PIA B - Basic - Module 1.1 (MATHS) Arithmetic Final

PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS
Category – B
MODULE 1
Sub Module 1.1 ARITHMETIC
Sub Module 1.2 ALGEBRA
Sub Module 1.3 GEOMETRY
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1.1 Nov 2017
Category – B Sub Module 1.1 – Arithmetic

1.1 Nov 2017
MODULE 1
Sub Module 1.1
ARITHMETIC

1.1 Nov 2017

1.1 Nov 2017
Contents Multiplication of Fractions .................................................................... 14

Cancellation of Fractions ....................................................................... 14
Division of Fractions .............................................................................. 15
ARITHMETICAL TERMS AND SIGNS ............................................................. 1
Operations with Fractions ..................................................................... 15
Rational and Irrational Numbers ............................................................ 1
PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 16
Absolute Value of a Number ................................................................... 2
DECIMALS ................................................................................................. 17
PRACTICE QUESTIONS ................................................................................. 2
The Decimal System .............................................................................. 17
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS .......................................................................... 3
Fraction to Decimal Conversion............................................................. 17
The Laws of Signs .................................................................................... 3 Conversion of Decimals to Fractions ..................................................... 18
The Use of Symbols ................................................................................. 4 Operations of Decimal Numbers ........................................................... 18
The Commutative, Associative and Distributive Laws............................. 5 Powers of Ten ........................................................................................ 18
Long Multiplication ................................................................................. 6 Estimation Techniques .......................................................................... 20
Sequence of Arithmetical Operations ..................................................... 7
WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND CONVERSION FACTORS .................................. 22
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES .......................................................................... 8
The International System of Units ......................................................... 22
Factors & Multiples ................................................................................. 8 Factors of Multiples & Sub-multiples: ................................................... 22
Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.) .......................................................... 8 Space & Time:........................................................................................ 22
Least Common Multiple of 3 and 5: .......................................... 8 Mechanics: ............................................................................................ 22
Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) ............................................................. 9 Heat: ...................................................................................................... 22
Expressing SI Units ................................................................................ 23
Conversion Factors ................................................................................ 23
FRACTIONS ............................................................................................... 10
RATIO AND PROPORTION ......................................................................... 24
Vulgar Fractions .................................................................................... 10
Ratio ...................................................................................................... 24
Types of Fractions ................................................................................. 11
Proportional Parts ................................................................................. 25
Addition of Fractions ............................................................................. 13
Direct Proportion ................................................................................... 25
Subtraction of Fractions ........................................................................ 14
Inverse Proportion ................................................................................. 26
1.1 - i Nov 2017
AVERAGES ................................................................................................ 28
PERCENTAGES ........................................................................................... 29
Percentage of a Quantity ...................................................................... 30
AREAS AND VOLUMES .............................................................................. 32
Areas ..................................................................................................... 32
Volumes ................................................................................................ 35
SQUARES, CUBES AND SQUARE & CUBE ROOTS ........................................ 38
Squares.................................................................................................. 38
Square Roots ......................................................................................... 38
Cubes ..................................................................................................... 40
Cube Roots ............................................................................................ 40
To Find the Cube Root of an Integer ..................................................... 40

1.1 - ii Nov 2017
ARITHMETICAL TERMS AND SIGNS The natural numbers are positive integers, but suppose we wish
to subtract a larger natural number from a smaller natural
Rational and Irrational Numbers number, e.g. 10 subtracted from 7, we obviously obtain a
number which is less than zero, i.e. 7  10  3 . So, our idea of
It is generally believed that our present number system began numbers must be enlarged to include numbers less than zero
with the use of the natural numbers, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . called negative numbers. The number zero (0) is unique, it is
These whole numbers, known as the positive integers, were not a natural number because all-natural numbers represent
used primarily for counting. However, as time went on, it positive integer values, i.e. numbers above zero and quite
became apparent that whole numbers could not be used for clearly from what has been said, it is not a negative number
defining certain mathematical quantities. For example, a period either. It sits uniquely on its own and must be added to our
in time might be between 3 and 4 days or the area of a field number collection.
might be between 2 and 3 acres (or whatever unit of measure
was used at the time). So, the positive fractions were So, to the natural numbers (positive integers) we have added
1 1 3 negative integers, the concept of zero, positive rational numbers
introduced, e.g. , and . These two groups of numbers,
2 4 4 and negative natural numbers. What about numbers like 2 ?
the positive integers and the positive fractions, constitute what This is not a rational number because it cannot be represented
we call the positive rational numbers. Thus, 317 is an integer by the quotient of two integers. So, yet another class of number
1 needs to be included, the irrational or non-rational numbers.
or whole number, is a positive fraction and 3 is a rational
4 Together all, the above kinds of numbers constitute the broad
number. class of numbers known as real numbers.
In fact, a rational number is any number that can be expressed
as the quotient of two integers, i.e. any number that can be
a
written in the form where a and b represent any integers.
b
4 7
Thus , and 1 are all rational numbers.
5 9

1.1 - 1 Nov 2017
Absolute Value of a Number
Although we have mentioned negative numbers, we have not

considered their arithmetic manipulation. All positive and
negative numbers are referred to as signed numbers and they
obey the arithmetic laws of sign. Before we consider these laws,
let us first consider what we mean by signed numbers.
Conventional representation of signed numbers is shown below,
with zero at the midpoint. Positive numbers are conventionally
shown to the right of zero and negative numbers to the left:
· · ·, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, · · · PRACTICE QUESTIONS
The number of units a point is from zero, regardless of its 1. 6, 7, 9, 15 are ___________ numbers.
direction, is called the absolute value of the number
corresponding to the point on the above number system when 8 1 7
2. , and are ___________ numbers.
points are drawn to scale. Thus the absolute value of a positive 5 4 64
number, or of zero, is the number itself. While the absolute a
3. Rewrite the numbers 5, 13, 16 in the form , where
value of a negative number is the number with its sign changed. b
For example, the absolute value of +10 is 10 and the absolute b  6.
value of −10 is also 10. Now the absolute value of any number n
4. Express the negative integers −4, −7, −12 in the form
is represented by the symbol |n|. Thus |+24| means the absolute
a
value of +24. Which is larger, |+3| or |−14|? The answer is |−14| , where b  4 .
because its absolute value is 14, while that of |+3| is 3 and of b
course 14 is larger than 3. 5.  16 can be expressed as a positive ___________. It
is ___________.
6.  10 cannot be expressed as a/an ___________
number; however, it is a/an ___________.

