BUSINESS STATISTICS AND ANALYTICS

Group Assignment

Course Facilitator:
Prof. Anand Venkatesh

Prepared By:

Sharadchandra Solunke (P39103)

Vipul Singh (P39117)
Prasoon Kumar (P39091)
Vinay Gautam (P39115)
 INDEX
I. Justifying India’s image as regional super power
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Parameters for comparison.
1.3. Human development index
1.4. Population
1.5. GDP
1.6. Military
1.7. Energy
1.8. Export
1.9. Infant mortality rate
1.10. GINI index
1.11. Ease of doing business

II. Analysis of profiles of participants at IRMA across batches using a variety of

data analysis tools (PRM35-PRM_39)
2.1. Bar Graph: Trend Analysis of Educational Background
2.2. Bar Graph: Trend Analysis of Participant’s Gender
2.3. Bar Graph: Trend Analysis of Participant’s Work Experience
2.4. Bar Graph: Trend Analysis of Participant’s Domicile State
2.5. Descriptive Statistics Analysis of Age and Work Ex of Participants
2.6. Line chart – Trend of mean, median age & work experience of participants across batches
2.7. Box plot for age and work experience of participants
2.8. Scatter plot depicting relationship between work ex and age
2.9. Summary of findings

III. Does better Health facilities implies overpopulation?

3.1. Population growth rate and absolute population
3.2. Parameters affecting Population Growth Rate
3.3. Factors affecting Total Fertility Rate
3.4. Conclusion: Impact of health facility on population growth

Page | 1
 1. Does India have the Potential to become Regional Super Power in the Indian
Subcontinent?

Introduction:

What makes a country Super power?

Superpower is a term used to describe a state with a dominant position, which is characterized by its extensive
ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale. This is done through the combined-means of
Development, military, energy, natural resources, economic strength and many more.

Countries in the Indian Subcontinent.

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Parameters for comparison

We have classified the parameters considered into various categories

Development Military Economy Energy

Human Development Military expenditure- GDP Total Energy
Index (HDI) as % of GDP Production
Infant mortality rate & - GDP Per capita Total Energy
GINI index Consumption
Population - Export -
Parameters Considered

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Human Development Index is an index used to rank countries by level of "human development". It
contains three dimensions:
 health level-measured by life expectancy at birth
 educational level - mean years of education among the adult population

Page | 2
  Living standard- Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

HDI Index
0.8
0.7
0.6
HDI Value

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year

Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Figure 1 HDI index value for Indian Subcontinent countries for various years

The above graph clearly suggests that before 2016, India was behind from at least 3 countries while in 2016, it
came at 3rd position after Sri Lanka and Maldives. The rate of increase in HDI for India is significant enough for
being considered as being a superpower in the coming years.

Let us analyze one important parameter for HDI, Expected years of schooling (years).We can observe that India
lies 3rd from top succeeded by Maldives and Sri lanka.

Page | 3
 EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING (YEARS)

14

12.7

12.5
11.7

10.2

8.1
SRI LANKA MALDIVES INDIA BHUTAN BANGLADESH PAKISTAN

Figure 2 Expected years of schooling for various countries

After analyzing the above graphs, we can infer that the growth story of HDI of India and Maldives over the years
till 2016 has very much been the same with marginal differences. So, Maldives has always been competing against
India. The only country which has come close to both is Sri Lanka. In fact, in 2015, its index and rank has shown
a drastic improvement surpassing all the other sub-continental countries.
So, looking at the above data and graphs, we can say that there are 3 countries in the top league
in terms of HDI and HDI rank- India, Sri Lanka and Maldives.

2. POPULATION
2.1 MEDIAN POPULATION
It is not the total population but the age distribution of the population that has an impact on economic growth. For
any country to develop, its median population should be such that it is able to contribute to the labor work force.
We projected the median ages for Indian Subcontinent till 2050.

