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Cambridge IGCSE
Biology
For CIE
Scan the QR code for answers to all practice and
Practice Test Paper 2 and 4 questions.
Cambridge IGCSE
Biology
Study Guide Scan the QR code for answers to all practice and
Practice Test Paper 2 and 4 questions.
following the core part of the syllabus only.▶ Viruses are very small, even smaller than bacteria.
1.3 Features of organisms Figure 1.20 Electron micrograph
▶ They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
▶ They have no cellular structure, but have a protein coat that
of influenza virus
Although the Earth is inhabited by a huge variety of living organisms, all living organisms surrounds a nucleic acid core.
Figure 1.21 An HIV particle
Cambridge IGCSE Biology Study Guide Cambridge IGCSE Biology Study Guide attacking a cell
are composed of cells enclosed by a cell membrane and with cytoplasm within the cells (see
Chapter 2.1). Also, all organisms use DNA as genetic material. Moreover, living organisms ▶ The nucleic acids in viruses can be either DNA or RNA.
1.3 allFeatures of organisms Viruses
contain ribosomes for protein synthesis and enzymes involved in metabolic reactions.
Although the Earth is inhabited by a huge variety of living organisms, all living organisms
are composed of cells enclosed by a cell membrane and with cytoplasm within the cells (see
▶ They
Viruses are not placed
WHAT'S MORE
caninonly replicate
any of the five kingdomsinside usually host cells, and are therefore regarded as parasitic.
as they areliving
not considered as living organisms. They have no metabolism and do
not have cell structures. Characteristics of viruses to remember:
Viruses rely on raw materials
The five kingdoms
Chapter 2.1). Also, all organisms use DNA as genetic material. Moreover, living organisms
from the host for replication.
all contain ribosomes for protein synthesis and enzymes involved in metabolic reactions.
Examples of viruses:
▶ Viruses are very small, even smaller than bacteria.
▶ They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
Biologists
The five
They harm the host
kingdoms classify organisms according to their structures and functions,
when
Figure and
1.20 Electron put▶▶them
micrograph tobacco mosaic virus, which causes ▶ influenza virus, which causes influenza in
present inside it. of influenza virus They have no cellular structure, but have a protein coat that
into kingdoms: Plant, Animal, Fungus, Protoctist and Prokaryote. Table 1.1 illustrates
Biologists classify organisms according to their structures and functions, and put them discolouring of the leaves of tobacco Figureattacking
thea nucleic acid core.
surrounds a cell
humans
1.21 An HIV particle
into kingdoms: Plant, Animal, Fungus, Protoctist and Prokaryote. Table 1.1 illustrates the
▶ The nucleic acids in viruses can be either DNA or RNA.
structural features and metabolism of each kingdom: plants by preventing the formation of
structural features and metabolism of each kingdom:
▶ HIV, which causes AIDS
WHAT'S MORE ▶ They can only
chloroplasts
replicate inside living host cells, and are therefore regarded as parasitic.
WHAT'S MORE
disease)
Other featuresOrganisation
Store starch
Store Multicellular
Store Multicellular
–
Circular DNA, Multicellular
EXAM TIP
A dichotomous key is a useful tool for identifying organisms when a detailed analysis of
characteristics is impractical (e.g. during a field study). It consists of a series of pairs of
Single-celled
characteristics is impractical (e.g. during a field study). It consists of a series of pairs of Throughout this book,
glycogen glycogen plasmid When constructing a When constructing a choices that are based on characteristics of organisms. When a choice is made in the first pair,
choices that are based on characteristics of organisms. When a choice is made in the first pair,
you will find important
dichotomous key, there are
the instruction is followed to the next pair of choices and so on, until the organism can be
Single-celled organisms are Plasmodium, Pneumococcus, dichotomous key, there aresome rules to follow:
ExamplesPhotosynthetic
Pea, maize Housefly, cat
✓
Mucor, yeast
Amoeba ✗Lactobacillus ✗ Some
1. Use features of Some
the instruction
identified. It should be notedis thatfollowed
the dichotomous tokeythe doesnext pair correspond
not necessarily of choicesto and so on, until the organism can be
also known as unicellular some rules to follow:organisms that are easily the evolutionary relationship between the organisms included (i.e. they can be completely
identified. It should be noted that theused dichotomous key does not necessarily correspond to
biology terms printed in
Table 1.1 A summary of the features of the five kingdoms distinguishable.
organisms. Pathogenic 1. Use features of2. Never use characteristics that unrelated). When constructing a dichotomous key, characteristics must be clearly
are variable. For example,
identifiable and contrasting in each pair of choices, so that the existing group of organisms can
(can causePlant ✗ ✗ Some organisms that are
Some
do easily
not use colour or body the
be Some evolutionary
divided into two smaller groups. relationship
A sample dichotomous between key is shown thebelow: organisms included (i.e. they can be completely
distinguishable.lengths
bold the first time they
as they are changing
disease) Plants are essential to any ecosystem. They provide almost
all the energy for the ecosystem, as they can get that energy
characteristics. 1unrelated).
