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1
Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
Damnum Absque Injuria – the proper exercise of a GR: When a criminal action is instituted, the civil action
lawful right cannot constitute a legal wrong for which an for the recovery of civil liability arising from the offense
action will lie, although the act may result in damage to charged is deemed instituted with the criminal action
another, for no legal right has been invaded XPN:
1. Waiver of the Civil Action
Principle of Abuse of Rights – the exercise of right ends 2. Reserves the right to institute it separately
when the right disappears, and it disappears when it is 3. Institutes the Civil Action prior to the criminal
abused especially to the prejudice of others; elements: action
1. There is a legal right or duty
2. It is exercised in bad faith Prejudicial Question – that which arises in a case the
3. For the sole intent of prejudicing or injuring resolution of which is a logical antecedent of the issue
another involved therein, and the cognizance of which pertains
to another tribunal; elements:
Breach of Promise to Marry 1. A previously instituted civil action involves an
GR: Per Se is not an actionable wrong issue similar or intimately related to the issue
XPN: raised in the subsequent criminal action; and
1. When the woman is a victim of moral seduction 2. The resolution of such issue determines whether
2. When the plaintiff has actually incurred or not the criminal action may proceed.
expenses for the wedding – he/she has the right
to recover money or property advanced by him PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS
or her upon the faith of such promise
PERSONS AND PERSONALITY
Accion in Rem Verso – an action for recovery of what
has been paid or delivered without just cause or legal Juridical Capacity – the fitness to be the subject of legal
ground; requisites: relations; it is inherent in every natural person; it is only
1. Defendant has been enriched lost through death; and it cannot be limited or restricted
2. Plaintiff suffered a loss
3. Enrichment of the defendant is without just or Capacity to Act – the power to do acts with legal effects;
legal ground it is not inherent but is acquired; it may be lost through
4. Plaintiff has no other action based on contract, other means or circumstances; and it can be limited or
quasi-contract, delict or quasi-delict. restricted
vs. Solutio Indebiti – mistake is an essential Civil Interdiction – an accessory penalty imposed upon
requisite here and unlike solution indebiti, the accused whose penalty is not lower than RT; effects:
action in rem verso is merely an auxiliary action 1. Deprivation of the rights of Parental Authority
or guardianship
Unfair Competition – what is sought to be prevented is 2. Deprivation of Marital Authority
the use of unjust, oppressive or high-handed methods 3. Deprivation of the right to manage his property
which may deprive others of a fair chance to engage in 4. Deprivation of the right to dispose of his
business or to earn a living; requisites: property by any act or conveyance inter vivos.
1. Injury to a competitor or trade rival
2. Involves acts which are characterized as Civil Personality – is the aptitude of being the subject of
contrary to good conscience or shocking to rights and obligations; it begins from birth (after the
judicial sensibilities or otherwise unlawful complete delivery from the mother’s womb or after the
cutting of the umbilical cord)
Effects of Acquittal upon Civil Liability
1. Accused is not the author of the crime Consequences of the Provisional Personality of
complained of – civil liability ex delicto is Conceived Child
extinguished (but this does not extend to those 1. The right to be a done of simple donation but
arising from quasi-delict or culpa aquiliana) the acceptance is made by the persons who
2. Acquittal based on Reasonable Doubt – accused would legally represent him if he were already
is NOT exempt from civil liability ex delicto born
which may be proved by preponderance of 2. The right to receive support from his
evidence only progenitors
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
3. He may not be ignored by his parents in the 3. Marriage among Muslims and Ethnic Cultural
testament – otherwise, there is preterition Communities – marriage must be solemnized
according to their customs, rites and practices
Applicability of Arts. 40, 41, and 42, NCC NB: Marriage between a Muslim and a Non-
1. There is no need to establish the civil personality Muslim is NOT covered by this rule, thus a
of the unborn is his/her juridical capacity and marriage license is required
capacity to act as a person are not in issue and 4. Legal Ratification of Marital Cohabitation: (a) man
the case is not whether the unborn child has and woman must have been living together as
acquired any rights or incurred any obligations husband and wife for at least 5 years before the
prior to his/her death that were passed on to or marriage; (b) parties have no legal impediment to
assumed by the child’s parents. marry the other during the 5-year period of
2. One need not acquire civil personality first cohabitation
before he/she could die. Death is defined as the
cessation of life. Life is not synonymous with C. Void and Voidable Marriages
civl personality.
a. Void Marriages
FAMILY CODE: August 3, 1988
GR: It is ipso facto void without the need of any judicial
MARRIAGE declaration of nullity.