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 MEDIAN AGE PROJECTION TILL 2050
Bangaladesh Bhutan India Maldives
Nepal Pakistan SriLanka
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Figure 3 Median Age Projection for Indian Sub-continent countries

From the above graph, we can infer that

o India’s median age would go to 38.441 in 2050, from 26.35 in 2015
o Similar trends are seen for other Indian Sub-continent countries
Let’s have the count of Population aged from 20-39 for all the Indian Subcontinent countries.
For simplicity, we scaled down the values for 20-39 years, total number of population by 10,000s. Below is the
table for Indian Subcontinent countries.
Here, using this data we want to Project the population for Indian Sub-continent countries whose age is between
20-39 years. We used the scatter plot to compare the Projection of number of people over various years from 2015
till 2015.

Page | 5
 Projection of Median Age Population
60000
Scale: 1 unit = 10,000
50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Bangaladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan SriLanka

Figure 4 Projection of Median Age (20-39 years) Population

Few conclusions from the above scattered plot:-

o India shows promise in terms of the Population range which represents the labor force of any nation.
o But what if India is unable to provide employment to this huge labor force? It can go against the Nation.

2.2 WORKING POPULATION

In order to understand the employment generation capability of India to cater its huge population, we got
the data for “% of youth in working age group” to total population and “% of working population” to total
population.

Comparison between Youth and Working Population as % of

total Population
80

60

40

20

0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050

Youth working age group Working Population

Page | 6
 Figure 5 % of Youth and % of Working Population to total Population

The graph reveals that the gap between the Youth and working widens as the time passes. The trend is unabated
since 1975 and would be highest in 2040. This shows that India will be incapable in including the Youth
population in the working population of the whole country.

3. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

3.1 GDP
GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus
any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation
of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. It is
calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of
natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies
using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the
rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used. As can
be seen in figure 2, India has the highest GDP among the subcontinent nations with Bhutan having the lowest
GDP closely followed by Maldives.

Page | 7
 GDP IN USD
3000000000000.00

2500000000000.00

2000000000000.00

1500000000000.00

1000000000000.00

500000000000.00

0.00
1990 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Figure 1 GDP in $ Billions from 1990-2017

3.2. GDP PER CAPITA

However, if we compare the GDP per capita among the nations, we can observe a stark contrast between the
nations. GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. Maldives has the highest GDP
per capita and India is placed only at the 4th position preceded by Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Nepal has the lowest
GDP per capita. It can be seen in figure 6.

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 GDP Per Capita
10000

9000

8000

7000
Bangladesh
6000 Bhutan
India
5000
Sri Lanka
4000 Maldives
Nepal
3000
Pakistan
2000

1000

0
1991

2000

2009
1990

1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Figure 6 GDP per capita from 1990-2016

4. MILITARY
Military strength, in terms of total military personnel, training and techniques, weapons and tactics, military
expenditure, military aid and influence, is a pre-requisite for a nation to become a super or regional power. It is
not only essential for national security but also for an international influence.

4.1 MILITARY EXPENDITURE

Military expenditure includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping
forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces,
military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel,
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including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and
maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid. National defense is an
important function of government and security from external threats that contributes to economic development.
The military expenditure is in terms of percentage of GDP.

MILITARY EXPENDITURE(% of GDP)

8

5 Bangladesh
India
4
Nepal
3 Pakistan
Sri Lanka
2

0
19921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011

Figure 7 Military Expenditure (% of GDP)

The military expenditure in terms of percentage of GDP is highest in Pakistan, followed by Sri Lanka and India
respectively. It is comparatively lower in Bangladesh and Nepal. However, a high military expenditure
suggests lesser expenditure on other functions. Data on military expenditures as a share of gross domestic
product (GDP) are a rough indicator of the portion of national resources used for military activities and of the
burden on the economy.
Note: Bhutan and Maldives are not taken into consideration because of very small military unit.

