ChE 311: Industrial Chemistry

INTRODUCTION

Industrial Chemistry deals with the preparation of products from raw materials through the agency of
chemical change.

Chemistry is important to industry by:

 Regulating manufacturing process

 Quality Control
 Research & Development

Sources of Raw Materials from the natural environment

 Lithosphere – Earth’s Crust

 Hydrosphere – Marine and Oceanic Environment
 Atmosphere – Air
 Plants – Flora

Classification of Natural Resources

1. Renewable
Resources that generate themselves
Forestry, fishery, and wildlife
2. Non-Renewable
Resources that are formed over long periods of time
Minerals, metals, and organic materials
 Renewable resources can be non renewable when the rate of consumption of
renewable resources is greater than the rate of regeneration

Chemical Industries commonly manufactured:

 Heavy Chemicals
o Common acids, soda ash, salt
 Fine Chemicals
o Result from a series of small-scale chemical operations

Characteristics of Chemical Industry

 It must be essentially science-based industry

 It must be with great commitment and investment to Research & Development

Eight Standard Industrial Classifications

1. Industrial Inorganic Chemicals

2. Plastic Materials, and Synthetics
3. Drugs
4. Soap, Cleaners, and Toilet Goods
5. Paints and Allied Products

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan 1

 ChE 311: Industrial Chemistry

6. Industrial Organic Chemicals

7. Agricultural Chemicals
8. Miscellaneous Chemical Products

Typical Structure of a Chemical Manufacturing Process

Raw Materials Physical Chemical Separation & Raw Materials

Treatment Reactions Purifications

Unreacted Materials

Primary Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Batch Reactions
-Chemicals are added to the reactor at the same time and products are emptied completely
when the reaction is finished
2. Continuous Reactions
-Reactants are added and products are removed at a constant rate from the reactor

General Principles of Industrial Chemistry

- When undertaking a case study of a particular chemical industry, the following characteristics must be
studied:

1. Feedstock (Raw materials, preparation)

2. Rate(Temperature and Pressure Variables)
3. Production Yield
4. Co-Products/By-Products
5. Waste Disposal and Effluent Control
6. Quality Control
7. Safety
8. Costs
9. Site Location
10. Suitable Materials for the Construction of a Chemical Plant

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan 2

 ChE 311: Industrial Chemistry

Stoichiometric Relations

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

% 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = ×100
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

% 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

% 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

% 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

%𝑌𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 = × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan 3

 ChE 311: Industrial Chemistry

Problems for Stoichiometry

1. The most important commercial process for converting N2 from the air into nitrogen-containing compounds is based if
the reaction of N2 and H2 to form ammonia (NH3).

a) How many moles of NH3 can be formed from .1071 gram of N2 and 3 grams of H2?
b) Which is the Limiting Reactant?
c) Which is the Excess Reactant?

2. A strip of zinc metal with a mass of 2.00 g is placed in an aqueous solution containing 2.50g of silver nitrate, causing
the following reaction to occur:

Zn (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) 2 Ag (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq)

a) Which is the limiting reactant?

b) How many grams of Ag will form?
c) How many grams of Zn(NO3)2 will form?
d) How many grams of excess reactant will be left at the end of the reaction?

3. Adipic Acid, H2C6H8O4, is used to produce nylon. The acid is made commercially by a controlled reaction between
cyclohexane (C6H12) and O2:

2 C6H12 (l) + 5 O2 (g) 2 H2C6H8O4 (l) + 2 H2O (g)

a) Assume that you carry out this reaction starting with 25.0 g of cyclohexane and that cyclohexane is the limiting
reactant. What is the theoretical yield of adipic acid?
b) If you obtain 33.5 g of adipic acid from your reaction, what is the percentage yield of adipic acid?

4. In a small scale reaction, the process by which iron ore containing Fe2O3 is converted into iron by the equation:

Fe2O3 (s) + 3 CO (g) 2 Fe (s) + 3 CO2 (g)

a) If you start with 150 g of Fe2O3 as the limiting reagent, what is the theoretical yield of Fe?
b) If the actual yield of Fe in your test was 87.9 g, what was the percentage yield?

5. Antimony is obtained by heating pulverized stibnite (Sb2S3) with scrap iron and drawing off the molten antimony from
the bottom of the reaction vessel:

Sb2S3 + Fe Sb + FeS

Suppose that 0.600 kg of stibnite and 0.250 kg of iron turnings are heated together to give 0.200 kg of Sb metal.

Determine the following:

a) Limiting Reactant
b) Percent Excess Reactant
c) Degree of Completion
d) % Conversion of Sb2S3 to Sb
e) Yield of Sb

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan 4

 ChE 311: Industrial Chemistry

Problems for Gas Laws

1. A sample of 100 grams of an ideal gas at 0.8 bar pressure has its volume doubled and
absolute temperature tripled. Find the final pressure.

2. Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3(s), decomposes upon heating to give CaO(s) and CO2(g). A
sample of CaCO3 is decomposed, and the carbon dioxide is collected in a 250-ml flask.
After the decomposition is complete, the gas has a pressure of 1.3 atm at a
temperature of 31oC. How many moles of CO2 gas were generated?

3. Find the molar volume of an ideal gas at 23oC and 1atm.

4. What is the density of N2 at 80oC and 745 mmHg compared to air at 80oC and 745
mmHg?

5. A certain mixture of N2 and O2 has a density of 1.185g/L at 101.325kPa. Find the mole
fraction of O2 in the mixture.

6. A gaseous mixture made from 6.00g O2 and 9.00g CH4 is placed in a 15.0L vessel at 0oC.
What is the partial pressure of each gas, and what is the total pressure in the vessel?

7. A study of the effects of certain gas on plant growth requires a synthetic atmosphere
composed of 1.5 mol percent CO2, 18.0 mol percent O2, and 80.5 mol percent Ar.
a. Calculate the partial pressure of O2 in the mixture if the total pressure of the
atmosphere is to be 745 torr.
b. If this atmosphere is to be held in a 121-L space at 295K, how many moles of O2
are needed?

8. A sample of KClO3 is partially decomposed, producing O2 gas that is collected over

water. The volume of gas collected is 0.250-L at 26oC and 765 torr total pressure.
a. How many moles of O2 are collected?
b. How many grams of KClO3 were decomposed?

Prepared by: Benedict S. Marzan 5