Kayla White Phys1502-027L Kichhoff’s Law Pre-lab 03/07/2019

[4.1] Question: Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to derive the equations needed to answer

the following questions.

1. The circuit in Figure 4.2 (a) is an example of a voltage divider:

(a) If all resistors in the circuit were modeled by a single resistor, what would be the

effective resistance of the circuit?

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ….

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

(b) What is the potential 𝑽𝟐 across 𝑹𝟐 in terms of the power supply potential V and the two

resistances 𝑹𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟐 ?

𝑉
𝑉 − 𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 0 𝑉 − 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 0 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 𝑉 𝐼=𝑅
1 +𝑅2

𝑉
𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅2 𝑉2 = (𝑅 )𝑅2
1 +𝑅2

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅2 = 𝑉𝑅2 /(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )

(c) How would your results for (a) and (b) change if the resistor, say 𝑹𝟑 , was placed in

parallel with 𝑹𝟐 ?

𝑰 𝑰 𝑰 𝑹 𝑹
=𝑹 +𝑹 𝑹𝟐𝟑 = 𝑹 𝟐+𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝟐𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

Total equivalent resistance:

𝑅 𝑅 𝑅1 (𝑅2 +𝑅3 )+𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅1 𝑅3 +𝑅2 𝑅3

𝑅′𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅 2+𝑅3 = 𝑅2 +𝑅3
= 𝑅2 +𝑅3
2 3
 Using Kirchhoff’s Law:

𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅1 𝑅3 +𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑉 𝑉(𝑅2 +𝑅3 )

𝑉 − 𝐼𝑅 ′ 𝑒𝑞 = 0 𝐼( )=𝑉 𝐼= 𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 = (𝑅
𝑅2 +𝑅3 ( 1 2 1 3 2 3) 1 𝑅2 +𝑅1 𝑅3 +𝑅2 𝑅3)
𝑅2 +𝑅3

 Current flowing through the circuit

𝑽(𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 ) 𝑹 𝑹 𝑽(𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 )

𝑽′𝟐 = ((𝑹 )( 𝑹 𝟐+𝑹𝟑 ) = (𝑹
𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑) 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟑 +𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑)

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅2 .

2. The circuit in Figure 4.2 (B) is an example of a current divider:

(a) If all resistors in the circuit were modeled by a single resistor, what would be the

effective resistance of the circuit?

𝑰 𝑰 𝑰 𝑰 𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐 𝑹 𝑹
=𝑹 +𝑹 = 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝑹 𝟏+𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝟏 𝟐 𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠: (𝑅1 𝑅2 )/(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )

(b) What is the current 𝑰𝟐 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝑹𝟐 in terms of the current 𝑰𝟎 and the two resistances

𝑹𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟐 ?

𝑹 𝑹 𝑹 𝑹
𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝑹 𝟏+𝑹𝟐 𝑉 − 𝐼0 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 0 𝑉 = 𝐼0 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑽 = (𝑹 𝟏+𝑹𝟐 )𝐼0
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

𝑹 𝑹
𝑉 𝑉 ( 𝟏 𝟐 )𝐼0
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐
𝐼0 = 𝑹 𝑹 𝑉 − 𝐼2 𝑅2 = 0 𝐼2 𝑅2 = 𝑉 𝐼2 = 𝑅 𝑰𝟐 =
( 𝟏 𝟐) 2 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐

𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟐 = (𝑹 ) 𝐼0
𝟏 +𝑹𝟐

𝑅1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼2 𝑖𝑠 [𝑅 ]𝐼0
1 +𝑅2
(c) How would your results for (a) and (b) change if a resistor, say 𝑹𝟑 , was placed in series

with 𝑹𝟐 ?

𝑰 𝑰 𝑰 𝑰 𝑰 𝑰
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑅23 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 =𝑹 +𝑹 =𝑹 +𝑹
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝒙 𝒚 𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝟐𝟑 𝟏

𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 (𝑅 +𝑅 ) 𝑅1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅 1+𝑅23 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅 1+(𝑅2 +𝑅3 ) 𝐼2 = (𝑅 ) 𝐼0
1 23 1 2 3 1 +(𝑅2 +𝑅3 )

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠: 𝑅1 (𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )/(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ).

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅2 𝑖𝑠: 𝑅1 𝐼0 /(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ).

3. Assume that the power supply cycles charge “q” through the circuit while held at a fixed

𝑑𝑈
potential V, delivering electrical energy 𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉. Knowing that power is defined as 𝑃 = , what
𝑑𝑡

is the power delivered to both circuits?

𝑑𝑈 𝑑(𝑞𝑉) 𝑑(𝑞)
𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉 𝑃= 𝑃= 𝑃=𝑉 = 𝐼𝑉 𝑃 = 𝐼(𝐼𝑅) = 𝐼 2 𝑅
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑉 2 𝑽𝟐
𝑃𝑎 = (𝑅 ) (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 𝑹
1 +𝑅2 𝟏 +𝑹𝟐

2
𝑉 𝑅 𝑅 𝑉2 𝒗𝟐 (𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐 )
𝑃𝑏 = ( 𝑅1 𝑅2 ) (𝑅 1+𝑅2 ) = ( 𝑅1 𝑅2 )=
1 2 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅1 +𝑅2

4. Assume that 𝑉 = 10𝑉, 𝑅1 = 5 𝑘𝛺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 = 10 𝑘𝛺:

(a) Calculate the effective resistances, potentials, currents, and power that you derived in

questions 1-3.

->Effective Resistance: 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 5 𝑘𝛺 + 10 𝑘𝛺 = 15 𝑘𝛺

 𝑉𝑅2 𝑉𝑅2 (10)(10)
->Potential: 𝑅2 = 𝑅 𝑅2 = 𝑅 = = 6.67 𝑘𝛺
1 +𝑅2 1 +𝑅2 5+10

𝑉𝑅1 (10)(5)
𝑅1 = 𝑅 = (5)+(10) = 3.333 𝑘𝛺
1 +𝑅2

𝑉 10
->Current: 𝐼 = (𝑅 𝐼 = (5+10) 𝐼 = .666 𝐴
1 +𝑅2 )

2 2
->Power: 𝑃 = 𝐼(𝐼𝑅) = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = (3) (15) = 6.67 𝑊

(b) Calculate how the voltage and current would change in questions 1 (c) and 2(c) when:

𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛺

𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑘𝛺

𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏 𝑀𝛺