Differences in the Rheological

Behavior of Newtonian and non-

Newtonian fluids

Transport Phenomena I
Chemical Engineering School
Universidad Industrial de Santander
 Rheology and Newtonian fluids

Newtonian Fluid

Society of Rheology 1929

“Everything flows”
RHEOLOGICAL SPECTRUM
EQUATION of STATE
Rational mechanics EUCLIDIAN ( perfect, rigido ) SOLID g =0
(Archimedes, 250 BCE)

Elasticity HOOKEAN ELASTIC SOLID t = Gg

Linear elastic (or Young´s Modulus) (1678)
t = G (g ) g
NO LINEAR ELASTIC SOLID

RHEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX t =t (g, g! , t,…)

RHEOLOGY MEDIA Viscoelasticity, thixotropy, …)

NO LINEAR VISCOUS FLUIDS t = h (g! ) g!

NO-NEWTONIAN

Hydrodynamics
LINEAR VISCOUS FLUID t = h g!
NEWTONIAN

Aerodynamics PASCALIAN ( perfect, inviscid ) FLUID t = 0

1663
 Simple Classification of Rheological Behavior

Taken from James F. Steffe. Rheological methods in food process Ingeneering. pag 50 https://sites.google.com/site/jfsteffe/freeman-press
 NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• Newton Law (1687): « The resistance which
arises from the lack of slipperiness of the parts
of the liquid, other things being equal, is
proportional to the velocity with which the parts
of the liquid are separated from one another »

x V
y h

dv x
g! yx = : shear rate
dy (<0)

dv x
t
The quantity yx represents the momentum flux,
t yx = -µ in other words, the transmission of momentum
dy from the regions of high velocity to the regions of
low velocity.
Viscosity in Pa s
 Typical No Newtonian Models for Time Independent
Fluids and No Memory

Shear Thinning (Pseudoplac3c, reofluidizante: adelgazamiento por corte

Shear Thickening (dilatante): Engrosamiento por corte
Effect of Rheological Behavior On Flow

The velocity profile shown in the figures, seeing the great effect that has the rheological
behavior of the flow in the pipeline. n>1 dilatant or shear-thickening; n=1 Newtonian, n<1
pseudoplastic or shear thinning. In the right side are shewed velocity profiles for Bingham
fluid.
 Generalized Newtonian Fluid Concept
• The generalized Newtonian models have been widely used by engineers for designing
flow systems.
• This model consider that viscosity is the most important material function, then a simple
extension of the Newton’s law of viscosity will be sufficient.

The most common strategy deals with the use of the concept of the:

GENERALISED NEWTONIAN FLUID t = -h(g! )g!

Viscometry allows us to make the most appropriate choice of h(g!.)

Steady state shear flow

Main limitations ViscoelasAc fluids with low De
Time-independent fluids
Cannot describe normal stress effects
 NO LINEAR VISCOUS FLUIDS NO-NEWTONIAN NO
MEMORY EffECTS
Constitutive Equation (rheological Equations of
State) may be derived from:

• A microrheological stand point where the

molecular structure is taken on account
explicitely.

• Continnum (macroscopic) point view as the

Generalized Newtonian Model. Dozens of
such expressions have been proposed.
Some of them are shown in Table 2.1.

Which model to select? For that, you

must use data experimental of
viscosity versus strain rate, or shear
stress versus strain rate and prove
which all models fit best. It is also
necessary to make a compromise
between model fit and ease to solve
the equations of flow.
 GNF model : the «Power-law» model
of Ostwald and de Waele

model

log h slope:
n-1
h = mg! n -1

real m [=] Pa.sn : consistency index

2 parameters
n [adim.] : power-law index

log g!
n <1 Shear-thinning (or pseudoplastic)
The most important region ( usually in the range : 0.15 - 0.9 )
for many industrial problems
n =1 Newtonian : h=µ
n >1 Shear-thickening ( or dilatant )
 GNF model : the « Power-law » model of Ostwald and de Waele

h = mg! n -1

ADVANTAGES
Ø Very simple empiricism
gives rough es1mates in
engineering calcula1ons
Ø Overes1mates the pressure
drop or underes1mates the
flow rate
DRAWBACKS
v Cannot describe the low
shear-rate region ( leads to
large errors in some cases )
v No characteristic time can be
constructed from the parameters,
this constitutes an awkward for
dimensional analysis
v m and n are not related to any
physical and chemical characteristics
 GNF model : EMPIRICISMS for

model The « Truncated Power Law » of Spriggs

log h slope:
n-1 h = h0 g! £ g! 0
real
g! n -1
h = h0 ( ) g! ³ g! 0
g! 0
g! 0 log g!