XPN: For purposes of remarriage – even if the prior
A. Requisites of Marriage marriage is void ab initio, a judicial declaration of its
nullity is required before a subsequent marriage is
Essential Requisites: (1) legal capacity; and (2) consent contracted, otherwise, the subsequent marriage is in
of the contracting parties itself void ab initio for being bigamous.
NB: (a) Absence makes the marriage void; (b) defect in A void marriage can be questioned even after the death
consent makes the marriage voidable of either party; procedure: (may only be done by
compulsory or intestate heirs)
Formal Requisites: (1) authority of the solemnizing 1. If the marriage is celebrated during the
officer; (2) a valid marriage license – validity is 120 days effectivity of the Civil Code – via petition for
from issue (issued by the Local Civil Registrar); and (3) declaration of nullity of marriage
marriage ceremony
NB: A petition for the declaration of nullity of
NB: (a) Absence makes the marriage void. XPN: belief marriage is imprescriptible (XPN: if covered by
in GF by either or both of the parties that the AM-02-11-10-SC, then it may only be filed
solemnizing officer has authority to do so; (b) during the lifetime of the spouses)
irregularity shall not affect the validity of the marriage
BUT the person responsible shall be civilly, criminally 2. If the marriage is covered by AM 02-11-10-SC – a
and administratively liable. proceeding for the settlement of the estate of the
deceased spouse.
Two Basic Requirements for a Valid Marriage Reason: a petition for declaration of nullity of
Ceremony: the marriage can only be filed during the
1. There should be a personal appearance of the lifetime of the spouses, if the marriage is
contracting parties before a solemnizing officer covered by AM 02-11-10-SC (March 15, 2003).
2. Their declaration in the presence of not less than
2 witness of legal age that they take each other The following marriages are void from the beginning:
as husband and wife 1. If any of the party is below 18 years old
2. The solemnizing officer is not legally authorized
B. Marriages Exempt from the License Requirement (XPN: belief in GF by either or both of the
spouses)
1. Marriage in Articulo Mortis – in lieu of license, the 3. Lack of Valid Marriage License
solemnizing officer issues an Affidavit 4. Bigamous or Polygamous Marriages
2. Marriage in Remote Places – no means of XPN: Article 41, Family Code
transportation to appear personally before the local
civil registrar
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
a. The prior spouse (absentee) must have been e. By Reason of Intentional Killing of
absent for 4 consecutive years or 2 years Another’s Spouse
where there is danger of death; 10. Void Marriage under Article 40, FC
b. The spouse present has a well-founded The article refers to a situation where the prior
belief that the absent spouse is already dead; marriage is void in itself buy a party thereto did
and not secure a judicial declaration of nullity of the
c. The spouse present has obtained a judicial former marriage before contracting a subsequent
declaration of presumptive death. marriage.
NB: The rule on obtaining the judicial NB: This must be distinguished with Art. 35(4),
declaration applies only to subsequent FC since in Article 40, the subsequent marriage
marriages celebrated during the effectivity is void not because of being bigamous but for
of the Family Code. If it was under the Civil failure to comply with the requirement of the
Code, it suffices that the prescribed period law – but take note that the law still considers
of absence is met. the party liable for bigamy; on the other hand,
5. Mistake in Identity the subsequent marriage under Art. 35(4), FC is
6. Non-compliance with Art. 52, FC void for being bigamous since it was celebrated
Rules: If previous marriage is annulled or while a valid marriage is still existing.
