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8. The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact
hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early
Earth. Like the other planets, Earth formed from the leftover cloud of dust and
gas orbiting the young sun. The early solar system was a violent place, and a
number of bodies were created that never made it to full planetary status. One of
these could have crashed into Earth not long after the young planet was created.
9. Known as Theia, the Mars-sized body collided with Earth, throwing vaporized
chunks of the young planet's crust into space. Gravity bound the ejected particles
together, creating a moon that is the largest in the solar system in relation to its
host planet. This sort of formation would explain why the moon is made up
predominantly of lighter elements, making it less dense than Earth — the
material that formed it came from the crust, while leaving the planet's rocky core
untouched. As the material drew together around what was left of Theia's core, it
would have centered near Earth's ecliptic plane, the path the sun travels through
the sky, which is where the moon orbits today.
10. According to NASA, "When the young Earth and this rogue body collided, the
energy involved was 100 million times larger than the much later event believed
to have wiped out the dinosaurs."
11. Although this is the most popular theory, it is not without its challenges. Most
models suggest that more than 60 percent of the moon should be made up of the
material from Theia. But rock samples from the Apollo missions suggest
otherwise.
12. "In terms of composition, the Earth and moon are almost twins, their
compositions differing by at most few parts in a million," Alessandra
Mastrobuono-Battisti, an astrophysicist at the Israel Institute of Technology in
Haifa, told Space.com. "This contradiction has cast a long shadow on the giant-
impact model."
13. Mastrobuono-Battisti's team was able to create a model that suggested that
Theia and the Earth shouldn't be as widely different as previously thought.

14. In 2017, Israeli researchers proposed that a rain of small debris fell on Earth to
create the moon.

15. "The multiple-impact scenario is a more natural way of explaining the formation
of the moon," Raluca Rufu, a researcher at the Weizmann Institute of Science in
Israel and lead author of the study, told Space.com. "In the early stages of the
 solar system, impacts were very abundant; therefore, it is more natural that
several common impactors formed the moon, rather than one special one.
16. Co-formation theory
17. Moons can also form at the same time as their parent planet. Under such an
explanation, gravity would have caused material in the early solar system to draw
together at the same time as gravity bound particles together to form Earth. Such
a moon would have a very similar composition to the planet, and would explain
the moon's present location. However, although Earth and the moon share much
of the same material, the moon is much less dense than our planet, which would
likely not be the case if both started with the same heavy elements at their core.
18. In 2012, researcher Robin Canup, of the Southwest Research Institute in Texas,
proposed that Earth and the moon formed at the same time when two massive
objects five times the size of Mars crashed into each other.

19. "After colliding, the two similar-sized bodies then re-collided, forming an early
Earth surrounded by a disk of material that combined to form the moon," NASA
said. "The re-collision and subsequent merger left the two bodies with the similar
chemical compositions seen today.