1.1 - 2 Nov 2017
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS Fourth law: To multiply (or divide) one signed number by
another, multiply (or divide) their absolute values; then, if the
The Laws of Signs numbers have like signs, prefix the plus sign to the result; if they
have unlike signs, prefix the minus sign to the result.
First law: To add two numbers with like signs, add their absolute
values and prefix their common sign to the result. Therefore, applying this rule to the multiplication of two positive
numbers, e.g. 3  4  12 ; 7  9  63 and so on, which of
This law works for ordinary arithmetic numbers and simply course, is simple arithmetic! Now applying the rule to the
defines what we have always done in arithmetic addition. For multiplication of mixed sign numbers we get e.g.
example: ( 3)  ( 4)  7 ; (-7)  (-5)  -12 and so on. ( 8)  (-3)  -24 ; - 5  7  -35 and so on.
Second law: To add two signed numbers with unlike signs,

subtract the smaller absolute value
from the larger and prefix the sign of the number with the larger
absolute value to the results.
So, following this rule, we get for example: ( 5)  (-2)  3 ;

(-10)  ( 6)  -4 and so on.
Third law: To subtract one signed number from another, change

the sign of the number to be subtracted and follow the rules for
addition.
For example, if we subtract 5 from - 3 , we get

(-3)  ( 5)  ( 3)  ( 5)  -8 .
Now what about the multiplication and division of negative and

positive numbers, so as not to labor the point the rules for these
operations are combined in our fourth and final law.

1.1 - 3 Nov 2017
The Use of Symbols defined in mathematics. This is because there is no such

quotient that meets the conditions required of quotients.
We have introduced earlier the concept of symbols to represent
numbers when we defined rational numbers where the letters a For example, you know that to check the accuracy of a division
and b were used to represent any integer. Look at the symbols problem, you can multiply the quotient by the divisor to get the
below, do they represent the same number? dividend. For example, if 21/7 = 3, then 7 is the divisor, 21 is the
dividend and 3 is the quotient and so 3 × 7 = 21, as expected.
So, if 17/0 were equal to 17, then 17 × 0 should again equal 17
IX; 9; nine;  81 but it does not. Or, if 17/0 were equal to zero, then 0 × 0 should
equal 17 but again it does not. Any number multiplied by zero is
The answer is ‘yes’ since each expression is a perfectly valid always zero. Therefore, division of any number by zero (as well
way of representing the positive integer 9. In algebra we use as zero divided by zero) is excluded from mathematics. If b=0,
letters to represent Arabic numerals such numbers are called or if both a and b are zero, then a/b is meaningless.
general numbers or literal numbers, as distinguished from
explicit numbers like 1, 2, 3, etc. Thus, a literal number is simply When multiplying literal numbers together we try to avoid the
a number represented by a letter, instead of a numeral. Literal multiplication sign (  ), this is because it can be easily mistaken
numbers are used to state algebraic rules, laws and formulae; for the letter x .
these statements being made in mathematical sentences called
equations. Thus, instead of writing a  b for the product of two general
numbers, we write a.b (the dot notation for multiplication) or
If a is a positive integer and b is 1, what is a ? Of course, more usually just ab to indicate the product of two general
b
a numbers a and b . We can also write ( )( )
 a . Any number divided by 1 is always itself. Thus a  a,
b 1
c  c , 7  7 and so on.
1 1
Suppose a is again any positive integer, but b is 0 . What is the

value of a/b? What we are asking is, what is the value of any
positive integer divided by zero? Well the answer is that we
really do not know! The value of the quotient a/b, if b=0, is not

1.1 - 4 Nov 2017
The Commutative, Associative and Distributive Laws

The above laws are valid no matter whether or not the number
We all know that 6  5  30 and 5  6  30 , so is it true that when is positive or negative. So, for example,  8  (16  5)  3 and
multiplying any two numbers together, the result is the same no (8  16)  5  3 .
matter what the order? The answer is yes. The above
relationship may be stated as: The product of two real numbers In order to complete our laws, we need to consider the following
is the same no matter in what order they are multiplied. That is, problem: 4(5  6)  ? We may solve this problem in one of two
ab  ba ; this is known as the commutative law of
ways, firstly by adding the numbers inside the brackets and then
multiplication.
multiplying the result by 4, this gives: 4(11)  44 . Alternatively,
If three or more real numbers are multiplied together, the order we may multiply out the bracket as follows:
in which they are multiplied still makes no difference to the ( 4  5)  ( 4  6)  20  24  44 . Thus, whichever method we
product. For example, 2  3  4  24 and 4  2  3  24 . This choose, the arithmetic result is the same. This result is true in all
relationship may be stated formally as: The product of three or cases, no matter how many numbers are contained within the
more numbers is the same no matter in what manner they are brackets! So, in general, using literal numbers we have:
grouped. That is, a (bc)  ( ab)c ; this is known as the a (b  c )  ab  ac . This is the distributive law.
associative law of multiplication.
Remember that the distributive law is valid no matter how many
These laws may seem ridiculously simple, yet they form the numbers are contained in the brackets, and no matter whether
basis of many algebraic techniques, which we will be using the sign connecting them is a plus or minus. As we will see
later! We also have commutative and associative laws for later, this law is one of the most useful and convenient rules for
addition of numbers, which by now will be quite obvious to us, manipulating formulae and solving algebraic expressions and
here they are: equations.
The sum of two numbers is the same no matter in what order

they are added. That is, a  b  b  a . This is known as the
commutative law of addition.
The sum of three or more numbers is the same no matter in

what manner they are grouped. That is, (a  b)  c  a  (b  c )
. This is known as the associative law of addition.
1.1 - 5 Nov 2017
Long Multiplication We now multiply the 4 units by 35 . That is 4  5  20 put down
Suppose we wish to multiply 35 by 24, i.e. 24  35 . The the nought carry 2 into the ten column, then multiply the 4
numbers are first set out, one under the other, like this: units by the 3 tens or, 4  3  12 and add to it the 2 we carried
35 to give 140 , i.e.:
35
24
where the right-hand integers 5 and 4 are the units and the 24
left-hand integers are the tens, i.e. 3  10 and 2  10 . We 140
multiply the tens on the bottom row by the tens and units on the 70 
top row. So to start this process, we place a naught in the units
column underneath the bottom row, then multiply 2 by 5 to get All that remains for us to do now is add 700 to 140 to get the
result by long multiplication, i.e.:
1 10 , carry the 1 into the tens column and add it to the product
2  3 ; i.e.: 35
35 24
24 140
70 
0
then multiply the 2  5  10 , put in the naught of the ten and 840
carry the one
35
24
1
40
now multiply 2  3  6 (the tens) and add the carried ten to it, to
give 7, then
35
24
140
1.1 - 6 Nov 2017
Sequence of Arithmetical Operations Practice Questions
Numbers are often combined in a series of arithmetical 1. Find the value of:
operations. When this happens, a definite sequence must be a. a(b  c  d ) , where a  3, b  4 , c6 and
observed as per BODMAS. d  1 .
 Bracket Open, Division, Multiplication, Addition & b. (21  6  7)3
Subtraction. c. 6  4  5  3
1. Brackets are used if there is any danger of ambiguity. d. 2 22
The contents of the bracket must be evaluated before
performing any other operation. Thus: 2. Which of the following has the largest absolute value:
2  (7 + 4) = 2  11 = 22 −7, 3, 15, −25, −31?
15 - (8 - 3) = 15 - 5 = 10 3.  16  (4)  (3)  28  ?
2. Multiplication and division must be done before addition 4. Find the absolute value of  4  (14  38)  (82)  ?
and subtraction. Thus:
15  12 14
5 8 + 7 = 40 + 7 = 47 (not 5  15) 5. What is: (a) ; (b) ; (c)  1  .
3 2 2
8 ÷ 4 + 9 = 2 + 9 = 11 (not 8 ÷ 13)
6. What is: (a) (3)(2)(5) ; (b)  3  2(15) .
5  4 - 12 ÷ 3 + 7 = 20 - 4 + 7 = 27 - 4 =
23 7. Evaluate 2 a (b  2c  3d ) , when a  4 , b  8 , c  2
and d  2 .
So far we have used the standard operations of add, subtract,
multiply and divide. 8. Use long multiplication to find the products of the
following:
a. 234 82
b. 1824 236

1.1 - 7 Nov 2017
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
Factors & Multiples

Least Common Multiple of 3 and 5:
If one number divides exactly into a second number the first
number is said to be a factor of the second. Thus: List the Multiples of each number,
35 = 5 7 ………….5 is a factor of 35 and so is 7.