5. ENERGY
Energy is directly linked to well-being and prosperity across the globe. Meeting the growing demand for energy
in a safe and environmentally responsible manner is a key challenge.
The production and use of energy are vital to the economies of all countries. The mix of energy sources has
profound consequences for environmental quality, efficiency, sustainable development and growth of a country.
Energy sufficiency is one of the most important indicators of prosperity.
The main sources of energy in the Indian sub-continent countries are as follows:
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Bangladesh: Bangladesh has small reserves of oil and coal, but very large natural gas resources. Commercial
energy consumption is mostly natural gas (around 66%), followed by oil, hydropower and coal.
Bhutan: Being a carbon-neutral state, Bhutan imports major proportion of electricity from India. Hydropower
meets the rest of the energy requirements.
India: The primary sources of energy in India are crude oil, natural gas, coal, hydropower and nuclear energy.
The huge reserves of natural resources play an important role in India’s energy requirements.
Maldives: Maldives primarily depends on renewable sources of energy. Solar, wind and biogas are the sources
of energy for Maldives.
Nepal: Biomass is the primary source of energy in Nepal. Other sources of energy include hydropower, coal,
solar and wind.
Pakistan: Pakistan depends primarily on natural gas, petroleum and coal for meeting its energy requirements.
Hydropower and nuclear power are also important sources of energy for Pakistan.
Sri Lanka: Hydropower, wind power and natural gas are major sources of energy in Sri Lanka. Solar is also an
important power source in rural parts of Sri Lanka.

5.1 TOTAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION

The total electricity generation of a country is its total production of electricity by means of renewable and
nonrenewable sources of energy measured in kilowatt-hours (KWH). It roughly indicates the availability of
sources of energy for generation of electricity.

900.00
Total Electricity Generation (KWH in

800.00
700.00
600.00
billions)

500.00 Bangladesh
400.00 India
300.00 Pakistan

200.00
100.00
0.00
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

Figure 8 Total Electricity Generation

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Figure shows the total electricity generation of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. It is explicit that the electricity
generation of India is, to a great extent, greater than that of Pakistan and Bangladesh over the years. This indicates
the availability of energy sources that contribute to electricity production, which is important for a nation to
qualify for a regional power.
Note: Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives are not taken into consideration as the electricity generation in
those countries is very low.
5.2 TOTAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
The total electricity consumption of countries over the years shows the energy requirements in the countries. Total
electricity consumption is calculated by multiplying the electricity consumption per capita and the population of
the country. The unit of electricity consumption is in kilowatt-hour.

Total Electricity Consumption (KWH in billions)

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Figure 9 Total Electricity Consumption

From Figure it is seen that the total electricity consumption of all the countries have been increasing over the
years. Electricity consumption in India is so large that it is more than the combined electricity consumption of all
other Indian sub-continent countries. India has so far been able to meet its huge energy requirements though its
large electricity production. Countries like Nepal with greater electricity consumption than production import
from India. The electricity consumption in Bangladesh and Pakistan is decent as compared to its production. Thus,
India is considerably sufficient in energy and enjoys an advantage over the other Indian sub-continent countries
because of its ample availability of resources.
Note: The total electricity consumption of Maldives and Bhutan has not been considered as it is very low.

6. EXPORTS
Page | 12
If exports increase, it contributes to growth of the economy. Lower exports means lower foreign exchange in turn
reduces the purchasing power of a country in the international market. Export growth is very important because
of its effect on internal trade and economic stability.

With 428 billion USD worth exports taking place in 2016, India again emerges as the clear winner
among the Indian sub-continent countries.