A Have exoskeleton When constructing a dichotomous
............................................................................. key, characteristics used must be clearly
Arthropods
2. Never use characteristics
3. Use terms that are
that B Have endoskeleton .......................................................................... Go to 2
directly from sunlight. Characteristics to remember about
plants are: Store Store
measurable rather than
are variable. Fordependent
example, on subjective
identifiable
Circular
2 A Have DNA,
and contrasting in each pair of choices, so that the existing group of organisms can
fur ........................................................................................... Mammals
Other features Store starch –
WHAT'S MORE ,
judgement (such as ‘big’).
appear. The
glycogen
▶ Chloroplasts in stems and leaves allow plants to make do not use colour
glycogen 4. Do notorinclude
body more than be divided into two smaller groups. A sample dichotomous key is shown below:
B No fur .............................................................................................. Go to 3
plasmid
food using sunlight in a process known as photosynthesis lengths as they one
arefeature
choice.
changing
in each single 3 A Have feathers ................................................................................... Birds
B No feathers ...................................................................................... Go to 4
(see Chapter 6).
Plasmodium,
characteristics. Pneumococcus,
1 A Have exoskeleton ............................................................................. Arthropods
Examples ▶ Cell wallsPea, maize
of cellulose. Housefly, cat Mucor, yeast 4
A Dry skin ........................................................................................... Reptiles
COMMON MISTAKE
are made
3. Use terms thatAmoeba Lactobacillus
and EXAM TIP
are B Have endoskeleton .......................................................................... Go to 2
B Moist skin ........................................................................................ Go to 5
▶ Plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch.
measurable rather than 5 A Have scales ....................................................................................... Fish
Table 1.1 A summary of theoffeatures
Examples plants are of the
pea, fiveand
maize kingdoms
ferns. dependent on subjective 2 B A Have
No scales fur ...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................... Amphibians Mammals
Figure 1.6 A pea plant (top right) and a maize plant
judgement (such as ‘big’).
side-boxes are included
To identify a fish, one has to follow 1B 2B 3B 4B 5A to arrive at the identification.
6 12
B No fur .............................................................................................. Go to 3
Plant 4. Do not include more than
one feature in each single 3 A Have feathers ................................................................................... Birds
Plants are essential to anychoice.
ecosystem. They provide almost to enhance
B No feathers ...................................................................................... Go to 4 your learning
all the energy for the ecosystem, as they can get that energy
andReptiles
4 A Dry skin ...........................................................................................
directly from sunlight. Characteristics to remember about exam skills.
B Moist skin ........................................................................................ Go to 5
plants are:
5 A Have scales ....................................................................................... Fish
▶ Chloroplasts in stems and leaves allow plants to make
B No scales .......................................................................................... Amphibians
food using sunlight in a process known as photosynthesis Practice Test Paper 2 Practice Test Paper 4
(see Chapter 6). To identify a fish, one has to follow 1B 2B 3B 4B 5A to arrive at the identification.
BIOLOGY
Paper 2 Multiple Choice (Extended)
0610/02
CANDIDATE
NAME
12
45 minutes
▶ Plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST BIOLOGY 0610/04
Examples of plants are pea, maize and ferns. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Cambridge IGCSE Biology Study Guide Cambridge IGCSE Biology Study Guide
incorporated an Extended
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.B They do not have mitochondria. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
6 Any rough work should be done in this booklet.
Electronic calculators may be used. C They do not have a cell membrane. Answer all questions.
shrew
Fig. 1.1
What is the name of the group to which the animal belongs? [1]
A crustacean
C arachnid
This document consists of 14 printed pages. This document consists of 15 printed pages and 3 blank pages.