240 = 3  8  10 ………….3, 8 and 10 are all factors of The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ...etc
240. The multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ... etc
63 = 3 21 = 7  9……..…… 63 is said to be a multiple

of any of the numbers 3, 7, 9 and 21 because each of them Find the first Common (same) value:
divides 63 exactly.
Finally, it is to remember that any number n multiplied by 1 is

itself, or n × 1 = n . So every number has itself and 1 as factors;
1 and n are considered trivial factors and when asked to find
the factors of an explicit or literal number, we will exclude the
number itself and 1. If a number has no other factors apart from
these, it is said to be prime number. Thus 2, 3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
and so on are all prime numbers. The Least Common Multiple of 3 and 5 is 15
Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)
( 15 is a common multiple of 3 and 5, and is the
The L.C.M. of a set of numbers is the smallest number into
smallest, or least, common multiple )
which each of the given numbers will divide. Thus the L.C.M. of
3, 4 and 8 is 24 because 24 is the smallest number into which
the numbers 3, 4 and 8 will divide exactly.
Figure 1
The L.C.M. of a set of numbers can usually be found by
inspection.
1.1 - 8 Nov 2017
Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) Practice Questions

1. What numbers are factors of:
The H.C.F. of a set of numbers is the greatest number which is (a) 24 (b) 56 (c) 42
a factor of each of the numbers. Thus 12 is the H.C.F. of 24, 36
and 60. Also 20 is the H.C.F. of 40, 60 and 80. 2. Which of the following numbers are factors of 12: 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 12, 18 and 24?
Example: Find the LCM and HCF of 12 and 18.
3. Write down all the multiples of 3 between 10 and 40.
The multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and so on;
whereas the multiples of 18 are 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, and so on. 4. Find the L.C.M. of the following set of numbers:
Therefore the LCM of 12 and 18 is 36. (a) 8 and 12 (b) 3, 4 and 5 (c) 2, 6 and 12
The factors of 12 are 2, 3, 4 and 6; whereas the factors of 18 5. Find the H.C.F. of each of the following sets of numbers:
are 2, 3, 6, and 9. Therefore the HCF of 12 and 18 is 6. a) 8 and 12 (b) 24 and 36 (c) 10, 15
and 30
Figure 2
1.1 - 9 Nov 2017
FRACTIONS 1
written as 8 . If five of the eight equal parts are taken then we
A fraction is a division of one number by another. Thus, the 5
have taken 8 of the circle.
fraction 2/3 means two divided by three. The fraction x/y means
the literal number x divided by y. The number above the line is
called the numerator; the number below the line is the
denominator, as you learnt before. Thus, fractions are
represented as:
One question arises, why do we need to use fractions at all? From what has been said above we see that a fraction is always
Why not use only decimal fractions? Well, one very valid reason a part of something. The number below the line (the
is that fractions provide exact relationships between numbers. denominator) gives the fraction its name and tells us the
For example, the fraction 1/3 is exact, but the decimal fraction number of equal parts into which the whole has been divided.
equivalent has to be an approximation, to a given number of The top number (the numerator) tells us the number of these
decimals 0.3333, is corrected to four decimal places. Thus, 1/3 3
equal parts that are to be taken. For example the fraction
+ 1/3 + 1/3 = 1 but 0.3333 + 0.3333 + 0.3333 = 0.9999, not 4
quite 1. means that the whole has been divided into four equal parts and
that three of these parts are to be taken.
Vulgar Fractions
The value of a fraction is unchanged if we multiply or divide both
The circle in the diagram below has been divided into eight its numerator and denominator by the same amount.
equal parts. Each part is called one-eighth of the circle and
3 12
= (by multiplying the numerator and denominator
5 20
by 4)

1.1 - 10 Nov 2017
2 10 Types of Fractions
7 = 35 (by multiplying the numerator and denominator
by 5) If the numerator of a fraction is less than its denominator, the
12 3 2 5 3
fraction is called a proper fraction. Thus, , and are all
32 = 8 (by dividing the numerator and denominator by 4) 3 8 4
proper fractions. Note that a proper fraction has a value which is
16 1 less than 1.
= (by dividing the numerator and denominator by
64 4
16) If the numerator of a fraction is greater than its denominator, the
2 fraction is called an improper fraction or a top heavy fraction.
Example: Write down the fraction with a denominator 5 3 9
7 Thus , and are improper fractions. Note that all improper
(bottom number) of 28. 4 2 7
fractions have a value which is greater than 1.
In order to make the denominator 28, we must multiply the
original denominator of 7 by 4 because 7  4 = 28. Every improper fraction can be expressed as a whole number
Remembering that to leave the value of the fraction unchanged and a proper fraction. These are sometimes called mixed
we must multiply both numerator and denominator by the same 1 1 3
numbers. Thus, 1 , 5 and 9 are all mixed numbers. In
amount, then 2 3 4
2 2  4 8 order to convert an improper fraction into a mixed number it
= = must be remembered that:
7 7  4 28
210 top number

Example: Reduce 336 to its lowest terms.  top number  bottom number
bottom number
210 105
= (by dividing top and bottom by 2)
336 168
35
= (by dividing top and bottom by 3)
56
5
= 8 (by dividing top and bottom by 7)
210 5
Hence, 336 reduced to its lowest terms is 8 .

