Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CLASSIFICAÇÃO
• Estrutura química
USO RACIONAL DE
• Origem de síntese
ANTIMICROBIANOS EM
CÃES E GATOS • Mecanismo de ação
• Espectro de ação
• Síntese proteica
Age em micróbios
• Síntese de ácido fólico
- antibacteriano
- antifúngico
- antiprotozoárico
O
ANTIBIÓTICOS QUIMIOTERÁPICOS H H
S
S R1 C NH C C CH3
H H CH2
R C C C
O C N C R2
CH2
Origem natural Origem sintética C
(microrganismos) O C N C COOH anel beta-lactâmico
Exemplo: H
Exemplo: fluorquinolonas, anel beta-lactâmico COOH
penicilinas, nitrofurantoína
cefalosporinas ácido 6-amino-penicilânico ácido 7-aminocefalosporânico
Beta-lactâmicos
3 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 6 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
1
27/08/2018
O
S
R1 C NH
H H
C C CH3
Beta-lactamases
S
H H CH2
R C C C
CH2 O C N C R2
amoxicilina + clavulanato
ticarcilina + clavulanato
ampicilina + sulbactam
piperacilina + tazobactam
amoxicilina
β -lactamase
clavulanato de
potássio
2
27/08/2018
PABA sulfonamidas
gene mecA
ácido diidrofólico
(ácido fólico) inibidores de
PBP 2A redutase
(trimetoprim)
ácido tetraidrofólico
(ácido folínico)
Fluorquinolonas
3
27/08/2018
Dependentes de concentração
aminoglicosídeos
quinolonas
tetraciclinas
Macrodiluição em caldo Microdiluição em caldo metronidazol
azitromicina
µg/mL
20 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 23 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
50 60
Concentração plasmática (µg/mL)
50
40
Cplasmática > CIM
CIM = 32 µg/mL
40
30 ≥ 40-60% IED
30
20 CIM = 16 µg/mL
20 CIM = 16 µg/mL
10 CIM = 8 µg/mL 10
Tmax = 16 h 0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Horas após o tratamento
Horas após o tratamento
4
27/08/2018
metronidazol
60
azitromicina
Bactericidas rápidos
aminoglicosídeos 30
20
50 160
140
40
120
30 Cmax >10-12 X CIM
100
20
80
Cmax = 64 µg/mL
Cmax /CIM = 4
CIM = 8 µg/mL
10 60
0 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CIM = 16 µg/mL
Horas após o tratamento 20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
26 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 29 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) Horas após o tratamento
70
Bactericidas
Cmax = 64 µg/mL
50
penicilinas
Cmax >10-12 X CIM cefalosporinas
40
aminoglicosídeos
quinolonas
30
Cplasmática > CIM Bacteriostáticos metronidazol
20 ≥ 40-60% IED
CIM = 8 µg/mL Impedem a replicação
10
cloranfenicol
0 tetraciclinas
macrolídeos
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Horas após o tratamento
lincosamidas
sulfonamidas
IED = 48 h trimetoprim
27 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 30 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
5
27/08/2018
Amoxicilina + enrofloxacina Amoxicilina + enrofloxacina Amoxicilina + enrofloxacina • Baseada em alguma experiência acumulada na
rim N = 10 – AMOXI
N = 10 – ENRO
rim N = 10 – AMOXI
N = 10 – ENRO
rim N = 10 – AMOXI
N = 10 – ENRO
literatura
N = 10 – AMOXI + ENRO N = 10 – AMOXI + ENRO N = 10 – AMOXI + ENRO
6
27/08/2018
BACTERIOSTÁTICO + BACTERIOSTÁTICO*
aeróbicos gram-positivos anaeróbicos gram-positivos
Sulfonamida + trimetoprim sinergismo
Lincosamida + macrolídeo antagonismo
Macrolídeo + cloranfenicol antagonismo
aeróbicos gram-negativos anaeróbicos gram-negativos
Lincosamida + cloranfenicol antagonismo
Macrolídeo + tetraciclina antagonismo
Aeróbicos Aeróbicos
gram-positivos gram-negativos
Anaeróbicos Staphylococcus
Não associar se houver dúvidas. obrigatórios β-lactamase
Excelente
Boa
Regular
SIG – Staphylococcus intermedius group
Ruim
(S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius e S.
*Adaptado de Spinosa HS. Considerações gerais sobre os antimicrobianos. In: Spinosa HS, Górniak SL, Bernardi MM. delphini) - piodermites
Farmacologia Aplicada à Medicina Veterinária. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan, 3ª ed., p. 379-385, 2002.
Ruim
*Adaptado de Spinosa HS. Considerações gerais sobre os antimicrobianos. In: Spinosa HS, Górniak SL, Bernardi MM.
39 Farmacologia
Presentation Title – Aplicada à Medicina Veterinária. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan, 3ª ed., p. 379-385, 2002.
00/00/12 (Optional) 42 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
7
27/08/2018
Excelente Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott
J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular
Ruim Ruim
43 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 46 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Excelente Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott
J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008. Regular Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008. Regular
Ruim Ruim
44 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 47 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Excelente Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott
J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular
Ruim Ruim
45 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 48 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
8
27/08/2018
Ruim Ruim
49 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 52 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Excelente Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott J. Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott
Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page SW,
Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Boa J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders Elsevier,
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
2ª ed., 2008.