h0 , a zero-shear-rate viscosity
3 parameters
g! 0-1, a characteristic time

n , a dimensionless power-law index

 GNF model : EMPIRICISMS for h(g! )
model The « CARREAU-A » model
slope:
log h h -h¥ 1
n-1 =
h0 -h¥ 1- n
real [1 + (lg! ) ]
2 2

log g!
the 3-parameters version is
used when high-shear-rate
data (second Newtonian
plateau) aren’t available
Time constant
Advantages: gives nearly quantitative fit for
many polymer solutions and
polymer melts
Drawbacks: no analytical solutions, even for
simple flow problems
too sharp transition between the
Newtonian plateau and the shear-
thinning region
 GNF model : EMPIRICISMS for h(g! )
The 4-parameters « CARREAU-A » model
POLYMER SOLUTIONS
2%PIB in Primol 355
h0 = 9.23 ´ 102 Pa.s
5%PS in Aroclor 1242 h¥ = 1.5 ´ 10-1 Pa.s
l = 191s
7% aluminum soap n = 0.358
in decalin and m-cresol
h0 = 1.01´ 102 Pa.s
h¥ = 5.9 ´ 10-2 Pa.s
l = 0.84s
0.75%PAAm
in 95/5 w/w H2O-Gly n = 0.364
h0 = 10.6Pa.s h0 = 89.6Pa.s
h¥ = 10-2 Pa.s h¥ = 0.01Pa.s
l = 8.04s l = 1.41s
n = 0.364 n = 0.2
 GNF model : EMPIRICISMS for h(g! )
Models that partially remedy the drawbacks of the CARREAU-A model

CROSS-WILLIAMSON CARREAU - YASUDA

h 1 h -h¥ 1
= h0 -h¥
= 1- n
h0 1 + ( l g )
! 1-n
[1 + (lg! ) ]
a a

There is a 4-parameters
version of this model, Both models fit quite well smooth
which is equivalent to the transitions between Newtonian plateau
CARREAU - YASUDA model and shear-thinning regions, which is the
case of natural polymers and polymers
with a broad molecular weight distribution
 Description of the Carreau-Yasuda Model

!∞ The viscosity func/on approaches the

constant value η∞ as γ˙ gets large.

• η0 The viscosity func/on approaches the

constant value η0 as γ˙ becomes small.

• a The exponent affects the shape of the

transi/on region between the zero-shear-
rate plateau and the rapidly decreasing
(power-law-like) por/on of the viscosity
versus shear rate curve. Increasing a
sharpens the transi/on.

• λ The parameter is a /me constant for the

fluid. The value of λ determines the shear
rate at which the transi/on occurs from the
zero-shear-rate plateau to the power-law
por/on. It also governs the transi/on from
power-law to η = η∞.

• n The exponent is a power-law-like

parameter that describes the slope of the
rapidly decreasing por/on of the η curve

Taken From:Faith A. Morrison. Understanding rheology. Oxford University Press.

 GNF model : EMPIRICISMS for h(g! )
Models that partially remedy the drawbacks of the CARREAU-A model

ELLIS MODEL This is one of the few models in which the

viscosity is expressed as a function of the
h 1 shear stress.
= There is a 4-parameters version, called
h0 1 + ( t t ) a -1
1
2
the METER model.

