International Transaction of Electrical and Computer Engineers System, 2014, Vol. 2, No.

1, 7-13
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/iteces/2/1/2
© Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/iteces-2-1-2

Last 50 Years of Hydro Energy-a Bibliographic Survey

Atul Rai, Mohit Jain, Anuradha Tomar*

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Northern India Engineering College, New Delhi, India
*Corresponding author: anuradhatomar@ieee.org

Received December 05, 2013; Revised December 18, 2013; Accepted January 08, 2014
Abstract A study has been done for past 50 years in the field of hydroelectric power generation. The various
features of a hydroelectric plant have been covered. The paper has been divided into various categories like control,
maintenance, program based application, hydroelectric power projects and pumped storage plants. The references
have also been provided as a future reference for the analysis.
Keywords: Hydro energy, bibliographic survey, development
Cite This Article: Atul Rai, Mohit Jain, and nuradha Tomar, “Last 50 years of Hydro Energy–a
Bibliographic Survey.” International Transaction of Electrical and Computer Engineers System 2, no. 1 (2014):
7-13. doi: 10.12691/iteces-2-1-2.

transformer units. One unit can be integrated within a

1. Introduction
Hydro power is the most widely used form of
renewable energy which is clean and reliable with very
good efficiency. It cannot be depleted over time and can
be replenished consistently. The energy in the form of
kinetic energy is used to turn the water wheels and is
converted into mechanical energy that turns the turbines in
rotation and the energy is converted into electrical energy
by the generator and finally conveyed through the
transmission lines. The first section is the pumped storage
which is also used for generation by storing water’s
potential energy. It is the cheapest way to generate
electricity. Various generating methods are dams, pumped
storage, run of the river, tide and underground water. The
study has included various control and maintenance
techniques, program based applications which are the
computer simulations and algorithms. Some hydropower
projects including the three Gorges dam, Murray
hydroelectric plant and Ertan hydro plant is described.
2. Pumped Storage
A.M. Cochran, D.E. Isles and I.T. Pope [1], pumped
storage is mostly used and is one of the best methods of
developing electrical energy. A 3-stage method is adopted
to determine a practical limit to the proportion of pumped
storage plant so that better use of other energy producing
plant can be made. The first stage is feasibility assessment.
The other two stages involved detailed examination. The
method is also applicable for small hydraulic plant and is
one of the best ways of determining the characteristics of
future pumped storage plants. This method is also very
flexible.
Z. Gajic, J. Menezes, D. Trisic and M. Citakovic [2],
Described the design of an integrated numerical protection
scheme for two pump storage generator or motor
single numerical multifunctional IED for complete
protection scheme regardless of the application
complexity. Section includes literature about the pumped
storage hydroelectric power plants.
3. Maintenance
Yitao Chen and Zhaohui Li [3], showed that in order to
reduce the maintenance cost and the equipment downtime,
the maintenance strategy for hydro power plants have to
be progressively changed from time-based maintenance
(TBM) to condition-based maintenance (CBM). A 3D
dynamic modelling method consisting of digitized
modelling (DM) method for hydroelectric generating unit
(HGU) is discussed and the distributed physical graphic-
net modelling method to satisfy the demands of CBM in
this paper is also discussed. It gives an introduction to the
aim of digitized modelling method, technologies,
executive steps and the foundations. According to the
hydro turbine governing system, the methods and its
executive steps of DM method are particularly described
with an application example of wobble gate main
servomotor. With the introduction of the digitized
modelling method in hydropower plant, it has been seen
that this method in the maintenance field is a great
advancement in course of device operation, maintenance
and management.
I Kuzle, H Pandzic and S Tesnjak [4], described that the
maintenance of the generating facilities is necessary for
economical and for reliable operation of the power system.
Economic aspect which is responsible for revenue and
technical aspect, which provides desirable level of
reliability of the power system, has to be confronted and
the cheapest solution which complies with the technical
limitations has to be obtained. The paper discussed the
mathematical programming method called Benders
decomposition. After the brief description, an application
of the Benders decomposition on the three Croatian
8 International Transaction of Electrical and Computer Engineers System
hydroelectric power plants in a row on the River Drava is
carried out.
Fu Chuang, Ye Lu-Qing, Cheng Yuan-Chu, Liu Yong-
Qian and Iung Benoi [5], showed that for realization of
integration control, maintenance and technical
management of a production process automation system,
Multi-Agent System (MAS) concept and technology is
applied in order to analyze automation system components.
A MAS-based model is also proposed for an Intelligent
Control-Maintenance-Management System (ICMMS).
According to the requests of ICMMS, the operational
mechanism and functions of all the member agents of this
model is determined based on the characteristics and basic
structure of the CMMA. This proposed model was applied
to an ICMMS platform for a hydroelectric Generating
Unit.
F Munteanu and C Nemes [6], three different
maintenance strategies namely first come-first served
(FCFS), relative priority (RP) and total priority (TP) are
presented to practical study from theoretical approach.
The results showed how these strategies were useful in
maintenance in reliability calculations and their influence
on MTTF, system reliability, steady state time interval
reliability and steady state point availability.
4. Program Based Application
Huang Shyh-Jier [7], showed that an application of
genetic based fuzzy systems to hydroelectric generation
scheduling is presented and discussed. In this method,
with respect to objectives and constraints the fuzzy logic
is implemented. A genetic algorithm was included to