1.1 - 11 Nov 2017
15
Example: Express 8 as a mixed number. The lowest common denominator of 4, 8, 10 and 20 is 40.
15 7 Expressing each of the given fractions with a bottom number of
8 = 18 (Because 15 ÷ 8 = 1 and remainder 7). 40 gives:
3 3  10 30
From the above example we see that we convert an improper 4 = 4  10 = 40
fraction into a mixed number by dividing the bottom number into 5 5  5 25
the top number. Notice that the remainder becomes the 8 = 8  5 = 40
numerator in the fractional part of the mixed number. To change 7 7  4 28
a mixed number into an improper fraction we multiply the whole 10 = 10  4 = 40
number by the denominator of the fractional part. To this we add
11 11  2 22
the numerator of the fractional part and this sum then becomes = =
20 20  2 40
the numerator of the improper fraction. Its denominator is the
same as the bottom number of the fractional part of the mixed 22 25 28 30 11 5 7 3
Therefore, the order is 40, 40, 40, 40 or 20, 8, 10 and 4 .
number.
5
Example: Express 3 as a top heavy (improper) fraction.
8
5 (8  3) + 5 24 + 5 29
3 = = =
8 8 8 8
Lowest Common Denominator
When we wish to compare the values of two or more fractions

the easiest way is to express the fractions with the same bottom
number. This common denominator should be the L.C.M. of the
denominators of the fractions to be compared and it is called the
lowest common denominator.
3 5 7 11
Example: Arrange the fractions , , and in order of
4 8 10 20
size starting with the smallest.
1.1 - 12 Nov 2017
3 2 7
Addition of Fractions Example: Simplify 4 + 3 + 10 .
The steps when adding fractions are as follows: The L.C.M. of the bottom numbers 4, 3 and 10 is 60.
1. Find the lowest common denominator of the fractions to 3 2 7 3  15 + 2  20 + 7  6

be added. + + =
4 3 10 60
2. Express each of the fractions with this common 45 + 40 + 42
denominator. = 60
3. Add the numerators of the new fractions to give the 127 7
numerator of the answer. The denominator of the = 60 = 260
answer is the lowest common denominator found in first
step.
1 2 2
2 3 Example: Add together 52, 23 and 35
Example: Find the sum of 7 and 4 .
First add the whole numbers together, 5 + 2 + 3 = 10. Then

First find the lowest common denominator (this is the L.C.M. of add the fractional parts in the usual way. The L.C.M. of 2, 3 and
2 3 5 is 30.
7 and 4). It is 28. Now express and with a bottom number
7 4
of 28. 1 2 2 15  1 + 10  2 + 6  2
2 2  4 8 3 3  7 21 5 + 2 + 3 = 10 +
= = = = 2 3 5 30
7 7  4 28 4 4  7 28 15 + 20 + 12
= 10 +
30
Adding the top numbers of the new fractions: 47 17
2 3 8 21 29 1 = 10 +30 = 10 + 130
7 + 4 = 28 + 28 = 28 = 128 17
= 11
30
A better way of setting out the work is as follows:
2 3 2  4 + 3  7 8 + 21 29 1
7 + 4 = 28 = 28 = 28 = 128
1.1 - 13 Nov 2017
Subtraction of Fractions if the answer is an improper fraction, this can be finally

converted into the corresponding mixed number.
The method is similar to that in addition. Find the common
denominator of the fractions and after expressing each fraction Sometimes in calculations with fractions the word 'of' appears. It
with this common denominator, subtract. should always be taken as meaning multiply. Thus:
5 2 4 4 20
/ 4 4  4 16
Example: Simplify - of 20 =  = = = 16
8 5 5 5/1 1 1  1 1
The L.C.M. of the bottom numbers is 40. 5 3

5 2 5  5 - 8  2 25 - 16 9 Example: Simplify 
8 7
8 - 5 = 40 = 40 = 40
5 3 5  3 15
When mixed numbers have to be subtracted the best way is to 8  7 = 8  7 = 56
turn the mixed numbers into improper fractions and then
proceed in the way shown in Example 9.
2 2
7 3 Example: Simplify 5  33
Example: Simplify 310 - 24
2 2 2 11 2  11 22 7
7 3 37 11 37  2 - 11  5 3     1
310 - 24 = 10 - 4 = 5 3 5 3 5  3 15 15
20
74 - 55 19 Cancellation of Fractions
= 20 = 20
16 7 35
Multiplication of Fractions Example: Simplify  
20 8 4
When multiplying together two or more fractions we first multiply

all the numerators together and then we multiply all the 1 6 2 1 7 3 5 7 1  7  7 49 9
    4
denominators together. Mixed numbers must always be 2 5 5 8 1 4 2 5  1  2 10 10
converted into improper fractions before multiplication. Similarly,
1.1 - 14 Nov 2017
Division of Fractions 1 2 1 3 3
= 5 ÷ 3 = 5  2 = 10
To divide by a fraction, all we have to do is to invert it (i.e. turn it
upside down) and multiply. Thus: 4 1
25 + 14
5
3 2 3 7 3  7 21 1 Example: Simplify 3 - 16
5 ÷ 7 = 5  2 = 5  2 = 10 = 210 35
4 1 With problems of this kind it is best to work in stages as shown

Example: Divide 15 by 23
below.
4 1 9 7 9 3 27 4 1 16 + 5 21 1
15 ÷ 23 = 5 ÷ 3 = 5  7 = 35 25 + 14 = 3 20 = 320 = 420
Operations with Fractions 1

420
81 18 81 5 9
The sequence of operations when dealing with fractions is the 3 = 20 ÷ 5 = 20  18 = 8
same as those used with whole numbers. They are, in order: 35
1st Work out brackets; 9 5 18 - 5 13

2nd Multiply and divide; -
8 16 = 16 = 16
3rd Add and subtract.
1 1 1
Example: Simplify 5 ÷ 3 ÷ 2
 
1 1 1 1 1 2
÷  ÷  = ÷   
5 3 2 5 3 1

1.1 - 15 Nov 2017
Practice Questions 1 5 2 7 3 5 3 13
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
2 6 3 12 4 8 5 20
1. Write down the following fractions with the denominator
(bottom number) stated. 6. Arrange the following sets of fractions in order of size,
3 beginning with the smallest:
(a) 4 with denominator 28 1 5 2 7 3 5 3 13
3 (a) , , , (b) , , ,
(b) with denominator 20 2 6 3 12 4 8 5 20
5
5
(c) 6 with denominator 30 7. Simplify:
1
(d) 1 1 1 2 3
9 with denominator 63 (a) 2 + 3 (b) 8 + 3 + 5
3 9 1 5 1
2. Reduce the following fractions to their lowest terms: (c)1 + 3 (d) 4 + 3 + 2
8 16 2 6 3
8 15 210
(a) 16 (b) 25 (c)294 3 7 1 10
(e)  1 (f) 5 
4 9 5 13
3. Express each of the following as a mixed number: 5 7 5
(g) 18  26 (h) 7 of 140
7 22 21
(a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 8 1 5 3 1 7
(i) 315 ÷ 29 (j) 314 ÷ 149  10
 
2 2 4
4. Express each of the following as top heavy (improper) (k) 33 ÷ 3 + 5
fractions:  
3 2 3
(a) 28 (b) 83 (c)47
5. Arrange the following sets of fractions in order of size,

beginning with the smallest:

