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Photovoltaic Module
Abstract— Energy is considered as a prime agent in the The backbone of Indian power sector is coal, which
generation of wealth and a significant factor in the economic contributes in maximum power generation. India has huge
development. The development scale of any country is potential for renewable energy, aiming high in this area with
measured by few parameters among which per capita energy a target to reach 175 GW installed renewable capacity by
consumption holds the most significant. With the depletion of
2022.Solar energy is the key to support the government’s
nonrenewable energy resources and growing environmental
concerns, it is expected that solar energy i.e. a renewable expansion plan [1] . Figure 1 shows state wise target of
energy source is going to play a very significant role in the harnessing electrical energy from solar energy and Figure 2
future. Over the last three decades, a significant research on shows year wise target to achieve electrical enegry form PV.
photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and modules has been carried out. Indian government has year wise and state wise target to
Today, the electricity conversion efficiency of a silicon solar 100 GW from solar, out of which 40 GW form building
module available under standard test condition (I(t)=1000 integrated photovoltaic systems by 2022. [2].
W/m2& Ta = 25 0C) for commercial application is about 12 %.
More than 75% of the incoming solar energy is either reflected
or converted into heat energy. The abundant solar energy
obtained from solar radiation can be utilized in the form of
either thermal energy or electrical energy (DC) using Maharastra
photovoltaic (PV) modules. The efficiency of the PV system is
more sensitive to the operating temperature. The higher the
operating temperature, lower is the electrical efficiency and
Uttarprades
vice-versa. The operating temperature of PV systems can be h
lowered by withdrawing/utilizing the thermal energy Tamilnadu
associated with it. The thermal energy associated with the PV
module can be carried away by flowing air below it. This type
of system is known as hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT)
Gujrat
system. The hybrid PVT system allows the enhancement of the
electrical performance of PV by removing thermal energy and
subsequently decreasing the operating temperature.
Fig.1: state wise target
Standalone Photo voltaic (SPV) systems has less electrical
efficiency hence long payback period is observed. The
parameter performance ratio is usually employed for 10000
performance of SPV systems. This paper illustrates that both 9000
types of energy are generated and by utilizing both types of 8000
7000
energy, payback period can be reduced hence performance is
6000
improved. SPV system is mounted on roof of administrative
5000
building of University. It has been observed improvement in 4000
average electrical efficiency is 7.02%. 3000
2000
Keywords—PV module, energy ,performance, Rooftop. 1000
0
I INTRODUCTION
The consumption of energy is increasing day by day due
to high demand . India’s energy consumption has almost
doubled since 2000 and the potential for further rapid
growth is enormous.75% demand of Indian energy is met by
fossil fuels the energy sector for 1.3 billion people is
expanding quickly. Indians use solid biomass for cooking. Fig. 2: Year wise targets (MW)
II METHOD
Performance ratio is the ratio of the Energy measured in
kWh(AC) to energy expected kwh(DC) , which is Firstly, ambient temperature and temperature of back side
significantly affected by cell temperature. A stand alone of PV module has been measured with mini solar power
system requires storage battery for cloudy days and night, plant kit. Although this method is less accurate [6]. Stand
but its operation is easy in comparison to grid connected alone photovoltaic system of total power 50 KW is installed
system. The stand-alone systems are mounted on the roof of at the roof of University administrative building. Here, only
buildings. These systems met the demand of the energy in study on single module has been carried out. Detailed
buildings without emitting carbon and other harmful gases specifications of PV module are given in Table 1.