EXPORT in billionUSD
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1990 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

#REF! Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan

Figure 10 Total Export

Page | 13
 HIGH TECHNOLOGY EXPORT(USD million)
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Column1 Bangladesh Nepal India

Pakistan Bhutan Sri Lanka Maldives

Figure 11 High technology Export

7. INFANT MORTALITY RATE

The under-5 mortality rate is the number of children who die by the age of five, per thousand live births per
year. Child Mortality rate shows the health and well-being of a nation. Child mortality can be a cause of
various factors like malnutrition, poverty, diseases, etc. Here we can see that over the past two decades the
child mortality rate has substantially decreased, which is a good sign towards the overall development of any
country. Sri Lanka has maintained its lead throughout the years. India has significantly progressed since 1991,
currently ranked 4th (in the Indian Subcontinent) with a rate of 48.

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 INFANT MORTALITY RATE(UNDER 5 YEARS)
160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1990 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Figure 11 Infant mortality rate

7. GINI INDEX
The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of
high income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example,
where everyone has the same income). A Gini coefficient of 1 (or 100%) expresses maximal inequality among
values (e.g., for a large number of people, where only one person has all the income or consumption, and all
others have none, the Gini coefficient will be very nearly one). However, a value greater than one may occur if
some persons represent negative contribution to the total (for example, having negative income or wealth). For
larger groups, values close to or above 1 are very unlikely in practice. Given the normalization of both the
cumulative population and the cumulative share of income used to calculate the Gini coefficient.

Page | 15
 GINI INDEX

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0 Bangladesh Nepal India Pakistan Bhutan Sri Lanka Maldives

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 12 Gini Index

7. EASE OF DOING BUSINESS

The ease of doing business index is an index created by Simeon Djannkov at the World Bank Group. The
academic research for the report was done jointly with professors Oliver Hart and Andrei Shleifer Higher
rankings (a low numerical value) indicate better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger
protections of property rights. Empirical research funded by the World Bank to justify their work show that the
economic growth impact of improving these regulations is strong.
In Ease of doing Business Bhutan ranks first while the India is second having 100
days as ease of doing business leaving other subcontinent countries behind it. The data is from year 2017
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives are worse performer than India and after looking at data we can certainly see
that India is certainly a power in Ease of doing business.

Page | 16
 EODB- LESSER IS BETTER
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2017

Bangladesh Nepal India Pakistan Bhutan Sri Lanka Maldives

Figure 13 Ease of Doing Business

CONCLUSION
Considering all the parameters discussed above we can safely say that India is a certainly superpower in Indian
subcontinent.

References
www.worldbank.org
www.gapminder.org
www.weforum.org

Page | 17
2.1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TREND OF PARTICIPANT’S
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ACROSS BATCHES – BAR GRAPH

100% 3.33% 4.49% 4.42% 2.27%

7.14%

90%
Percentage of participants from a specific discipline

80%

70% Science
60.48% 59.66% 53.36%
64.64% Engineering
60%
74.16% CS
50% Commerce
BA
40%
4.62% Biotech
3.33% 3.98%
30% Arts
5.71% 3.31% 12.18%
9.66% Agriculture
5.71% 9.39%
20% 4.20%
3.93% 3.41%
7.62% 1.69% 3.31%
1.69% 4.55% 5.88%
10% 4.49% 3.31%
8.10% 2.81% 6.08% 7.95% 7.14%
2.25%
0%
PRM 35 PRM 36 PRM 37 PRM 38 PRM 39
Batch

Across the batches - from PRM 35 to PRM 39, a clear dominance can be seen by participants coming from
engineering background. It can also be seen that there is a steady increase in the participants satisfying these
criteria and the percentage of this population is at a peak in PRM 36 batch.
Key points to be noted:
 Percentage of participants with engineering background reached its maximum in the batch of PRM 36.
As a result in PRM 36 batch participants from Arts, Science and Agriculture declined.
 Participants from commerce background have been increasing after PRM 36 batch admissions.