1.1 - 16 Nov 2017
DECIMALS 6 7
place for the missing hundredths. Also 100 + 1000 would be
The Decimal System written
The decimal system is an extension of our ordinary number

system. When we write the number 666 we mean 600 + 60 + 6. 0.067; the zero in this case keeps the place for the missing
Reading from left to right each figure 6 is ten times the value of tenths.
the next one.
When there are no whole numbers it is usual to insert a zero in
We now have to decide how to deal with fractional quantities, front of the decimal point so that, for instance, .35 would be
that is, quantities whose values are less than one. If we regard written 0.35.
6 6 6
666.666 as meaning 600 + 60 + 6 + 10 + 100 + 1000 then
Fraction to Decimal Conversion
the dot, called the decimal point, separates the whole numbers
from the fractional parts. Notice that with the fractional or We found, when doing fractions, that the line separating the
decimal parts, e.g. 0.666, each figure 6 is ten times the value of numerator and the denominator of a fraction takes the place of
6 17
the following one, reading from left to right. Thus 10 is ten times a division sign. Thus 80 is the same as 17 ÷ 80.
6 6 6
as great as , and is ten times as great as , and Therefore, to convert a fraction into a decimal we divide the
100 100 1000
so on. denominator into the numerator.
Decimals then are fractions, which have denominators of 10, 27

Example: Convert 32 to decimal number.
100, 1000 and so on, according to the position of the figure after
the decimal point.
27
If we have to write six hundred and five we write 605; the zero 32 = 27 ÷ 32
keeps the place for the missing tens. In the same way if we
3 5
want to write + we write 0.305; the zero keeps the
10 1000

1.1 - 17 Nov 2017
32 8
0.32 = 100 = 25
Operations of Decimal Numbers
The basic operations (that is addition, subtraction, multiplication

and division) of decimals is same as of integers. However, in
addition and subtraction of decimals, the decimal points of each
number are aligned vertically. For the multiplication and division
of decimal numbers, the numbers are first converted into
fractions and then simplified, and then the result is finally
converted into decimal number.
Powers of Ten
Decimal numbers may be expressed in index form, using the

powers of ten. For example:
1 1,000,000 = 1 × 106
Sometimes a fraction will not divide out exactly. For example, 100,000 = 1 × 105
3
= 0.333… 10,000 = 1 × 104
1000 = 1 × 103
100 = 1 × 102
Conversion of Decimals to Fractions 10 = 1 × 101
0 = 1 × 100
We know that decimals are fractions with denominators 10, 100, 1/10 = 0.1 = 1 × 10-1
1000, etc. Using this fact we can always convert a decimal to a 1/100 = 0.01 = 1 × 10-2
fraction. 1/1000 = 0.001 = 1 × 10-3
1/10,000 = 0.0001 = 1 × 10-4
Example: Convert 0.32 to a fraction. 1/100,000 = 0.00001 = 1 × 10-5
1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 1 × 10-6
1.1 - 18 Nov 2017
We show the number one million (1,000,000) as 1×106, i.e. 1

multiplied by 10, six times. The exponent (index) of 10 is 6, thus
the number is in exponent or exponential form.
Note that we multiply all the numbers, represented in this

manner by the number 1. This is because we are representing
one million, one hundred thousand, one tenth, etc.
When representing decimal numbers in index (exponent) form,

the multiplier is always a number which is ≥1.0 or <10; i.e. a
number greater than or equal to (≥1.0) one or less than (<10)
ten.
So, for example, the decimal number is 8762.0 = 8.762 × 103 in

index form. Note that with this number, greater than 1.0, we
displace the decimal point three (3) places to the left; i.e. three
powers of ten. Numbers rearranged in this way, using powers of
ten, are said to be in index form or exponent form or standard
form.
Now consider the decimal number 0.000245? In order to obtain

a multiplier that is greater than or equal to one and less than 10,
we need to displace the decimal point four (4) places to the
right. Note that the zero in front of the decimal point is placed
there to indicate that a whole number has not been omitted.
Therefore, the number in index form now becomes 2.45 × 10−4.
Notice that for numbers less than 1.0, we use a negative index.
In other words, all decimal fractions represented in index form
have a negative index and all numbers greater than 1.0,
represented in this way, have a positive index.

1.1 - 19 Nov 2017
Estimation Techniques (ii)(a) For the number 8762.87412355, the two required
significant figures are to the left of the decimal place. So we are
In most areas of engineering, there is little need to work to so concerned with the whole number 8762 and the first two figures
many places of decimals. If we have so many decimal places
accuracy in a number, this is unlikely to be needed, unless we are of primary concern again to find our approximation we need
are dealing with a subject like rocket science or astrophysics! to first consider the three figures 876, again since 6 is above
So this leads us into the very important skill of being able to halfway between 1 and 10, then we round up to give the
provide approximations or estimates to a stated degree of required answer 8800. Note that we had to add two zeros to the
accuracy. left of the decimal point. This should be obvious when you
consider that all we have been asked to do is approximate the
Example: For the numbers (a) 8762.87412355 and (b) number 8762 to within two significant figures.
0.0000000234876;
(b) For the number 0.0000000234876 the significant figures are
1. Convert these numbers into standard form with any integers to theright of the decimal point and the zeros. So,
three decimal place accuracy. in this case, the number to the required number of significant
figures is 0.000000023.
2. Write down these numbers in decimal form, correct
to two significant figures.
(i)(a) By converting the given number in the standard form we

get 8.76287412355 × 103. Now looking at the decimal places for
the stated accuracy we must consider the first four places
8.7628 and since the last significant figure is 8, in this case
(greater than 5) we round up to give the required answer as
8.763 × 103.
(b) 0.0000000234876 = 2.34876 × 10−8 and now following the

same argument as above, this number is to three decimal
places = 2.349 × 10−8.

1.1 - 20 Nov 2017
Practice Questions (a) 318.62; (b) 0.00004702;

(c) 51,292,000,000; (d) −0.00041045
1. Read off as decimals:
7 3 7. Round-off the following numbers correct to three
(a) (b) significant figures:
10 100
3 7 1 7 (a) 2.713; (b) 0.0001267; (c) 5.435 × 104
(c) + (d) +
10 100 100 1000
5 8 9
(e) 10 + 100 + 1000
2. Convert the following to decimals correcting the

answers, where necessary, to 4 decimal places:
1 1 5
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c)16
7 11
(d) 216 (e) 16
3. Convert the following to fractions in their lowest terms:

(a) 0.2 (b) 0.312 5 (c) 0.007 5
(d) 0.45 (e) 2.55 (f) 2.125
4. Evaluate the following:

(a) 2.375 + 0.625 (b) 12.48 - 8.36
(c) 3.196 + 2.475 + 18.369 (d) 2.42  8
(e) 3.35  2.5 (f) 2.05 ÷ 1.5
5. Express the following numbers in normal decimal

notation:
(a) 3 × 10−1 + 5 × 10−2 + 8 × 10−2
(b) 5 × 103 + 81 − 100
6. Express the following numbers in standard form:

1.1 - 21 Nov 2017
WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Space & Time:
The International System of Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Together with major metric countries, Britain has adapted the
International System of Units known worldwide as the S.I. Area square meter m2
(System International) Units. The effect of this system is to Volume cubic meter m3
introduce standard units for many of the quantities for which a Velocity meter per second m/s
multitude of units exist as present. Acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
Angular Velocity radian per second rad/s
S I Base Units: Angular Acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2
Frequency Hertz Hz
Quantity Unit Symbol
Mechanics:
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg Quantity Unit Symbol
Time second s
Electric Current Ampere A Density Kilogram per cubic meterkg/m3
Thermodynamic Temperature Kelvin K Momentum Kilogram meter per second
kg m/s
Plain Angle Radians Rad Force Newton N =
Luminous Intensity candela cd. kg.m/s2
Torque or Moment Newton meter N m
Factors of Multiples & Sub-multiples: Energy, work Joule J = Nm
Power Watt W = J/s
Multiple Prefix Symbol Pressure & Stress Newton per square meter N/m2 = Pa
or Pascal
106 Mega M
103 kilo k
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p Heat:
1.1 - 22 Nov 2017
0.000 000 001 s = 1ns (nanosecond).

