The Definite Integral

and The Fundamental

Theorem of Calculus
This method used the sum of
the area of intervals under a
curve- called Reimann Sums
The limit of the sums of intervals is the same as
a definite integral over the same interval.
 • A’ (x) = f (x)
• A (a) = 0 and F (x) = A (x) + C
• A (b) = A
A (x)
b

F ( b) - F ( a) = éë A ( b) + Cùû - éë A ( a) + Cùû =

A ( b) - A ( a ) = A-0 = A
The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus, Part I

ò f ( x ) dx = F(x)] a
b

a
 How about some
practice?
9 ù 3 9
æ 3ö æ 3ö
1. ò
9 1
x dx = ò x dx = ú =
3 3
2 52
ç 9 -1 ÷ = ( 27 -1) =
2
2x 2 2
ç -1 ÷ =
2 2 2 2 2
9
3 ú 3è ø 3è ø 3 3
úû1
1 1

p p
2
sin x cos x ù 2 é æp ö ù
2. ò
1 1 1
dx = - úû - êcos ç ÷ - cos0ú = - [ 0 -1] =
=
0 5 5 0 5ë è 2 ø û 5 5

3. ò 5e dx = 5e û0 = ( ) = 5(3-1) =10
ln3
x ù 5 e x ln3
ln3
- e 0

0
 More Examples !!!
6 ìï x 2 , x<2
Evaluate ò f (x)dx If f (x) = í
ïî3x - 2, x³2
0

x ù 3x 2
3 2 ù
2 6 6

ò x dx + ò (3x - 2) dx =
2
ú +
3 û0 2
- 2x ú =
û2
0 2

æ8 ö 128
ç - 0 ÷ + ( 42 - 2) =
è3 ø 3
 TOTAL AREA

A1 A3 A5

a A2 A4 b

b
Total area = ò f (x) dx
a
 Practice Time !!!
Find the total area between the curve y = 1 – x2
and the x-axis over the interval [0, 2].

2 1 2
A= ò 1- x 2 dx = ò (1- x 2 ) dx + ò - (1- x 2 ) dx =
0 0 1
æ x öù æ x 3 öù
1 2
æ 1 ö éæ 8 ö æ 1 öù
3

ç x - ÷ú - ç x - ÷ú = ç1- - 0 ÷ - êç 2 - ÷ - ç1- ÷ú =
è 3 øû0 è 3 øû1 è 3 ø ëè 3 ø è 3 øû

2 æ 4ö 6
- ç- ÷ = = 2
3 è 3ø 3
The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:
Over any interval, there exists an x value which creates a y value
that is the height of a rectangle which will equal the area under the
curve.

The Average Value:

The function value, f(c), found by the
Mean Value Theorem
b

ò f ( x)
1
Þ f ( c) =
b-a a
Example

2 æ
2 æ x +1
2 ö 1ö
ò
2
ò
1
faverage = ç 2 ÷dx = ç1+ 2 ÷dx =
1 1è x ø 3 1è x ø
2- 2
2 2

2æ 1 öù 2 éæ 1 ö æ 1 öù
2

ç x - ÷ú = êç 2 - ÷ - ç - 2 ÷ú =
3è x øû1 3 ëè 2 ø è 2 øû
2

2 éæ 1 ö æ 1 öù 2
êç1 ÷ - ç -1 ÷ú = × 3 = 2
3 ëè 2 ø è 2 øû 3
In analyzing the graph of F(x) we would look
at the derivative:
d
F ( x ) = ??? f (x)
dx
x
F ( x) = ò (sint )dt = -cost ]a =-cos x - (-cosa) =
x

a
-cos x + cosa
d d
F ( x) = [-cos x + cosa] = sin x
dx dx
The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus, Part II

d é x ù
ê ò f (t)dt ú = f (x)
dx ë a û
How about some
practice?

d é x ù
1. ê ò ( tan t ) dt ú =
4
tan x
4
dx ë 0 û

d éx 3 ù
2. ê ò t dt ú = x 3
dx ë 1 û

d é x sin t ù sin x
3. ê ò dt ú =
dx ë 0 t û x
 Integrals with Functions as
Limits of Integration

d é g( x) ù
ê ò f (t)dt ú = f ( g ( x )) × g' ( x )
dx ë a û
 Let’s Practice !!!

x2
d 1
ò
1 × = 1 2
dt = 2 3 2x × 2x = 5
dx 2 t 3
(x ) x 6
x

sin x
d
dx
ò ( ) 1- sin x × cos x =
1- t2
dt = (
2
) cos 2
x × cos x = cos 3
x
1