Page | 18
2.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TREND OF PARTICIPANT’S GENDER
ACROSS BATCHES – BAR GRAPH

100%
Percentage of participants across gender

90% 24.16% 27.07%

31.43% 33.52% 31.09%
80%
70%
60%
50% Female

40% 75.84% 72.93% Male

68.57% 66.48% 68.91%
30%
20%
10%
0%
PRM 35 PRM36 PRM 37 PRM 38 PRM 39
Batch

Key Points:
 Across all batches of IRMA in last 5 years male participants have dominated with approximately 70%
share over females.
 The highest share of female participants of 33.52% was achieved in the batch of PRM 38.

Page | 19
 2.3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TREND OF PARTICIPANT’S WORK-EX
ACROSS BATCHES – BAR GRAPH

100% 1.43% 2.23% 2.76% 1.14%

6.25% 2.51%
8.10% 8.94% 5.52% 7.11%
Percentage of participants acros work ex category

90%
15.71% 15.91%
17.88% 22.10% 20.08%
80%

70%
>63
60%
48-63
50%
32-47
40% 74.76% 76.70% 16-31
70.95% 68.51% 68.62%
30% 0-15

20%

10%

0%
PRM 35 PRM 36 PRM 37 PRM 38 PRM 39
Batch

Key Points:
 Across all batches we can see that participants with 0-15 months of work experience dominate the
participant’s profile.
 This indicates that freshers formed a major share of participants which increased to maximum in the
batch of PRM 38. Share of participants with work ex more than 15 months have increased in PRM 39.

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2.4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TREND OF PARTICIPANT’S
DOMICILE STATE (Top 5) ACROSS BATCHES – BAR GRAPH

100% 5.11%
8.10% 7.30% 8.29% 6.72%
Percentage of participants across states

90% 7.39%
80% 7.30% 7.18% 8.40%
8.57% Haryana
70% 15.34% Maharashtra
7.98%
60% 9.05% Rajasthan
18.54% 18.78%
50% Kerala
9.52% 19.32% 17.65%
40% Gujarat
6.74% 7.73%
30% Bihar

20% Delhi
16.19%
13.48% 12.71% 14.77% 13.45%
10% UP

0%
PRM 35 PRM 36 PRM 37 PRM 38 PRM 39
Batch

Key Points:
 We can see that in case of Gujarat there is a sudden increase in percentage of participants in PRM 36
with maximum share of 19.32% in PRM 38
 There is constant decrease in share participants coming from Bihar. In PRM 38 and 39 Bihar doesn’t
list in the top 5 states from where participants come from. This may be due to varying nature of
IRMASAT paper which has slowly diverged from format of bank exams papers.
 Share of participants from Uttar Pradesh have been steady around 13% while participant share from
Haryana have increased in PRM 38 and PRM 39.

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2.5 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR AGE AND WORK EXPERIENCE OF
PARTICIPANTS ACROSS BATCHES
Age- PRM 35 Age- PRM 36 Age- PRM 37 Age- PRM 38 Age- PRM 39

Mean 23.38095238 Mean 23.35393258 Mean 23.74585635 Mean 23.29378531 Mean 23.52301
Standard Error 0.138961074 Standard Error 0.151454809 Standard Error 0.152964304 Standard Error 0.134162543 Standard Error 0.140297
Median 23 Median 23 Median 24 Median 23 Median 23
Mode 22 Mode 23 Mode 24 Mode 22 Mode 23
Standard Deviation 2.013737283 Standard Deviation 2.020659185 Standard Deviation 2.05792424 Standard Deviation 1.784916544 Standard Deviation 2.16894
Sample Variance 4.055137845 Sample Variance 4.083063543 Sample Variance 4.235052179 Sample Variance 3.185927067 Sample Variance 4.7043
Kurtosis 1.17528664 Kurtosis 1.447768252 Kurtosis 1.19051349 Kurtosis 0.879333691 Kurtosis 1.106843
Skewness 0.816233978 Skewness 0.828119943 Skewness 0.675616883 Skewness 0.60969562 Skewness 0.960135
Range 13 Range 12 Range 13 Range 11 Range 13
Minimum 19 Minimum 20 Minimum 18 Minimum 19 Minimum 19
Maximum 32 Maximum 32 Maximum 31 Maximum 30 Maximum 32
Sum 4910 Sum 4157 Sum 4298 Sum 4123 Sum 5622
Count 210 Count 178 Count 181 Count 177 Count 239