Quantity Unit Symbol  Leave a small space between figures and symbols.
Celsius Degrees Celsius °C

temperature Conversion Factors
Expressing SI Units The units which it is thought most likely you will be required to
know are set out below with appropriate conversion factors.
The symbol for SI units and the conventions which govern their
use should be strictly followed. To go from the first quantity into the second multiply by the
 Use the correct symbols used in the foregoing lists. number given.
 Never use a prefix without a unit either in writing or
speech, e.g. kilogram or kilometer not kilo, or millimeter Inches Millimeters 25.4
or milli liter not mil. m Inches 39.37
 Always put a zero before a decimal quantity less than Knot km/hr 1.852
Unit, e.g. 0.705 m. Pounds Kilograms 0.4536
 When two units are multiplied together use a small Kilograms Pounds 2.205
space between the symbols as the multiplier, e.g. Imp. Galls Liters 4.546
o Kilogram meter squared kg m2. bar p.s.i. 14.5
o Newton meter N m. p.s.i. Pa (Pascal) 6895
 When dividing, use an oblique stroke to separate the bar Pa 105
numerator and denominator. N/m2 Pa 1
 meter per second m/s 1bf N (Newton) 4.45
 Joule per second J/s horsepower W (Watt) 746
 Use a space as a thousand marker not the comma. The B.T.U. KJ 1.055
comma is used as a decimal marker in most countries ft 1bf J (Joule) 1.356
using the metric system and its use as a thousand
marker will cause confusion. Up to four figures may be
blocked together but five or more figures should be
grouped in threes, e.g.
1000 mm = 1m
1 000 000 J = 1 MJ (Mega Joule)
1.1 - 23 Nov 2017
RATIO AND PROPORTION Example: Two lengths are in the ratio 8:5. If the first length is
120 meters, what is the second length?
Ratio
5
A ratio is a comparison between two similar quantities. If the The second length = of the first length
8
length of a certain aircraft is 20 meters and a model of it is 1 5
1 = 120 = 75 meters.
8
meter long then the length of the model is th of the length of
20
the aircraft. In making the model the dimensions of the aircraft
are all reduced in the ratio of 1 to 20. The ratio 1 to 20 is
usually written 1 : 20.
As indicated above a ratio may be expressed as a fraction and

all ratios may be looked upon as fractions. Thus the ratio 2 : 5 =
2
. The two terms of a ratio may be multiplied or divided without
5
1
altering the value of the ratio. Hence 6:36 = 1:6 = . Again,
6
1:5 = 0.20.
Before a ratio can be stated the units must be the same. We

can state the ratio between 7 paisa and Rs.2 provided both
sums of money are brought to the same units. Thus if we
convert Rs.2 to 200 paisa the ratio between the two amounts of
money is 7 : 200.
Example: Express the ratio 20p to Rs.4 in its simplest form.
Rs.4 = 4  100p = 400p

20 1
20 : 400 = 400 = 20

1.1 - 24 Nov 2017
Proportional Parts
Length of BC = 5  2 = 10 centimeters.
The following diagram shows a line AB whose length is 16
centimeters divided into two parts in the ratio 3 : 5. As can be Example: Divide Rs.1100 into two parts in the ratio 7:3.
seen in the diagram the line has been divided into a total of 8
parts. Total number of parts = 7 + 3 = 10
1100
Amount of each part = = Rs.110
10
Amount of first part = 7  110 = Rs.770
Amount of second part = 3  110 = Rs.330
Example: An aircraft carries 2880 liters of fuel distributed in

three tanks in the ratio 3 : 5 : 4. Find the quantity in each
tank.
Total number of parts = 3 + 5 + 4 = 12.

The length AC contains 3 parts and the length BC contains 5
2880
parts. Amount of each part = 12 = 240 liters.
Each part is Amount of 3 parts = 3  240 = 720 liters.

Amount of 4 parts = 4  240 = 960 liters.
16 Amount of 5 parts = 5  240 = 1200 liters.
= 2 centimeters long; hence AC is The three tanks contain 720, 1200 and 960 liters.
8
3 2 = 6 centimeters long, and BC is
5 2 = 10 centimeters long.
Direct Proportion
We could tackle the problem in this way:
Two quantities are said to vary directly, or be in direct
Total number of parts = 3 + 5 = 8 parts. proportion, if they increase or decrease at the same rate. Thus
16 the quantity of fuel used and the distance travelled by an aircraft
Length of each parts = 8 = 2 centimeters. are in direct proportion.
Length of AC = 3  2 = 6 centimeters.
1.1 - 25 Nov 2017
In solving problems on direct proportion we can use either the Example: 20 men working at a company produce 3000
unitary method or the fractional method. components in 12 working days. How long will it take 15 men to
produce the 3000 components.
Example: If 25 kilograms of dry powder fire extinguishant cost 15 3
Rs.1700, how much does 8 kilograms cost? The number of men is reduced in the ratio = .
20 4
1. Using the unitary method: Since this is an example of inverse proportion the number of
25 kilograms cost Rs.1700. 4
1700 days required must be increased in the ratio .
3
1 kilograms cost = Rs.68.
25 4
8 kilograms cost 8  68 Number of days required =  12.
3
= Rs.544. = 16 days.
2. Using the fractional method:

Cost of 8 kilograms.
8 8  1700
= 25  1700 = 25
= Rs.544
Inverse Proportion
Two quantities are said to vary inversely, or be in inverse

proportion, if one quantity increases on decreasing the other
quantity and vice versa. Suppose that 8 fitters working on an
aircraft 'C' check takes 10 days to complete it. If we double the
number of men then we should halve the time taken. If we halve
the number of men then the job will probably take twice as long.
This is an example of inverse proportion.

