RATAN LAL PHOOL KATORI

DEVI SARASWATI BALIKA VIDYA

MANDIR

MATHURA

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL
SESSION:-2019-
2020
SUBMITTED BY: - ANSHIKA
SHARMA
CLASS: - 12 A ROLL
th

NO. : - 12105
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CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that this
“Chemistry Investigatory
Project” on the topic “Drugs
and Alcohol” has been
successfully completed by
Anshika Sharma of class XII A
under the guidance of Mrs.
Seema Agarwal in particular
fulfillment of the curriculum of
Central Board Of Secondary
Education{CBSE} leading to
the award of annual
examination of the year 2019-
2020.

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acknowledgment
I would like to express my thanks
of gratitude to my principal Dr.
Neeta Singh who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of Chemistry on
the topic “Drugs and Alcohol”.
I would also like to thank my
Chemistry teacher Mrs. Seema
Agarwal who helped me in making
of this project. Because of this
project I came to know about many
new things. Next, I would also like
to thank my parents, friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing of this
project within the limited time
frame.
Anshika
Sharma
XII
A

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INDEX
S.NO CONTENT PAGE
NO.
1 Title 1
2 Certificate 2
3 Acknowledgment 3
4 Objective 5
5 Introduction to Drug 6
6 Drugs classification 7 to 8
7 Structures of some 9 to 10
drugs
8 Combination of 11
drugs and alcohol
9 How Drug addiction 12
begins?
10 Substance abuse 13 to 15
prevention and
some preventing
programs
11 Bibliography 16

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 OBJECTIVE
To study drugs and
alcohol, their
classification,
addictive, and
prevention from
addiction.

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INTRODUCTION TO DRUG
ADDICTION
WHAT IS MEANT BY DRUGS?
Any substance, other than food, used in the
prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of
a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be
defined as a chemical which, when taken in some
way after the body function. Drug is also known
as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied
to any stimulating or depressing substance that
can be habituating or addictive.
DRUG DEPENDENCE
Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or
treatment of diseases, or for increasing the physical and
mental performance and are withdrawn as soon as the desired
effect is achieved. Repeated use of certain drugs or a periodic
or continuous basis may make the body dependence such
drugs are called psychotropic drugs. They act on the brain and
after behavior, consciousness and capacity of perception.
Hence, they are also termed mood-altering drugs. Some
people start taking drugs without medical advice due to one
reason or other and become drug dependent.
 (6)

Classification of Drugs
Sedatives or Tranquilizers
A sedative or tranquilizer is a substance that induces
sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are
central nervous depressants and interact with brain activity
causing its deceleration. At higher doses it may result in
slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow,
uncertain reflexes. Doses of sedatives such as
benzodiazepines, when used as a hypnotic to induce sleep,
tend to be higher than amounts used to relieve anxiety,
whereas only low doses are needed to provide a peaceful
effect. Sedatives can be misused to produce an overly-
calming effect (alcohol being the classic and most common
sedating drug). In the event of an overdose or if combined
with another sedative, many of these drugs can cause
unconsciousness (see hypnotic) and even death.

Opiate Narcotics
Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean a
drug derived from opium.Opioid, a more modern term, is
used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic,
that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including
antagonists).Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found
in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. The
psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include
morphine,codeine, and thebaine. Opiates are considered drugs
 (7)
With moderate to high abuse potential and are listed on
various "Substance-Control Schedules" under the Uniform
Controlled Substances Act of the United States of America.
Stimulants
Stimulants are essentially the direct opposite of depressants.
These substances bring about increased activity, sped up
mental and physical processes, and feelings of well-being and
euphoria. One of the most prominent examples of a stimulant
is the illicit substance Cocaine, although others include
methamphetamine, ecstasy, and amphetamine medications
like Adder-all. Some may think that sped up physical/mental
processes and increased activity may sound like a good thing,
but realistically, these substances cause the system to work
harder, which can lead to various complications. Stimulant
medications are prescribed for conditions like ADHD,
asthma, and mood disorders.
Hallucinogens
These kinds of drugs are quite prevalent in the party and club
scene. They have effects like altered perception, decreased
coordination. This class can have quite a severe impact on the
brain. Common substances in this category include magic
mushrooms, PCP, and LSD.

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STRUCTURES OF SOME
MENTIONED DRUGS
Sedatives or Tranquilizers

Barbiturates Benzodiazepines

Opiate Narcotics

Morphine, codeine Heroine

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Stimulants

Caffeine Cocaine

Hallucinogens

Mescaline Psilocybin
 (10)

COMBINATION OF DRUGS AND

ALCOHOL
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate 'kid' or
'charge'. Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol are taken
together, each doubles the effect of the other. A mixture of
cocaine and heroin called speed ball, gives spontaneous kick
of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of heroin.