judicially declared void, the following shall be 11. Both the present spouse and the subsequent
recorded in the appropriate civil registry: spouse acted in Bad Faith, for the both knew at
a. Judgment of annulment or of absolute the time of the celebration of the subsequent
nullity of marriage marriage that the absentee spouse is still alive
b. Partition and distribution of the properties (re: Article 41, Family Code)
of the spouses
c. Delivery of the children’s presumptive Valid Subsequent Bigamous Marriages under Art. 41,
legitimes. Family Code; requisites:
7. Psychological Incapacity 1. The prior spouse (absentee) must have been absent
Characteristics: for 4 consecutive years or 2 years where there is
a. Gravity – illness must be shown as danger of death;
downright incapacity or inability, not a mere 2. The spouse present has a well-founded belief that
refusal, neglect or difficulty, much less ill the absent spouse is already dead; and
will. 3. The spouse present has obtained a judicial
b. Juridical Antecedence – must be shown to declaration of presumptive death. (This judicial
be existing at the time of the marriage, declaration is obtained when the present spouse
although overt manifestations may emerge wishes to marry and he/she files a summary
only after the marriage. proceeding of such nature)
c. Incurability – must be shown to be
medically or clinically permanent or Termination of the Subsequent Marriage under Art. 41
incurable and such incurability may be of the Family Code
absolute or even relative only. 1. If marriage was celebrated under the Civil Code, it
8. Incestuous Marriages is terminated by final judgment of annulment in a
a. Between ascendants and descendants of any case instituted by the absent spouse who reappears
degree, whether legitimate or illegitimate of by either or the spouses in the subsequent
b. Between brothers and sisters, full or half- marriage for the ground – reappearance of the
blood, legitimate or illegitimate absentee spouse
9. By reason of Pubic Policy 2. If marriage was celebrated during the effectivity of
a. Between Collateral Blood Relatives – up to the Family Code, either: (a) by the recording of the
4th civil degree, legitimate or illegitimate affidavit of reappearance; or (b) by by judicial
b. Between Step-Parents and Step-Children declaration of dissolution or termination of the
NB: Marriage between step-brothers and subsequent marriage.
step-sisters are now valid under the Family 3. If the declaration of the absentee spouse’s
Code presumptive death is through fraud or is a sham –
c. Between Parents-in-Law and Children-in- the remedy of that spouse is NOT to file an affidavit
Law of reappearance BUT an action to annul the
d. Adoptive Relationships judgment declaring him presumptively dead.
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
5
Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
Defenses in Legal Separation spouses, such donation is void pursuant to Art. 751
1. Where the aggrieved party has condoned the of the Civil Code.
offense or act complained of;
2. Where the aggrieved party has consented to the C. Systems of Absolute Community
commission of the offense or act complained of;
3. Where there is connivance between the parties in In General
the commission of the offense or act constituting the The H and W become joint owners of all the properties
ground for legal separation; of the marriage (brought or acquired thereafter), except
4. Where both parties have given ground for legal those excluded under Art. 92, FC.
separation;
5. Where there is collusion between the parties to Properties Excluded
obtain decree of legal separation; or Properties Acquired Properties Acquired
6. Where the action is barred by prescription (5 years Prior The Marriage After The Marriage
from the occurrence of the cause) Those acquired by either Those acquired through
spouse who has gratuitous title,
PROPERTY RELATIONS OF SPOUSES legitimate descendants including fruits and
by former marriage, income (XPN: the
A. General Provisions including fruits and grantor expressly
income provides that they shall
What shall govern their property relations? form part of the ACP)
a. The marriage settlement, if one is executed – such For Personal and For Personal and
must be in writing, signed and executed before the Exclusive Use (XPN: Exclusive Use (XPN:
celebration of the marriage. In order to be Jewelries) Jewelries)
enforceable as against 3rd persons, it must be Excluded in the Marriage
registered in the local civil registry where the Settlement
marriage contract is registered as well as in the
registries of the properties. Obligations Chargeable to the Absolute Community
b. In absence of marriage settlement or in case it is 1. Support of spouse, common children and legitimate
void: children of either spouse
i. Conjugal Partnership of Gains – is marriage was 2. Debts and Obligations
celebrated before the Family Code a. Ante-nuptial Debts: chargeable to ACP only if it
ii. Absolute Community of Property – if marriage redounded to the benefit of the family
is celebrated during the effectivity of the Family b. Those contracted during the marriage by: (a)
Code both spouses; (b) by one spouse with the consent
iii. Complete Separation of Property – if no of the other; (c) by one spouse without the
liquidation of the property regime is made consent of the other but redounded to the benefit
within 1 year from death of the deceased spouse of the family; or (d) by the administrator-spouse
if it redounded to the benefit of the family
B. Donations by Reason of Marriage or Donation 3. Others – see Art. 94, Family Code
Propter Nuptias
NB: The following shall be paid by the ACP,
Formalities considered as an advance share of the debtor-
1. Personal Property with value more than PHP 5000 – spouse, in case that his separate property is not
must be in writing to be valid sufficient to pay such:
2. Real Property – must be in public instrument to be a. Ante-nuptial Debt which did not redound to
valid the benefit of the family
b. Support of Illegitimate Children
Donation Propter Nuptias c. Those expenses for a crime or quasi-delict
1. With respect to present property –
a. Regime of Absolute Community – no limitation Administration and Disposition of ACP
of donation to future spouse NB: The power to administer by one of the spouses does
b. Other Regimes – not more than 1/5 of the not include the power to dispose or encumber without
present property, anything in excess is void. the authority of the court or written approval of the