1.1 - 26 Nov 2017
Practice Questions 10. 10 men produce 500 composite panels in a week. How
long would it take 15 men to produce the same amount?
1. Express the following ratios as fractions in their lowest
11. Two gear wheels mesh together. One has 40 teeth and
terms:
the other has 25 teeth. If the larger wheel makes 100
(a) 8 : 3 (b) 9 : 15 (c) 12 : 4
revolutions per minute how many revolutions per minute
does the smaller wheel make?
2. Express the ratio of 30p to Rs.2 as a fraction in its
lowest terms. 12. 4 men can do a piece of work in 30 hours. How many
men would be required to do the work in 6 hours?
3. Express the ratio Rs.5 : 80p as a fraction in its lowest
terms.
4. Divide Rs.800 in the ratio 5 : 3.
5. A sum of money is divided into two parts in the ratio 5 :

7. If the smaller amount is Rs.200, find the larger
amount.
6. A alloy consists of copper, zinc and tin in the ratios 2 : 3

: 5. Find the amount of each metal in 75 kilograms of
the alloy.
7. If 7 kilograms of silica gel cost Rs.280, how much do 12

kilograms cost?
8. If 40 rivets cost Rs.3500, how much does 1 cost? What

is the cost of 55 rivets?
9. An aircraft flies 2000 kilometers in 4 hours. How long

will it take to complete a journey of 3500 kilometers?

1.1 - 27 Nov 2017
AVERAGES Then average mass of all 22 boxes is 297.5 ÷ 22

= 13.52 kg
To find the average of a set of quantities, add the quantities
together and divide by the number of quantities in the set. Practice Questions
Thus,
1. Find the average of the following readings: 22.3 mm,
sum of the quantities 22.5 mm, 22.6 mm, 21.8 mm and 22.0 mm.
Average =
number of quantities
2. A train travels 300 km in 4 hours. What is its average
Example: A student falls asleep in every lesson, the following speed?
number of times: 8, 20, 3, 0, 5, 9, 15 and 12. What is his
average per lesson? 3. If a car travels for 5 hours at an average speed of 70
km/h how far has it gone?
Average score =
8 + 20 + 3 + 0 + 5 + 9 + 15 + 12 4. If an aircraft flies a four-hour flight at the rate of 550
8 km/h and then two-hour flight at the rate of 450 km/h,
72 what is the average speed of the whole journey?
= = 9
8
Example (Weighted Average): A light aircraft is loaded with 22

boxes. If nine boxes have a mass of 12 kg, eight boxes have a
mass of 14 kg and five boxes have a mass of 14.5 kg. What is
the total mass of the boxes and the average mass per box?
By finding the total mass of all 22 boxes, we can then find the
average mass per box. So we have:
9 × 12 = 108 kg
8 × 14 = 112 kg
5 × 15.5 = 77.5kg
Total mass = 297.5kg

1.1 - 28 Nov 2017
PERCENTAGES The same rule result is produced if we omit the intermediate

step of turning 0.3 into vulgar fraction and just multiply 0.3 by
When comparing fractions it is often convenient to express them 100. Thus:
with a denominator of a hundred. Thus: 0.3 = 0.3  100 = 30
1 50 To convert a percentage into a fraction we divide by 100. For

2 = 100 example,
2 40
= 45
5 100
45% = = 0.45
100
Fractions with a denominator of 100 are called percentages.
Thus: 3.9
1 25 3.9% = 100 = 0.039
= = 25 percent
4 100
3 30 Note that all we have done is to move the decimal point 2
= = 30 percent places to the left.
10 100
The sign % is usually used instead of the words per cent.
To convert a fraction into a percentage we multiply it by 100.

For example:
3 3
=  100 = 75
4 4
17 17
=  100 = 85
20 20
Decimal numbers may be converted into percentages by using

the same rule. Thus:
3 3
0.3 = =  100 = 30%
10 10

1.1 - 29 Nov 2017
Percentage of a Quantity Complete length = 100  2.5 cm = 250 cm
It is easy to find the percentage of a quantity if we first express Alternatively,

the percentage as a fraction.
22% of the length = 55 cm
Examples: 100
Complete length = 22  55
1. What is 10% of 40? 100  55
= 22 = 250 cm
10
Expressing 10% as a fraction it is 100 and the problem then
4. What percentage is 37 of 264? Give the answer correct
becomes: to 5 significant figures.
10
What is 100 of 40?
37
10 Percentage =  100
10% of 40 = 100  40 = 4 264
37  100
= 264
= 14.015%
2. What is 25% of £50?
25
25% of £50 = 100  £50 = £12.50
3. 22% of a certain length is 55 cm. What is the complete

length?
55
1% of the length = cm = 2.5 cm
22
Now the complete length will be 100%, hence:

1.1 - 30 Nov 2017
Practice Questions
1. Convert the following fractions to percentages:

7 4 11
(a) (b) (c)
10 5 20
2. Convert the following decimal numbers into

percentages:
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.68 (c) 0.819
3. Convert the following percentages into decimal fractions:

(a) 32% (b) 31.5% (c) 3.95%
4. What is:
(a) 20% of 50 (b) 12% of 20 (c) 3.7% of 68
5. What percentage is:

(a) 25 of 200 (b) 29 of 178 (c) 15 of 33
6. If 20% of a length is 23 cm, what is the complete length?

1.1 - 31 Nov 2017
AREAS AND VOLUMES Example: An office 8.5m by 6.3m is to be fitted with a carpet, so
as to leave surround 600mm wide around the carpet. What is
Areas the area of the surround?
We are already familiar with the concept of length, e.g. the With a problem like this, it is often helpful to sketch a diagram.
distance between two points, we express length in some
chosen unit, e.g. in meters; but if we wish to fit a carpet to the
room floor, the length of the room is insufficient. We obviously
need to know the width as well. This 2-dimensional concept of
size is termed Area.
The area of the surround = office area - carpet area.
= (8.5 x 6.3) - (8.5 - 2 x 0.6) (6.3 - 2 x 0.6)

= 53.55 - (7.3) (5.1)
= 53.55 - 37.23
= 16.32 m2
Consider a room 4m by 3m as shown above. Clearly it can be Note that 600mm had to be converted to 0.6m. Don't forget to
divided up into 12 equal squares, each measuring 1m by 1m. include units in the answer e.g. m2.
Each square has an area of 1 square meter. Hence, the total
area is 12 square meters (usually written as 12m2 for The following table shows the formulae for the more common
convenience). So, to calculate the area of a rectangle, multiply shapes.
length of 1 side by the length of the other side.
Note: 4 m x 3 m = 12 m2 (Don't forget the m2).