D myriapod [1]
C muscle cell
268 282
CONTENTS
1
Chapter Characteristics and 4
Chapter Biological molecules
classification of living organisms 4.1 Carbohydrates 38
4.2 Proteins 40
1.1 Characteristics of living organisms 2
4.3 Lipids (fats and oils) 41
1.2 Concept and use of a classification
4.4 DNA 42
system4
4.5 Water 42
1.3 Features of organisms 6
4.6 Vitamin C 42
1.4 Dichotomous keys 12
Summary43
Summary13
Exercise 4 45
Exercise 1 14
2
Chapter Organisation of 5
Chapter Enzymes
organisms 5.1
5.2
Enzymes are specific
Denaturation of enzymes
48
49
2.1 Cell structure and organisation 18 5.3 Effect of temperature on enzyme
2.2 Levels of organisation 20 activity49
2.3 Size of specimens 23 5.4 Effect of pH on enzyme activity 50
Summary24 Summary50
Exercise 2 24 Exercise 5 51
3
Chapter Movement in and out 6
Chapter Plant nutrition
of cells 6.1 Photosynthesis 56
6.2 Leaf structure 62
3.1 Diffusion 28
6.3 Mineral requirements 63
3.2 Osmosis 29
Summary63
3.3 Active transport 33
Exercise 6 64
Summary34
Exercise 3 35
7
Chapter Human nutrition Chapter 11 Gas exchange in
7.1 Diet 68 humans
7.2 Alimentary canal 72
11.1 The respiratory system 116
7.3 Mechanical digestion 74
11.2 The respiratory tract 116
7.4 Chemical digestion 76
11.3 Gas exchange in the alveolus 117
7.5 Absorption 78
11.4 Ventilation 118
Summary79
11.5 Inspired and expired air 119
Exercise 7 80
11.6 Rate and depth of breathing 120
11.7 Effects of physical activity
8
Chapter Transport in plants on breathing
Summary121
120
12 Respiration
8.3 Transpiration 86
8.4 Translocation 88 Chapter
Summary89
12.1 Respiration 126
Exercise 8 90
12.2 Aerobic respiration 126
12.3 Anaerobic respiration 127
9
Chapter Transport in animals Summary129
Exercise 12 130
9.1 Transport in animals 94
19
Chapter Organisms and their
Chapter 16 Reproduction environments
16.1 Asexual reproduction 172 19.1 Energy flow 224
16.2 Sexual reproduction 172 19.2 Food chains and food webs 224
16.3 Sexual reproduction in plants 173 19.3 Nutrient cycles 228
16.4 Sexual reproduction in humans 176 19.4 Population size 231
16.5 Sex hormones in humans 181 Summary233
16.6 Methods of birth control in humans 183 Exercise 19 234
16.7 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 186
Summary187
Exercise 16 189
20
Chapter Biotechnology and
genetic engineering
20.1 Biotechnology and genetic
engineering240
20.2 Biotechnology 240
20.3 Genetic engineering 244
Summary246
Exercise 20 247
21
Chapter Human influences on
ecosystems
21.1 Food supply 252
21.2 Habitat destruction 253
21.3 Pollution 254
21.4 Conservation 258
Summary261
Exercise 21 262
Movement
Living organisms can move to various degrees. Movements are actions by an organism
or part of an organism causing a change of position or place. In mammals, movement is
brought about by muscles and bones. Plants can also move. Movement in plants is associated
with directional growth in response to stimuli.
Respiration
WHAT'S MORE Nutrient molecules store chemical energy, which is released in an organism in a process
called respiration (explained in more detail in Chapter 12). Respiration is part of an
Metabolism includes
chemical reactions in cells organism’s metabolism. The energy released is used by the organism for performing various
including respiration. (Don’t functions, such as:
confuse respiration with
breathing! This is a common ▶ movement
student mistake.)
▶ growth
▶ synthesis of new molecules
Sensitivity
WHAT'S MORE Living organisms can detect and respond to changes in their environment. They can also
sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and make appropriate responses.
A stimulus (plural: stimuli) is
any detectable change in the Higher organisms have sense organs, such as the nose and eyes, to detect smells and light.
environment. Plant roots and stems can detect and grow in certain directions in response to stimuli such
as light and gravity (see Chapter 14). This growth response is called tropism.
Figure 1.1 Rabbits (left) have good hearing for detecting predators, while owls (right) have very acute eyesight for catching prey.
2
Chapter 1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms
Reproduction
Reproduction (see Chapter 16) is the
process that makes more of the same
WHAT'S MORE
Sexual reproduction is one of
kind of organism, which results in an the reasons for variations in a
increase in the size of a population. population.
In some living organisms that carry
out sexual reproduction, offspring
show variations from their parents
and between each other. A varied
population has a better chance to
survive in a changing environment
Figure 1.3 Flowering plants produce seeds (left), which grow into new
(see Chapter 18). plants. A human fetus grows and develops in the mother’s uterus before
being born as a baby (right).
Excretion
Living organisms inevitably produce toxic substances. The toxic substances are waste
products of metabolism like urea from deamination (see Chapter 13), carbon dioxide from
COMMON MISTAKE
Be careful not to mix up the
respiration (see Chapter 12) and oxygen from photosynthesis (see Chapter 6). They are terms excretion and egestion.
removed from the organism in different ways during excretion. Substances which are not Egestion is the removal of
toxic in themselves, such as water, but are in excess of requirements also have to be removed. undigested substances from
the body through the anus (see
Chapter 7).