Work Ex- PRM 35 Work Ex- PRM 36 Work Ex- PRM 37 Work Ex- PRM 38 Work Ex- PRM 39

Mean 9.293838863 Mean 10.34636872 Mean 12.26519337 Mean 8.88700565 Mean 11.42678
Standard Error 0.899782842 Standard Error 1.058168325 Standard Error 1.130975647 Standard Error 0.940406855 Standard Error 1.08681
Median 0 Median 0 Median 9 Median 0 Median 0
Mode 0 Mode 0 Mode 0 Mode 0 Mode 0
Standard Deviation 13.07010074 Standard Deviation 14.15732731 Standard Deviation 15.21572117 Standard Deviation 12.51129946 Standard Deviation 16.80167
Sample Variance 170.8275333 Sample Variance 200.4299165 Sample Variance 231.5181707 Sample Variance 156.5326143 Sample Variance 282.2961
Kurtosis 0.667726321 Kurtosis 0.979071515 Kurtosis 2.609363074 Kurtosis 2.009412873 Kurtosis 8.549335
Skewness 1.297086273 Skewness 1.30913375 Skewness 1.530781695 Skewness 1.531024134 Skewness 2.274852
Range 50 Range 61 Range 76 Range 60 Range 122
Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0
Maximum 50 Maximum 61 Maximum 76 Maximum 60 Maximum 122
Sum 1961 Sum 1852 Sum 2220 Sum 1573 Sum 2731
Count 211 Count 179 Count 181 Count 177 Count 239

Mean Age (in Median Age (in Mean Work Exp. (in Median Work Exp. (in
Batch
years) years) months) months)

PRM 35 23.38 23 9.29 0

PRM 36 23.35 23 10.34 0
PRM 37 23.74 24 12.19 9
PRM 38 23.29 23 8.88 0
PRM 39 23.52 23 11.42 0

2.6 LINE CHART – TREND OF MEAN, MEDIAN AGE & WORK EXPERIENCE OF
PARTICIPNTS ACROSS BATCHES
Page | 22
 30

25

20
Age

15

10

0
PRM 35 PRM 36 PRM 37 PRM 38 PRM 39
Batch

Mean Age(in years) Median Age( in years)

Mean Work Ex(in months) Median Work Ex(in months)

The median work experience value is zero in most of the batches which indicates that at least over 50% of the
participants are freshers. An anomaly can be observed in PRM 37 where the median work experience rises to
9 months. Even though the difference is quite significant, this may be due to the fact that the number of
observations is few in PRM 37 compared to the rest. The profile of the participants is still quite similar when
it comes to age and work experience and this is evident from the comparison of means

2.7.1 MULTIPLE BOX PLOTS FOR AGE OF PARTICIPANTS PLOTTED ACROSS

PRM BATCHES

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Key Points:
Very few number of outliers in different batches (the maximum is 3 in PRM 36 and the minimum is 2 in
PRM 35) indicate that the majority of participants are from the age group of 24 to 28. The few participants
who do have age above 28 (and in some cases even 30) play a significant role in the calculation of average
age of all participants.

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2.7.2 MULTIPLE BOX PLOTS FOR WORK EXPERIENCE OF PARTICIPANTS
PLOTTED ACROSS PRM BATCHES

Key Points:
Box plots show that majority of participants have very less work experience ranging from 0 -15 months.
Number of outliers range from 3 to 4 participants every year which stretches the mean work experience. A
single participant with 122 months experience is the most extreme outlier in PRM 39.

