decriminalised adultery

Indian Young lawyers s Allowed women of all to

Current Affairs 2019 Classes by ForumIAS

67 significance of Transformative constitution

D Reflects the evolving social and moral standards of the

57 Acts checks and balances mechanism the political