Nutrition
Living organisms need to obtain nutrients
(e.g. carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins).
The nutrients provide them with:
▶ energy
▶ materials for growth and development
▶ substances that allow them to function properly
and keep them healthy
3
Cambridge IGCSE Biology Study Guide
Starfish Coral snake Abert squirrel Red fox Giant panda Black bear Brown bear
few common
characteriscs
haracterisc
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Ursidae
Genus Ursus
large number of
common
characteriscs
Species Ursus arctos
Figure 1.5 Hierarchy of classification from kingdom to species
4
Chapter 1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms
Apart from the traditional method of using morphology and anatomy for classification,
biochemical evidence, such as the sequence of DNA or proteins, is also used to provide
a more accurate evolutionary relationship between organisms. Some reasons for using
biochemical evidence to study relationships between organisms are:
▶ DNA codes are universal; this suggests that all organisms use the same codons (a triplet
code) to code for the same amino acids.
▶ All organisms use the same amino acids to produce proteins.
▶ Due to mutations, the sequence of DNA, or the sequence of amino acids, changes over
time.
▶ The more similar the sequences of amino acids, the more closely related the organisms are.
▶ The time since two species split from a common ancestor can be estimated by the
number of differences in the sequences of amino acids. Therefore, biochemical variations
can be used as an evolutionary clock to show when a species diverged from its ancestor.
Fewer differences between amino acid sequences means that two species are more closely
related, which also means they split recently relative to the time scale of life on Earth.
Each species is given a binomial name (the scientific name), when it is discovered. A
binomial name consists of two parts, the genus name followed by the species name. For
example, the binomial name of humans is Homo sapiens, so humans belong to the genus
Homo and the species Homo sapiens. The binomial name must be written in italics or
underlined, and only the first letter of the genus name is capitalised, i.e. Homo sapiens or
Homo sapiens.
The binomial name is intended to allow scientists to identify species with unique names to
avoid confusion. Binomial names are also written in Latin (or the Latinised version of other
languages), allowing the names to be used and understood universally by biologists from all
over the world.
EXAM TIP
The question below illustrates the difference between genus and species.
The scientific names of three species of fruit trees are:
• Malus domestica
• Prunus domestica
• Malus sieversii
Which of the statements describing the relationship between these organisms is true?
A. M. domestica and P. domestica belong to the same genus but different species.
B. M. domestica and M. sieversii belong to the same species but different genera.
C. M. domestica and P. domestica belong to different species and different genera.
D. M. domestica and M. sierversii belong to the same species and the same genus.
The correct answer is C. The taxa must follow the hierarchical order. Even though M. domestica and P. domestica have the
same species name, they belong to different genera and hence must be different species.
5
Cambridge IGCSE Biology Study Guide
Plasmodium, Pneumococcus,
Examples Pea, maize Housefly, cat Mucor, yeast
Amoeba Lactobacillus
Plant
Plants are essential to any ecosystem. They provide almost
all the energy for the ecosystem, as they can get that energy
directly from sunlight. Characteristics to remember about
plants are:
▶ Chloroplasts in stems and leaves allow plants to make
food using sunlight in a process known as photosynthesis
(see Chapter 6).
▶ Cell walls are made of cellulose.
▶ Plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch.
6
Chapter 1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms
There are four phyla within the plant kingdom. Three of them, including ferns, are non-
flowering plants. The other phylum includes flowering plants.
Ferns
Ferns are vascular plants and have true
roots, stems and leaves. Their leaves (fronds)
have a featherlike shape and reproductive
spores are stored under leaves (in structures
called sori).
Flowering plants
They are vascular plants and reproduce using
seeds. However, they produce flowers during
reproduction and the seeds are contained in
fruits.
Flowering plants can be divided into two types: monocotyledonous plants (monocots) and
dicotyledonous plants (dicots). Table 1.2 summarises the differences between these two
plant types:
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Features
Number of
seed leaves One (mono- = 1) Two (di- = 2)
(cotyledon)
Number of
Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5
flower parts
7
Cambridge
Other CIE publications: International
Examinations
Key Features:
∙ Concise notes with clear illustrations and diagrams
∙ Common mistakes to highlight and correct misconceptions
∙ End-of-chapter questions for effective exam preparation Core & Extended
∙ Content summaries for quick revision
∙ A practice test aligning closely to the latest exam format
Cambridge IGCSE
Biology
For CIE
Scan the QR code for answers to all practice and
Practice Test Paper 2 and 4 questions.