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2.8 SCATTER PLOT DEPICITING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK
EXPERIENCE AND AGE ACROSS BATCHES

PRM 35
60

50

40
Work Ex. (months)

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40
-10

-20
Age (years)

70
PRM 36
60

50

40
Work Ex. (months)

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-10

-20
Age (years)

Page | 26
 PRM 37
90

80

70

60
Work Ex. (months)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40
-10
Age (years)

PRM 38
70

60

50
Work Ex. (months)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40
-10

-20
Age (years)

Page | 27
 PRM 39
140

120

100
Work Ex. (months)

80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40
-20

-40
Age (years)

Coeffecient of correlation for Age and Work Ex.

0.9

0.8
Coefficient of correlation

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
PRM 35 PRM 36 PRM 37 PRM 38 PRM 39
Batch

BATCH COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION IN BETWEEN WORK EXPERIENCE AND AGE

PRM - 35 0.677273
PRM - 36 0.763392
PRM - 37 0.389959
PRM - 38 0.635533
PRM - 39 0.832729
It is observed that coefficient of correlation between work experience and age ranges from 0.389959 to a
maximum of 0.832729. Accordingly it may be inferred that there is positive linear relationship between the
age and experience of participants from PRM 35 to PRM 39.
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2.9 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Across the batches, we see several complementary trends (increasing engineering participants and decreasing
non-engineering participants) and several factors that have remained constant throughout the batches (average
age, average work experience).
We can draw one conclusion that the institution has started attracting more and more engineers to its program.
This may be attributed to the recent change in procedure for accepting participants to the course. Initially,
IRMA used to conduct its own entrance examinations which tried its best to put engineers and non-engineers
on an equal platform. However, CAT which is a more quantitative-heavy examination tends to be more
engineer-friendly.
Another notable deviation from trend is a sudden increase of participants from the institute’s home state. The
percentage of participants from Gujarat is seen to be increasing across batches reaching its maximum of
19.38% in PRM 38. The increase suggests increase in recognition of the institute in its state which boasts of
one of the most highly rated institutes of the country -IIM-A
Work experience across all batches continues to be low (majority lying between 0-15 years) contributing to
lesser ages of participants. This is a worrying trend as diversity of participants with work experience reduces
which negatively affects the participatory study methodology which IRMA follows.
Suggestions for IRMA’s future admission process
 IRMA should increase the weightage of IRMASAT in the admission process to facilitate the non-
engineers. Profile based evaluation and intake of students through GMAT scores will greatly encourage
professionals with work experience in diverse segments and with non- engineering backgrounds to
apply for IRMA.
 To target professionals with good work experience IRMA should also introduce special PGPX
programme for people with work experience in rural management.
 Gender based weightage system should also be inculcated in the marking system in admissions process
to encourage woman participation.

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 3. There is a concern that better health facility implies overpopulation. Hence, lives of
poor should not be saved by better access to health facilities. How valid is this
concern? Justify.

3.1 Population Growth Rate and absolute population

Although the overall population of India is increasing the population growth rate is on a declining trend when
we see the data from 2001 to 2016. Various factors like lower infant mortality rate, lower fertility rate, literacy
and reduction in overall poverty leads to declining population growth rate. The population growth rate has
decreased from 1.8 % in 2001 to 1.28 % in 2016.

PGR vs Absolute Population

2
PGR % growth rate and population in billions

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Years starting from 2001

PGR ABSOLUTE POPULATION

Fig 1- Population growth rate vs Absolute population

3.2 Parameters affecting Population Growth Rate

As mentioned population growth rate in India is declining and depends on various factors. The most significant
of that is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) which the government plans to keep at an ideal 2.1.
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 1. Total Fertility Rate
Total fertility rate which the number of children per woman is the most significant factor which affects the
population growth rate.