The slope in the shear-thinning region in a log-log plot of the viscosity as a

function of the shear-rate is (1 - a) a

The parameter t 1 represents the shear stress value for which the viscosity is
2
h0 2
The time constant or characteristic time is h0 t 1
2

One can find analytical solutions for simple flow problems

 GNF model : EMPIRICISMS for h(g! )
Harne& and t £ ty h ® ¥
Hu 1989
BINGHAM MODEL ty
t ³ ty h = µ 0 +
g!
t
µ Notion of
Yield
stress ty 0
Real behaviour apparent
yield stress

g!
Time constant :µ 0 ty
 Yield Stress Estimation

Indirect (traditional) tests:

It involves the extrapolation of the shear Controlled Rate
stress (τ)–shear rate (ý) data to zero shear
rate (start method) or calculation using the
mathematical flow models such as Bingham,
Casson – linear or non-linear form or
Herschel-Bulkley.

Indirect Metod

OscillaWon stress sweep measurements
which serve for determinaWon of the
linear viscoelasWc range of the product
can also be employed for the yield
stress determinaWon.
The first one (smaller slope) is region of The yield stress is determined using
elastic deformation (solid like behavior), interpolation between the zero-
while the second one (larger slop) is the shear viscosity and shear thinning
region of viscous flow (liquid like region.
behavior). The yield stress can be
detected as a breakpoint in the slope of
two power low regressions.

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 GNF model : Usefulness and Limitaions h(g! )
• For steady state shear flows, the (flow rate - pressure drop) and (torque - angular
velocity) relationships are exact, even if the fluids are viscoelastic.

•The only limitations concern the fit between the experimental viscosity data and the
chosen GNF model.

• The GNF model can be considered as a special case of a more general form of the
stress tensor, based on continuum mechanics arguments.

• If elastic effects are unimportant (De<DeC), the assumption of steady-state shear flow
is not required.

• There are many examples in the literature, in which the GNF model has been used
outside the region of legitimacy. The corresponding results should be considered with
extreme care.

• The use of GNF model is not recommended for elongational and/or rapidly changing
flows.
 Time dependent Flow Behaviour
Time
Thixotropic
t
Time
Antithyxotropic

“These materials are considered inelastic with a function viscosity time

dependent. To difference of viscoelastic fluids, the response of the substance to
stress is instantaneous and the time behavior is due to changes in the structure
of the material itself“ Taking of Steffe, Rheological Methods in Food Process
Engineering.

¡¡¡There are materials that are thixotropic and viscoelastic¡¡¡¡

 Time dependent Flow Behaviour
• The figure shows the typical
Thixotropic with rheological behavior of
yield stress thixotropic fluids with and
t Newtonian
without yield stress.

Shear-thinning
ty (purely viscous)
«a»

thixotropic
«b»

g!
area
? Measure of the thixotropy
 Models for Time Dependent Flow Behaviour

Welman Model Tiu-Borger Model

! = % − '()*+ ! = , !"# − -# /̇ 0
1,
= −2 , − ,3 4
1+
• A and B are constants. • !"# yield stress
• B<0 for thixotropic ebhavior , is the structural
• B>0 for anti-thixotropic
behavior
parameter
Unidirectional Velocity Profiles Using
Generalized No-Newtonian Models
Effect of Rheological Behavior On Flow

The velocity profile shown in the figures, seeing the great effect that has
the rheological behavior of the flow in the pipeline. n>1 Dilatant or Shear-
thickenin; n=1 Newtonian, n<1 Pseudoplastic or shear thinning. In the
right side are showed velocity profiles for Binghan fluid.
 Non-newtonian fluid in a Couette Viscometer

The figure shows a schematic of the flow problem to be resolved

Según la previa suposicón las componentes
de la ecn de Movimiento son entonces.
 Emplazando en la
Ecn. de movimiento
se obtiene

Integrando una vez

Dividiendo por r2 y
tomando la n-sima raiz

Integrando de nuevo y
usando las condiciones
de frontera
 Poiseuille flow of an Ellis generalized No-
Newtonian Fluid
The GNF constitutive equation ! =
−$&̇ can use any of a number of
empirical relationships for $(&).
̇ One that
we have used extensively is the power-
law equation, but others are equally valid,
for example, the Ellis equation, which is a
three-parameter model (η0, τ0, α):

a) Show that the velocity profile for
steady laminar flow of an Ellis fluid in a
horizontal pipe of circular cross section
under a constant pressure gradient (z = 0,
P = P0, z = L, P = PL) is:
Taken from:Understanding Rheology. Faith A.
Morrison. Oxford University Press. 2001
b) Plot the final velocity field as vz/vz,av
versus r/R for α = 0.1, 0.5, 0.99 and for
τR/τ0 = 1, 10, 1000.
c) Determine a expression for the average
velocity and the volumetric flow.
Viscoelastic Fluids
 VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCES

l (s) = h / G h (Pa.s)
G (Pa)
Characteristic time Viscosity Rigidity
of the substance modulus

Any substance can behave as a viscous liquid or as an elastic solid

according to the time scale of the mechanical sollicitation and, therefore,
the distinction between SOLID and LIQUID is no longer so evident.