2. With respect to future property – must be in a form other spouse.
of a will. But if the donor is other than the future
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
Continuing Offer – if the disposition or encumbrance 1. Properties acquired by onerous title during the
is void, the transaction shall be considered as a marriage at the expense of the common fund.
continuing offer on the part of the consenting spouse 2. Property obtained during the marriage from the
and the 3rd person, and may be perfected upon labor, industry, work or profession of either or both
acceptance or authorization by the other spouse or the spouses.
court before the offer is withdrawn. 3. Fruits from Conjugal Properties and “net fruits”
NB: This is NOT ratification since a void contract from separate properties.
cannot be ratified! 4. Share in hidden treasure and those acquired
through fishing or hunting
Dissolution or Termination of the Absolute Community 5. Those acquired through chance, such as winnings
1. Death by either spouse – it is mandatory that the from gambling or betting (losses are taken from
ACP must be liquidated a year from the death of exclusive properties)
the deceased spouse, otherwise: any encumbrance 6. Livestock existing at the dissolution od the
shall be considered void (however, SC said that the partnership, in excess of the number of each kind
sale shall be considered valid so long as there is yet brought to the marriage by either spouse.
a partition of the property and the sale is limited
only to the ideal share of the selling co-heir) and a Obligations Chargeable to CPG
regime of complete separation of property shall 1. Support of spouse, common children and legitimate
govern the subsequent marriage of the surviving children of either spouse
spouse 2. Debts and Obligations
2. Finality of a Decree of Legal Separation – this does a. Ante-nuptial Debts: chargeable to CPG only if it
not include separation in fact redounded to the benefit of the family
3. Finality of Judgment of Annulment b. Those contracted during the marriage by: (a)
4. Finality of Judgment declaring the marriage Void – both spouses; (b) by one spouse with the
available only to a Void Marriage by reason of non- consent of the other; (c) by one spouse without
compliance with Art. 40, FC. the consent of the other but redounded to the
5. Upon Judicial Separation of property during the benefit of the family; or (d) by the
marriage, voluntarily or for a cause. administrator-spouse if it redounded to the
benefit of the family
D. Conjugal Partnership of Gains c. Taxes and Expenses
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
executed and signed by them before the birth of Effect of Termination of Marriage and Remarriage of
the child. Mother on Child’s Status
e. Surrogate Mother Contract – such agreement is a. Applicability of Article 168, FC
not recognized under the Philippine Law it i. Requisites:
being contrary to law, morals and public policy. (a) A previous marriage is terminated
2. Presumption of Legitimacy (b) The mother contracted another marriage
a. A child conceived through a wife’s infidelity to within 300 days after the termination of the
another man while legally married to her previous marriage
husband, is considered as a legitimate child of (c) A child is born within 300 days after the
the husband and wife for that child was termination of previous marriage
conceived during a valid and subsisting ii. Rules in determining Paternity:
marriage. (a) The child belongs to the first marriage and
b. Referring to (a.) the mother cannot declare the first husband is considered the father if:
against the child’s legitimacy by denying the (1) it be born BEFORE 180 days after the
paternity of her husband. solemnization of the second marriage; and (2)
within 300 days after the termination of the
Impugning Legitimate Child’s Legitimacy previous marriage.
a. Who can impugn: (b) The child belongs to the first marriage and
GR: Personal Right of the Husband the first husband is considered the father if:
XPN: Heirs of the husband; if: (1) it be born AFTER 180 days after the
i. The husband dies before the expiration of the solemnization of the second marriage; and (2)
prescriptive period; even if born within 300 days after the
ii. The husband dies after the filing of the action termination of the previous marriage.
