5/8/2019

Basic GIS Operations

Review of data formats in GIS

• Raster Data
Consists of a matrix of cells (pixels) organized into rows and columns (or a
grid) where each cell contains a value representing information, such as
temperature.
Rasters are digital aerial photographs, imagery from satellites, digital pictures,
or even scanned maps
• Vector Data
Points (x,y) coordinates
Lines (x1, y1 to x2, y2)
Polygons- area or surface

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Define Geo-processing
• GIS operation used to manipulate spatial data
• Sole purpose is to automate GIS tasks (mundane and redundant
operations)

• Geoprocessing allows for definition, management, and analysis of

information used to form decisions

What is geoprocessing used for?

• Data processing/ data automation: Creation, Preparation, Conversion,
Management
• Data analysis/ spatial modeling: Suitability, Sensitivity, Capacity, Risk

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Supported data types

• Geo-processing tools work with many data types

Important geo-processing tools:

• Project
• Clipping/ masking
• Intersecting
• Buffering
• Attribute table
operation
• Data manipulations
• Calculations
• Import/ export

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Accessing geoprocessing tools

• Geoprocessing is carried out using tools stored in ArcToolbox
A dockable window available in ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcGlobe, or ArcScene
• Tools run processes

ArcToolbox

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Inside of ArcToolbox
• Toolbox: Container for
toolsets and tools
• Toolset: Logical container
of tools and other toolsets
(i.e. folder)
• Tool: Single georocessing
operation (includes
dialogs, models, and
scripts)

The geoprocessing framework: four ways to

tools

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Important geo-processing tools

• Project (Data Management)
Project spatial data from one coordinate system to another.
This allows you to specify that data’s coordinate system without having to
modify the input.
• Definition of Project (Data Management)
Permanently overwrites the coordinate system information (map projection
and datum) stored with a dataset.

Important geo-processing tools

• Clip (Analysis)
Extracts input features that overlay the clip features
Use this tool to cut out a piece of one feature class using one or more of the
features in another feature class as a cookie cutter

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Important geo-processing tools

• Clip (Data Management)
Creates a spatial subset of a raster, including a raster dataset, mosaic dataset,
or image service layer.
This tool allows you to extract a portion of a raster dataset based on a
template extent.

Important geo-processing tools

• Extract by Mask (Spatial Analyst)
Extracts the cells of a raster that correspond to the areas defined by a mask.
Raster to raster data format.

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Important geo-processing tools

• Intersect (Analysis)
Compute a geometric intersection of the input features. Features or portions
of features which overlap in all layers and/ or features classes will be written
to the output feature class.

Important geo-processing tools

• Buffer (Analysis)
Creates buffer polygons around input features to a specified distance.
Need same coordinate system.

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Important geo-processing tools

• Attribute table
A database or tabular file containing information about a set of geographic
features, usually arranged so that each row represents a feature and each
column represents one feature attribute.

Important geo-processing tools

• Raster Calculator (Spatial Analyst)
Builds and executes a single Map Algebra expression using Python syntax in a
calculator-like interface.

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Important geo-processing tools

• Math Toolsets (Spatial Analyst)
The Math toolset contains tools that perform mathematical operations on
rasters
• Times (Spatial Analyst)
Multiplies the values of two rasters on a cell-by-cell basis

• Divide (Spatial Analyst)

Divides the values of two rasters on a cell-by-cell basis

What is ArcGIS Spatial Analyst?

• Integrated raster and vector spatial analysis tools
• Extension product that adds functionality to all ArcGIS aplications
• Key Features
More than 300 functions and operators
Analysis on all raster format
On-the-fly projections
Great developer tools

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Sample Analysis Tools

• Density Mapping
• Neighborhood and Block Statistics
• Zonal Overlay
• Surface Analysis
• Hydrological and Groundwater Analysis
• Reclassification

Density Mapping
• Count occurrences of a phenomena within an area and distribute it
through the area.
• Use points or lines as input
Population per KM squared
Road density per Mi squared

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Neighborhood and Block Statistics

• Calculates a statistic for a neighbourhood
Majority, Maximum, Mean, Median, Minimum, Minority, Range, Sum,
Standard Deviation, Variety
• Used for filtering, data smooting, and data aggregation

Zonal Overlay
• A zone is al the areas/ cells with the same value.
• Calculate a statistics within the zones for each cell in a raster.

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Zonal Overlay Examples

Surface Analysis
• Hillshade
• Slope
• Viewshed
• Cut/ Fill
• Curvature

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Reclassification
• Reclassify individual values or ranges of values
• Load and save reclass tables

Hydrologic Analysis
• Create watersheds and stream networks form DEMs
Flow Direction
Flow Accumulation
Watershed Delineation
Flow Length
Sink Filling
Stream Ordering

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Other Analysis that uses GIS

What is the best place for…..?

• Suitability Analysis

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Where is the best place to build a wind farm

in the North Sea Area?

Finding quantity by area

• Summarizing by area

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What’s the distribution?

• Density analysis

Identifying Clusters
• Hotspot Analysis

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Finding percentage area

• Tabulate intersection

Interpolation to Area
• Natural Neighbor and IDW

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Interpolation to area
• Empirical Bayes Kriging

References
• Lacanlale and Arraza (2015). Basic Geo-processing Operations GIS and
SedNet Training
• Beale et.al. (ND). Applying Spatial Analysis Techiques to Make Better
Decisions.

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Take Home Quiz No.3: To be submitted on

Monday, May 13, 2019 through email in pdf
format.
• 1. If you were asked to do task of proposing a GIS-based project, what
particular project you will be doing? (Give the title)
• 2. Why you think this project will work? Is it essential to your
community?
• 3. What specific GIS tools you will be using? draw an input-process -
output diagram where you can incorporate the process of your
project.
• 4. What will be your final map/output? Search for sample map and
paste it on your answer sheet, and explain.

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