Prof. Reiner De = l / T DEBORAH number

where T is the characteristic time of the mechanical sollicitation

De >> 1 elastic solid behaviour Time-scale of the

experiment in
relation to a natural
De << 1 viscous liquid behavior time of the material
 VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCES
De = l / T DEBORAH number

On the road of Jericho ...

Examples of characteristic times l

Water 10-13 s
lubrif. oils 10-5 s
Polyesters 10-2 s
Polyolefines 100 s
Mountains 1013 s

"l large , if T ¥
« The mountains flow before the Lord »
DEBORAH, Bible, Juges 5:5 De « 1, liquid behaviour
 Typical geometries used to obtain rheological properties

Taken from:z. Tadmor and C. G. Gogos. Principles of Polymer Processing. Wiley & Interscience 37
 Standards Flows
Shear Flow Uniaxial (Elongational )Flow
• Layers of fluid slide past • Velocity profile describes is three-
each other and do not dimensional.
mix • Strong stretch occurring in the x3-
• The flow is rectilinear, direction and contraction
and the velocity only occurring equally in the x1- and
varies in one direction x2-directions.
perpdicular to flow.
•
 Pruebas Reométricas

Taken from Understandisng Rheology. Morrison. Ed. Oxford

creep testing : It is the sudden
application of a constant stress to
the liquid being tested, and the
monitoring of the resulting strain
thereafter.

oscillatory testing: applying an

oscillating stress or strain as an
input to the liquid and monitoring
the resulting oscillatory strain
or stress output.

stress relaxation test: sudden

application of a constant
strain, and the monitoring of the
consequent stress, which then
decays away with
time.
CREEP TEST

Compliance: The ra:o of strain to

stress, and the case of :me-
verying strain arising from a
constant stress the ra:o is the
“creep Compliance”.

$(")
! " =
'(

Stress and Strain response of several typical samples

 : Linear Elastic Response : linear viscous response

G= Elastic modulus [Pa]

Represent any physical system in the

microstructure that can store The movement of any entity through a
liquid continuous
energy. This might be i) potential or
phase will dissipate energy.
ii) entropic energy.
Even in a polymer melt where there is
In first: bond or a polymer segment
being stretched. no liquid around the chains, there is
friction as the
chains slide over one another
Second: An isolated polymer random
coil being deformed from its
spherical rest state.
High frequencies Short times
Low Frequencies High times
 ! = !# sin '(

) = *!# sin '(

d=0 Þ Elastic material

0< d<90° Þ Visco-elastic material
Stress and strain are in Phase: What the d= 90° Þ Viscous material
strain is at its maximun, stress also is at its
maximun

) = 0'!# sin '( + 2

,!
!̇ = = !- ' cos '(
,(
 OSCILLATORY TEST

Creep and stress relaxation test are convenient for studing material response
at long times (minutes to days), but less acurrate at shorter times (second
and less)

High =mes in creep (Dt­) Þ oscillatory test w¯ dominated viscous response

Short times in creep (Dt¯) Þ oscillatory test w­ dominated elastic response

 GEMICO
VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCES

DEBORAH number De = l / T
Situation of flow Corrresponding expression of De

2R
l á Vñ
Sudden Average velocity
in the small tube
contraction <v> R

Flow around V¥ Uniform l V¥

R approach velocity
a sphere R

Flow in the vicinity N

of a sphere lN
in uniform rotation R

CENTRE DE GENIE CHIMIQUE DES MILIEUX RHEOLOGIQUEMENT COMPLEXES Groupe ENSIC Nancy-France
Constitutive Equations for Visocelastic Fluids