without desisting therefrom; and
iii. If the child was born after the death of the Rights of a Legitimate Child
husband 1. Right to use surnames of the mother and father
b. Prescriptive Period of Action to Impugn Legitimacy 2. Right to Receive Support
i. 1 year from knowledge of birth or recording of 3. Successional Rights
such birth in the civil register – if the husband 4. Citizenship – only legitimate children follows the
or his heirs resides in the city or municipality citizenship of the father
where the birth took place or was recorded
ii. 2 years – if the husband or his heirs do not B. Proof of Filiation
reside at the place of birth or where it was
recorded, but are all residing in the Philippines Accepted Proofs of Filiation
iii. 3 years – if husband or heirs reside abroad 1. The record of birth appearing in the civil register or
c. Grounds to Impugn Legitimacy a final judgment
i. Physical Impossibility of Sexual Intercourse – 2. An admission of legitimate filiation in a public
or within the first 120 days of the 300 days document or a private handwritten instrument and
immediately preceding the birth of the child: signed by the parent concerned.
(a) Impotency (not sterility) a. Private Handwritten Instrument – (a) there must
(b) Fact that they are living separately and be a statement of admission of filiation; and (b)
sexual intercourse was impossible the handwritten instrument must be signed by
(c) Serious Illness of the husband which the parent concerned
absolutely prevented sexual intercourse NB: If this is the lone evidence, both
ii. Biological or Scientific Reasons (i.e. the written requirements must be followed to be given
authorization of either parent was obtained weight; however, if it is mere corroborative of
through mistake, fraud, violence, intimidation another evidence, absence of the signature of the
or undue influence) parent concerned will not invalidate the
d. Legitimacy of the Child is NOT subject to a instrument
collateral attack but only through a direct action 3. The open and continuous possession of the status of
brought for that purpose a legitimate child; or
Collateral Attacks like: (a) an action for 4. Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and
reconveyance; (b) action for partition; (c) special laws. (i.e. DNA Test, Rule 130 ROC) by
petition for correction of entries under R. 108, totality of evidence
ROC
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
(i) if one spouse seeks to adopt the legitimate guardian/counsel, the adoption may be rescinded on
son/daughter of the other; or any of the following grounds committed by the
(ii) if one spouse seeks to adopt his/her own adopter(s):
illegitimate son/daughter: Provided, However, (a) repeated physical and verbal maltreatment by
that the other spouse has signified his/her consent the adopter(s) despite having undergone
thereto; or counseling;
(iii) if the spouses are legally separated from each (b) attempt on the life of the adoptee;
other. (c) sexual assault or violence; or
(d) abandonment and failure to comply with
In case husband and wife jointly adopt, or one spouse parental obligations.
adopts the illegitimate son/daughter of the other, Adoption, being in the best interest of the child, shall
joint parental authority shall be exercised by the not be subject to rescission by the adopter(s).
spouses. However, the adopter(s) may disinherit the adoptee
for causes provided in Article 919 of the Civil Code.
Who May Be Adopted
(a) Any person below eighteen (18) years of age who Effects of Rescission
has been administratively or judicially declared If the petition is granted, the parental authority of
available for adoption; the adoptee's biological parent(s), if known, or the
(b) The legitimate son/daughter of one spouse by the legal custody of the Department shall be restored if
other spouse; the adoptee is still a minor or incapacitated. The
(c) An illegitimate son/daughter by a qualified reciprocal rights and obligations of the adopter(s)
adopter to improve his/her status to that of and the adoptee to each other shall be extinguished.
legitimacy; The court shall order the Civil Registrar to cancel
(d) A person of legal age if, prior to the adoption, said the amended certificate of birth of the adoptee and
person has been consistently considered and restore his/her original birth certificate.
treated by the adopter(s) as his/her own child Succession rights shall revert to its status prior to
since minority; adoption, but only as of the date of judgment of
(e) A child whose adoption has been previously judicial rescission. Vested rights acquired prior to
rescinded; or judicial rescission shall be respected.
(f) A child whose biological or adoptive parent(s) has All the foregoing effects of rescission of adoption
died: Provided, That no proceedings shall be shall be without prejudice to the penalties imposable
initiated within six (6) months from the time of under the Penal Code if the criminal acts are properly
death of said parent(s). proven.
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Civil Law Notes – Bar 2018
by: Kevin John D. Ampuan
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