Sr. Effect
No Combination
1 Alcohol+Barbiturates Markedly increased
depressant effect.

2 Alcohol + Antihistamines Marked drowsiness

3 Alcohol+ Valium Dramatically increased

sedative effect

4 Alcohol+Marijuana or Hashish Decreased coordination

increased reaction time
impaired judgment

5 Alcohol+Aspirin Increased changes of

damage to gastric mucosa
 (11)

How Drug Addiction Begins?

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
Some of them are:-

●Curiosity:- Frequent references to drugs by public

media create curiosity for having a personal experience of
the drugs.
●Friend's Pressure:-Frequent appreciation of drug

experience by friends allures others to start the use of drugs.

●Frustration and Depression:- Some

people start taking drugs to get relief from frustration and

depression.
●Desire for More Work:- Student some time

take drugs to keep away the whole night to prepare for

examination. It is not desirable as it may cause mental
breakdown.
●Looking for Different World:- A wrong

notation that the drug opens up a new world tempts some

young octets to start taking drug.
●Relief from Pain:- A prolonged use of pain
relieving drugs with physician's advice at times leads to
addiction.
●Family History:- Children may take to drugs by

seeing their elders in family

●Excitement and Adventure: - young take

to drugs to satisfy their instinct for excitement and adventure.

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Substance abuse
prevention
Substance Abuse Prevention, also known as drug abuse
prevention, is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of
substance use or limit the development of problems
associated with using psycho active’s substances. Prevention
efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A
concept known as "environmental prevention" focuses on
changing community conditions or policies so that the
availability of substances is reduce as well as the demand.

Substance abuse prevention efforts typically focus on minors

– children and teens. Substances typically targeted by
preventive efforts include alcohol (including binge drinking,
drunkenness and driving under the influence), TABBACCO
(including CIGRETES and various forms of smokeless
tobacco), marijuana, inhalants(volatile solvents including
among other things glue, gasoline, aerosols, ether, fumes
from fluid and marking pens), cocaine, methamphetamine,
steroids, CLUB DRUGS (such as MDMA), and opioids.

Some prevention programs

Family based prevention programs
"Prevention programs can strengthen protective factors among
young children by teaching parents better family communication
skills, appropriate discipline styles, firm and consistent rule

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enforcement, and other family management approaches. Research

confirms the benefits of parents providing consistent rules and
discipline, talking to children about drugs, monitoring their
activities, getting to know their friends, understanding their
problems and concerns, and being involved in their learning. The
importance of the parent-child relationship continues through
adolescence and beyond" (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2003).
Smit, Verdurmen, Monshouwer, and Smil conducted research
analysis to measure the effectiveness of family interventions about
teen and adolescence drug and alcohol use. According to their data
alcohol and drug use is very common in Western societies. For
example, 18% of the young adults between the ages of 12-14 year
old in US have indulged in binge drinking. According to quantities
in 2006, 73% of 16-year-old US students were reported having used
alcohol; In Northern Europe this is 90%. Since early use of alcohol
and other substances may cause serious health, immediate solutions
to this problem are required.
School-based prevention programs
There are a number of community-based prevention programs and
classes that aim to educate children and families about the harms
of substance abuse. Schools began introducing substance abuse
oriented classes for their students in grades as low as preschool. The
inclusion of prevention studies into classroom curriculums at a
young age have been shown to help to break early behaviors that
could be signs drug abuse in the future. Around 40% of children
have tried alcohol by the time that they are ten. There are
organizations that educate, advocates, and collaborate
to reduce drug and alcohol problems in the state. Some programs
may begin by allowing students to be interactive and learn skills
such as how to refuse drugs. This is proven to be a more effective
method than strictly educational or non-interactive ones.
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When direct influences (e.g., peers) and indirect influences (e.g.,
media influence) are addressed, the program is better able to cover
broad social influences that most programs do not consider.
Programs that encourage a social commitment to abstaining from
drugs show lower rates of drug use. Getting the community outside
of the school to participate and also using peer leaders to facilitate
the interactions tend to be an effective facet of these programs.
Lastly, teaching youth and adolescents skills that increase resistance
skills in social situations may increase protective factors in that
population.
Community prevention programs
Prevention programs work at the community level with civic,
religious, law enforcement, and other government organizations to
enhance anti-drug norms and pro-social behaviors. Many programs
help with prevention efforts across settings to help send messages
through school, work, religious institutions, and the media. Research
has shown that programs that reach youth through multiple settings
can remarkably influence community norms. Community-based
programs also typically include development of policies or
enforcement of regulations, mass media efforts, and community-
wide awareness programs.

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Bibliography
 www.chemistry.org
 www.slideshare.in
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.icbse.com
 www.sciencebuddies.org
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