in the atmosphere. Also, SPV systems do not have any
moving part; hence a little maintenance is required. Table I : Specification of PV module
Although the use of stand-alone system is increasing
drastically in India, however it’s low efficiency and long S.Number Parameters value
payback period makes it less popular. The performance of
SPV systems can be analyzed from energy and exergy 1 Module Type polycrystalline
analysis also. The laws of thermodynamics can be applied to
evaluate the thermal energy produced by the system [4]. 2 Peak Power 300W
Many researchers have been evaluated the performance of 3 Open circuit voltage 45.35 V
the SPV system by energy and exergy analysis. The I-V
characteristic of the solar cell shows that maximum 4 Short circuit current 8.93 A
electrical output power decreases with increase in cell
5 Maximum power voltage 35.87 V
temperature. The heat produced, can be extracted by
transpiring the solar collector and utilized for swimming 6 Maximum power current 8.36 A
pool, space heating, domestic water heating and dryer for
medicinal plant etc. In this way, with the use of both types 7 Area 2007x 991 mm2
of energy, the overall efficiency of system can be improved;
hence payback period may be reduced [5]. 8 Nominal operating cell 470c
Temperature
The material used in module is polycrystalline. Figure 3 W/m2 and in BTU also. It is high precision equipment and
shows the SPV stand alone system installed at its operating temperature ranges between 50c to 400c. The
administrative building of university campus. instrument operates with a 9 volt battery and below 2000
meter altitude. Its dimensions and weight are 143(l) x 74(w)
Temperature dependent electrical efficiency is given by x 34(h) mm, and 250 g respectively
= [1 − ( − )] (1)
Where
The expression for PV cell temperature is (4) [9] Fig. 4(b) prototype for temperature
−20
= + (4) This angle finder (Figure 4c) having magnetic base which is
0.8 1000
easy to use. It measures angles accurately and quickly from
Where 0- 90 degrees in any quadrant. It has accuracy within ½ of
10. By this instrument, latitude can be measured.
T0 is ambient temperature
I is solar radiation.
700
PV module. This will lower the temperature of the module
600
and enhanced electrical efficiency can be achieved.
500 Generated thermal energy can also be used for space
400 heating, water heating, medicinal drying etc.
300
200
60 Ta 0.1370
100
Tc 0.1360
0 50
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
40 0.1340
Efficiency
0.1330
Time 30 0.1320
Fig. 5: Variation in solar radiation with respect to time 0.1310
20 0.1300
Variation in wind speed with respect to time has been 0.1290
10
shown in Figure 6. Wind speed also plays very important 0.1280
role in harnessing electrical output power as well as 0 0.1270
thermal output. .
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
1.6
1.4
Time
Wind Speed (m/s)
1.2
1
0.8 Fig. 8: Variation of electrical Efficiency with solar cell
0.6 temperature
0.4
0.2
0
400
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
Exe
350
Time 300 Ex thermal
Exergy (Wh)
250
Fig. 6: Variation in wind speed with respect to time. 200
150
100
60 50
Temperature (deg cent)
To
50 0
Tcell
40
9:00
16:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
17:00
18:00
30
Time
20
10
0
Fig. 9: Hourly Exergy variation in the month of February
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
0.2 REFERENCES
Eff [2]http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/grid-solar/100000MW-Grid-
0.16
Connected-Solar-Power-Projects-by-2021-22.pdf
16:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
17:00
18:00
1. Performance ratio on annual basis can be [8]Gholampour M.and Ameri,M., Energy and exergy analysis of
photovoltaic /Thermal flat transpaired collectors:Experimental and
calculated by comparing actual output to the theoretical study, Appl.Energy, Vol.164,pp 837-856,2016
expected output.
2. Various factors like radiation, temperature, wind, [9] Gokmen,N.,Hu,W.,Hou,P.,Chen,Z.,Sera,D. and Spataru,S.,
soiling, clouding and other technical parameters Investigation of wind speed cooling effect on PV modules in
windy location ,Renew.Energy,Vol.90,pp 283-290,2016.
affect the performance of the system. These factors
may have significant impact on expected output [10]sunspec.org/wp.../SunSpec-PV-System-Performance-
based on geographical location. Although here Assessment-v2.pdf
only three factors are considered. Data measured
can have anomalies that can be a cause of
uncertainty in expected output power. Improved
techniques can be used for data measurement.