further enhance the process of tuning membership
functions. By this way, membership mappings for those
important parameters can be optimally adjusted. It resulted
in the improvement in computational performance.
Through the utility data, this method was tested on
Taiwan Power System (Taipower). Test results have
demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the
proposed approach for the applications.
Zhang, Yong-Chuan and D.T. Chiang [8], they showed
the concept of convex dynamic programming. For the
dynamic programming model of the reservoir dispatch,
sufficient condition of convexity was determined. An
algorithm was proposed based on the convexity property
and was implemented on the Zhexi Hydropower station in
China. It resulted in increase of 5.6 % in the annual power
output of the Zhexi Hydropower station in China. The
result of convex dynamic programming was extended to
two other dynamic programming models of hydroelectric
power station operation.
Liu Haiying and Dai Luping [9], showed the fault
diagnosis in the hydroelectric generation a new method
using wavelet packet transform was presented. The
analysis provided a favorable means of high frequency
signals that may exist in the fault signal detection and
identification. Computer simulation showed that this
method was very effective for hydro-generator unit
vibration fault diagnosis.
R.H. Liang and Y.Y. Hsu [10], Showed that good
controlling performance in control cannot be achieved by
the conventional controllers as the hydroelectric
generation is difficult and non-linear. An advanced soft
computing technique based on fuzzy control, neural
network and genetic algorithm was used in the control of
hydroelectric generating unit system of hydropower plant.
Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters,
fuzzy reasoning system is used as controller and the rules
of fuzzy controller is used in the design of controller or
real time control process. Dynamic model of control
system based on RBF neural networks was designed to
appraise the controlling performance of fuzzy controller.
The genetic algorithm increases optimizing speed and
makes fuzzy controller acquire knowledge effectively.
The algorithm was adopted based on general genetic
algorithm and character of control system. Simulation
results showed that the designed soft computing
optimization control system can well control hydroelectric
generating unit and its control performance is superior to
conventional controller.
5. Control Methods
Zhang Jian-Ming and Wang Shu-Qing [14], showed a
new neuron model-free control method for hydroelectric
generating units. Intrinsic characteristics of generating
unit and the problem with the governing control are
considered. The neuron model free control method with
PID turning gain eliminates the influences of time-varying
parameters and the disturbances on control behaviour of
the system. The results showed that the new control
system has good real time control performance and strong
learning ability. The transient and robust performances are
improved.
Nanhua Luo and Xiaoju Yang [15], showed the
development of advanced control techniques for
hydroelectric unit and its application in the hydroelectric
power plant. With the recent development in automatic
generation control, this paper emphasizes in the
application of advanced control like the intelligent control
in the hydroelectric unit control. They have also proposed
the development and direction of control techniques for
the hydroelectric units. C. Bhurtun and I Jameerbacus [16],
showed the performance of hydroelectric plant can
deteriorate due to gate limitation caused by large
overshoot and settling time. The problem of saturation in
an isolated hydroelectric generating unit is rectified by
using a fuzzy controller. A fuzzy controller is used to
improve the performance of the system and effectiveness
is obtained. A linear stable model is developed in order to
study the frequency control problem and the load and the
performance of the system is studied when the governor
controlled gate is subjected to saturation. A fuzzy
controller is incorporated in order to improve the
performance of the system and effectiveness obtained is
shown.
6. Hydro Electric Power Projects
Gongzhi Liu, Zhihe Li, A Fuerst and D Schafer [11],
The Three Gorges hydropower project is compared to a
traditional structure on the bases of oblique element
design. J.H. Jones [12], The Murray hydroelectric project
is a two unit project with a total rated capacity of 39 MW
located on the Arkansas River is described. The emphasis
 International Transaction of Electrical and Computer Engineers System
is given on projects electrical features. The two generating
units are of open pit design with horizontal double
regulated turbines. Turbines full load speed is 46 RPM.
The generators power factor is 0.9 which is rated at 22.77
MW and rated at a voltage of 6.9 kV. The paper discusses
plants mechanical hydraulic governor, 115 kV
transmission line, black start capability, its mechanical
systems and the plant, unit and offsite control systems and
its electrical system.
Jie Fang Yong and Xue Yusheng [13], the Ertan
Hydroelectric Power Project has a total capacity of 3300
MW. An on line pre decision system (OPS-1) was
developed and was tested for emergency control. OPS-1
follows the measured operating conditions and refreshes
the look-up decision table based on online stability
analysis and pre decision making. OPS-1 integrates the
EEAC technique for stability analysis, integer
programming for transient stability control, an object
oriented processing system for contingency oriented
parallel computation into distributed devices for
emergency control. It is adaptive to change in operating
condition and structure evolution of the power system and
present emergency control system. The control system
structure, decision searching algorithm and laboratory test
results are presented in this paper.
7. Conclusion
This paper had tried to sketch a picture of research and
developments going on the area of hydro electric power.
Various fields like pumped storage, maintenance, control
methods, program based applications and hydro related
projects with reference to hydro power are considered.
Presented paper is based on many research articles papers,
published from in last 50 years. The citation listed in the
bibliography provides a representative sample of current
engineering thinking.
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