TFR VS PGR
1.6 2.55
PGR % change TFR in terms of chidren per woman

1.4 2.5
1.2
2.45
1
2.4
0.8
2.35
0.6
2.3
0.4
0.2 2.25

0 2.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Year starting from 2001

PGR 1.81083241 1.773545774 1.734728697 1.696185068 1.658100247 1.621038435 1.584251766

1.548885996 1.5120782 1.469688199
TFR 3.2 3.1 3.05 3.0 2.99 2.95 2.8 2.7 2.65 2.6

Fig 2- TFR vs PGR

Fig 2 above shows how decline in Total Fertility rate is accompanied by negative population growth rate.
Population growth rate is directly related with Total fertility rate i.e. with decrease in TFR, PGR is also
decreasing.
Thus we can conclude that Population growth rate is inversely related with total fertility rate.

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 2. Life Expectancy
Overall population also increases when the average life expectancy increases but it does not significantly impact
the population growth rate which is primarily dependent on Total Fertility rate.

LIFE EXPECTANCY vs PGR*100

LIFE EXPECTANCY PGR*100

180
Life expectancy in years and PGR % scaled to 100

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5
Year starting from 2001

Thus we can conclude from the above figure that although life expectancy increases due to better health
infrastructure the population growth declines due to other factors like declining total fertility rate and lowering
poverty.

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3.3 Factors affecting Total Fertility Rate
Total fertility rate depends mainly on infant mortality rate and female literacy. In other words, if more children
survive, women tend to have fewer children, which increase their chances of living longer. In some states,
however, if that correlation is not apparent, female education is correlated with fewer children and higher
survival rates for those children.

1. Infant Mortality Rate: Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths per 1000 live births of
children under one year of age.

TFR AND IMR

8

6
Children per woman

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year

TFR IMR

Fig 3 - TFR vs IMR

The graph above shows that the total fertility rate declines when infant mortality rate decreases as
women give birth to fewer children when child deaths are less.

Page | 33
 2. Female Literacy- TFR is also related with female literacy rate. Literacy rate of females is
significantly contributing in controlled increase of population by a decrease in total fertility rate.
It can be verified with the chart between TFR and population growth rate. (PGR)

70 TFR vs Female Literacy

TFR scaled to 10 times and Female

60

50
literacy in %

40

30

20

10

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

TFR YearsLITERACY
FEMALE

Fig 4 - TFR vs FEMALE LITERACY

From Fig 4 we can conclude that with increase in female literacy leads to better awareness in using
contraceptives and better family planning which reduces TFR.

3.4 Health Facility and Infant Mortality Rate

The infant mortality rate significantly depends upon the health facilities and access to health facilities by the
population.

HEALTH FACILITY
2005 2015

100 106.79
84.59 89.01

13.46 14.66
1.93 3.12

SUB PHC CHC TOTAL

Fig 5- Growth of health facility from 2005 to 2015

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Fig 5 shows how primary health facilities (PHC) and community health facility(CHC) have grown from 2005 to
2015.

Health facility vs IMR

120
% growth in Health faciluty and scaled

100

80

60
IMR

40

20

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Years

IMR HEALTH FACILITY

Fig 6- Health facility and IMR over years

With increase in Health services infant mortality rates has gone down across India which is shown in Fig 6
Thus it can be inferred that better health facilities leads to a decrease in Infant mortality rate.

3.5 Conclusion: Effect of Health Facility on Population Growth

Thus we can conclude the following points based on our analysis:
 Overpopulation or growth of population is practically defined by growth rate of population (PGR). Even
though the overall population of India is growing the growth rate is declining.
 This is due to various factors like lowering of poverty and Total Fertility Rate which in turn depends on
lower rates of Infant Mortality rate and higher levels of female literacy.
 Infant mortality rate is primarily dependent on health services to poor. With the given data we
saw that with increase in health services infant mortality rate declines as less number of children
die. This leads to decline in fertility rate which affects the population growth negatively.
 Thus providing better health services to poor helps in negative growth of population contrary to
the claim that it leads to overpopulation.

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