1.1 - 32 Nov 2017

1.1 - 33 Nov 2017
Example: The cross section of a block of metal is shown. Find Example: A hollow shaft has an outside diameter of 2.5cm.
its area. Calculate the cross-sectional area of the shaft.
Area of trapezoid Area of cross-section

= ½ x 40 x (30 + 50) = area of outside circle – area of inside circle
= ½ x 40 x 80 =  x 1.626² -  x 1.25²
= 1600 mm² =  (1.625² - 1.25²)
= 3.142 x (2.640 – 1.563)
= 3.142 x 1.077
= 3.388 cm²

1.1 - 34 Nov 2017
Example: Calculate the length of arc of a circle whose radius is Each layer contains
8m and which subtends an angle of 56° at the centre. 4 x 3 = 12 cubes.
 There are 2 layers.
Length of arc = 2r x 0 Hence the volume is
360 12 x 2 = 24m3.
56
= 2 x x 8 x
360 Basically, therefore, when calculating volume, it is necessary to
= 31.28 m² look for 3 dimensions, at 90º to each other, and then multiply
Volumes them together. For a box-type shape, multiplying length x width
x height = volume.
The concept and calculation of volume is the logical extension
of length and area. The volume of a solid figure is measured by seeing how many
Instead of squares, we now consider cubes. This is a three- cubic units it contains. A cubic meter is the volume inside a
dimensional concept and the typical units of volume are cubic cube which has a side of 1 meter. Similarly a cubic centimeter is
meters (m3). the volume inside a cube which has a side of 1 centimeter. The
standard abbreviations for units of volume are:
If we have a box, length 4m, width 3m and height 2m, we see
that the total volume = 24 cubic meters (24m3). Cubic meter m³
Cubic centimeter cm³
Cubic millimeter mm³
Example: How many cubic centimeters are contained in 1 cubic

meter?
1m = 10² cm
6
1m³ = (10² cm)³ = 10 cm³
= 1 000 000 cm³
The following table gives volumes of some simple solids

1.1 - 35 Nov 2017
1. The area of a rectangle is 220mm². If its width is 25mm

find its length.
2. A sheet metal plate has a length of 147.5mm and a

width of 86.5mm find its length to the nearest four
decimal places.
3. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 7.5cm and

whose altitude is 5.9cm.
4. Find the area of a trapezium whose parallel sides are

75mm and 82mm long respectively and whose vertical
height is 39mm.
5. The parallel sides of a trapezium are 12cm and 16cm

long. If its area is 220cm², what is its altitude?
6. Find the areas of the shaded portions in the diagram.
Practice Questions
1.1 - 36 Nov 2017
7. Find the circumference of a circle whose radii are: 16. Calculate the diameter of a cylinder whose height is the
(a) 3.5mm (b) 13.8mm (c) 4.2cm same as its diameter and whose volume is 220 cm³.
8. Find the diameter of a circle whose circumference is

34.4mm.
9. How many revolutions will a wheel make in travelling

2km if its diameter is 700mm?
10. If r is the radius and 0 is the angle subtended at the

centre by an arc find the length of arc when: r = 2cm, 0
=30°
11. Convert the following volumes into the units stated:

(a) 5 m² into cm³ (b) 0.08 m³ into mm³
(c) 830 000 cm³ into m³ (d) 850 000 mm³ into m³
12. A steel ingot whose volume is 2 m³ is rolled into a plate

15mm thick and 1.75m wide. Calculate the length of the
plate in m.
13. A block of lead 2.0 m x 1m x 0.72m is hammered out to

make a square sheet 10mm thick. What are the
dimensions of the square?
14. The volume of a small cylinder is 180 cm³. If the radius

of the cross-section is 25mm, find its height.
15. A cone has a diameter of 28mm and a height of 66mm.

What is its volume?

1.1 - 37 Nov 2017
SQUARES, CUBES AND SQUARE & CUBE ROOTS

Square Roots
Squares
The square root of a number is the number whose square
When a number is multiplied by itself the result is called the equals the given number. Since 52 = 25, the square root of
square of the number. The square of 9 is 9 9 = 81. Instead 25 = 5.
of writing 9  9, it is usual to write 92 which is read as the
square of 9. Thus: The sign is used to denote a square root and hence we write
25  5
122 = 12  12 = 144
(1.3)2 = 1.3  1.3 = 1.69 Similarly, since 92 = 81, so .
81  9
Example: Find (168.8)2.
(168.8)2 = 168.8  168.8

= 28,480
2
 0.9 
Example: Find the value of   .
 0.15 
2
 0.9 
   6 2  36
 0.15 

1.1 - 38 Nov 2017
Figure 3

1.1 - 39 Nov 2017
Cubes
When a number is multiplied by itself, i.e. 3 3 = 9, it is usual

to write it as 32 or 3 squared. We can take this a stage further
and multiply by another 3, i.e.
3 3 3 = 27, it is usual to write it as 33 or 3 cubed.
Cube Roots
The cubed root of a number is the number which cubed equals

the number. For example, the cubed root of 64 = 4.
The sign 3 is used to denote a cubed root and hence we write
. 3
64  4
So, 3375 = 33 × 53
To Find the Cube Root of an Integer 3√3375 = 3 × 5 = 15
By the method of prime factors. When a given number is a

perfect cube we resolve it into prime factors and take the
product of prime factors, choosing one out of every three.
Example 7 :
Solution :

1.1 - 40 Nov 2017
Practice Questions
1. Find the square of the following numbers:
(a) 1.5 (b) 23 (c) 3.15
2. Find the cube of the following numbers:
(a) 7 (b) 1.5
3. Find the value of (3.142)2 correct to 2 places of decimal.
4. Find the square roots of:
(a) 144 (b) 2018 (c) 88
5. Find the cube roots of:
(a) 1444 (b) 2018 (c) 654

1.1 - 41 Nov 2017

PIA B - Basic - Module 1.1 (MATHS) Arithmetic Final

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PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS

Sub Module 1.2 ALGEBRA

Sub Module 1.3 GEOMETRY

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Issue 01, Rev-00 All 31 March 2014

Issue 01, Rev-01 All 30 Nov 2017

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Contents Multiplication of Fractions .................................................................... 14

PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 27

PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 28

Percentage of a Quantity ...................................................................... 30

PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 31

AREAS AND VOLUMES .............................................................................. 32

PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 36

SQUARES, CUBES AND SQUARE & CUBE ROOTS ........................................ 38

PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 41

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Absolute Value of a Number

Although we have mentioned negative numbers, we have not

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Second law: To add two signed numbers with unlike signs,

So, following this rule, we get for example: ( 5)  (-2)  3 ;

Third law: To subtract one signed number from another, change

For example, if we subtract 5 from - 3 , we get

Now what about the multiplication and division of negative and

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The Use of Symbols defined in mathematics. This is because there is no such

Suppose a is again any positive integer, but b is 0 . What is the

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The Commutative, Associative and Distributive Laws

The sum of two numbers is the same no matter in what order

The sum of three or more numbers is the same no matter in

Long Multiplication We now multiply the 4 units by 35 . That is 4  5  20 put down

Sequence of Arithmetical Operations Practice Questions

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FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Factors & Multiples

35 = 5 7 ………….5 is a factor of 35 and so is 7.

63 = 3 21 = 7  9……..…… 63 is said to be a multiple

Finally, it is to remember that any number n multiplied by 1 is

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) Practice Questions

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210 top number

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Lowest Common Denominator

When we wish to compare the values of two or more fractions

1. Find the lowest common denominator of the fractions to 3 2 7 3  15 + 2  20 + 7  6

First add the whole numbers together, 5 + 2 + 3 = 10. Then

Subtraction of Fractions if the answer is an improper fraction, this can be finally

The L.C.M. of the bottom numbers is 40. 5 3

4 1 With problems of this kind it is best to work in stages as shown

Operations with Fractions 1

1st Work out brackets; 9 5 18 - 5 13

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