Social aspect of engineering

(by:- Manvendra Sharma, Online Chegg Tutor and Gate Mentor

at Gate school, 9461645106)

2.Exodus to urban areas

The movement of people from one area to another is
today an important and characteristic phenomenon of
population particularly of that of developing countries.
India has a long history of migration which has shaped its
social history, culture and pattern of development. In pre-
colonial times, the reasons for the circulation of
populations were mainly for religious and trade purposes.
But now a days people have many reasons for migration
mainly are education, business, work/employment,
marriage, moved after birth, moved with household and
any other. Migration due to military movements , also
played an important role. As per census 2011, the urban
population is 31.16 percent it reflects that the pace of
urbanization has been steadly growing.
Migration:
Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order
to live and work. Movement of people from their home to
another city, state or country for a job, shelter or some other
reasons is called migration. Migration from rural to urban areas
has increased in past few years in India.
Migration is defined as a permanent or semi-permanent change
of residence of an individual from one area to another.

Types of migration:-
.rural to rural (70% as per NSSO in 2007-08)
.rural to urban(14.8% “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ )
.urban to rural(4.9% “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “)
.urban to urban (10.3% “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ ‘ ‘ )

Causes of migration:-
1. Better life:- people shift one place to another place for the
better life than in present place.
2. Employment:- in rural areas the rate of unemployment is
higher due to poor condition of farming sector in India.
3. Construction of dams:- residents of a site of the dam
construction shift from the location of construction to
another place.
4. Natural disaster:- due to the natural disaster like flood,
draught etc. people shift from another safe place.
 5. Education:- for good education institutions attracted 15.25
percent of adult male migrants in urban areas.

Positive impacts:-
1. Unemployment is reduced and people get better job
opportunities.
2. Migration helps in improving the quality of life of people.
3. It helps to improve social life of people as they learn about
new culture, customs, and language which helps to
improve.
4. Children get better opportunities for higher education.
5. Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater economic
growth of the region.
6. The population density is reduced and the birth rate
decreases.

Negative impact:-
1. The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the level of
output and development of rural areas.
2. The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition
for the job, houses, school facilities etc.
3. Having large population puts too much pressure on natural
resources, amenities and services.
 4. Migration changes the population of a place, therefore, the
distribution of the population is uneven in India.
5. Poverty makes them unable to live a normal and healthy
life.
6. Many migrants are completely illiterate and uneducated,
therefore, they are not only unfit for most jobs, nut also lack
basic knowledge and life skills.
7. Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase
many problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime,
pollution.
8. Migration is one of the main causes of the increasing
nuclear family where children grow up without a wider
family circle.

Remedial measures:-
1. The villages should have a medical facility where reputed
doctors should come vis-à-vis with patients at least in a
week.
2. The govt. should design each village with a banking
facilities.
3. The major reason for migration from rural to urban is
unemployment. So, govt. should improve rural based
employment such as agriculture, piggery, apiculture, dairy,
fisheries, poultry, animal husbandry etc.
4. Provide better education system.
5. Electric supply is also the premier one.
6. They should be literate to understand the govt. schemes.
7. Good accessibility of transport and communication system
between the rural and urban areas of the country.
8. Urban civic amenities and facilities, bright city lights,
theathers, shopping malls, sports academy, metalled road,
parks etc.
9. There should have been effective implementation of govt.
schemes and regular monitoring.