Regular Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular
Ruim Ruim
50 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 53 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
• Orbifloxacina
• Moxifloxacina
• Gatifloxacina
Aeróbicos Aeróbicos • Pradofloxacina Aeróbicos Aeróbicos
gram-positivos gram-negativos gram-positivos gram-negativos
Anaeróbicos Staphylococcus Anaeróbicos Staphylococcus
obrigatórios β-lactamase obrigatórios β-lactamase
Excelente Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott J. Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott
Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page SW,
Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Boa J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders Elsevier,
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
2ª ed., 2008.
Regular Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular
Ruim Ruim
51 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 54 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
9
27/08/2018
Excelente Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott
J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008. Regular Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular
Ruim Ruim
55 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 58 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Azitromicina
Agente etiológico
Aeróbicos Aeróbicos
gram-positivos gram-negativos
Anaeróbicos Staphylococcus
obrigatórios β-lactamase
Organismo animal Antimicrobiano
Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott
J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular
Ruim
56 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 59 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Distribuição Escalonamento
Excelente
Adaptado de Maddison JE, Watson AD, Elliott tecidual
J. Antibacterial drugs. In: Maddison JE, Page Boa
SW, Church DB. In: Small Animal Clinical
Pharmacology. Philadelphia,. Saunders
Elsevier, 2ª ed., 2008.
Regular
Ruim
57 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 60 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
10
27/08/2018
*Resumido de Guardabassi L, Prescott JF. Antimicrobial stewardship in small animal veterinary practice: from theory to practice. Veterinary Clinics of
North America Small Animal Practice, 45:361-376, 2015.
61 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 64 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
11
27/08/2018
Sepse:
12
27/08/2018
cefazolina
20-35 mg/kg, 8/8h, IV, SC
+ cão: 10 a 14 mg/ Kg, 24/24 h, SC, IV
ou IM; gato: 5 a 8 mg/ kg, 24/24h,
SC, IV ou IM
amoxicilina triidratada amicacina
22 mg/ kg, 8/8h ou 12/12 h, SC ou oral cão: 15 a 30 mg/kg, 24/24 h, SC, IM
amoxicilina + clavulanato de potássio ou IV; gato: 10 a 15 mg/kg, 24/24 h,
SC, IM ou IV
10 - 22 mg/Kg, 8/8 ou 12/12h, IV ou oral
cefalosporina de 3ª geração
anaeróbicos gram-negativos
13
27/08/2018
RESISTÊNCIA BACTERIANA
Transmissão
Bactéria resistente por
mecanismo inato ou
adquirido
tratamento
Transmissão
horizontal
de resistência
Transmissão adquirida
vertical
de resistência “transferência”
inata ou
adquirida
O antimicrobiano em geral seleciona
“característica bactérias resistentes.
bacteriana ou
mutação
cromossômica” patogênica sensível
patogênica resistente
79 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 82 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
*Guardabassi L, Prescott JF. Antimicrobial stewardship in small animal veterinary practice: from theory to practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America
Small Animal Practice, 45:361-376, 2015.
80 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 83 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Degradação
enzimática
Bomba de
Podem ser
efluxo inatos ou
adquiridos
Fonte: Arias CA, Murray BE. The rise of the Enterococcus:beyound vancomycin resistance. Nature Reviews Microbiology, *Weese JS, Giguère S, Guardabassi L, Morkey OS, Papich M, Ricciuto DR, Sykes JE. ACVIM consensus statement on therapeutic
10:266-278, 2012. antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial resistance. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29:487-498, 2015.
81 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 84 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
14
27/08/2018
CIRURGIA
epitélio
ATB
microbiota sensível
microbiota resistente
patogênica sensível
patogênica resistente
15
27/08/2018
- Procedimentos periodontais
- Feridas contaminadas
*Adaptado de Boothe DM, Boothe Jr. HW. Antimicrobial considerations in the perioperative patient. Veterinary Clinics of North ATB
America: Small Animal Practice, 15:585-608, 2015 e British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Reducing
prophylaxis.https://www.bsava.com/Resources/Veterinary-resources/PROTECT/Reducing-Prophylaxis, acessado em 31 de agosto
91
de 2018Presentation
às 13h53min.Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 94 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
*Adaptado de Boothe DM, Boothe Jr. HW. Antimicrobial considerations in the perioperative patient. Veterinary Clinics of North *Adaptado de Boothe DM, Boothe Jr. HW. Antimicrobial considerations in the perioperative patient. Veterinary Clinics of North
America: Small Animal Practice, 15:585-608, 2015 e British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Reducing America: Small Animal Practice, 15:585-608, 2015 e British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Reducing
prophylaxis.https://www.bsava.com/Resources/Veterinary-resources/PROTECT/Reducing-Prophylaxis, acessado em 31 de agosto prophylaxis.https://www.bsava.com/Resources/Veterinary-resources/PROTECT/Reducing-Prophylaxis, acessado em 31 de agosto
92
de 2018Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
às 13h53 min. 95
de 2018Presentation
às 13h53min.Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
ATB
*Adaptado de Boothe DM, Boothe Jr. HW. Antimicrobial considerations in the perioperative patient. Veterinary Clinics of North
America: Small Animal Practice, 15:585-608, 2015 e British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Reducing
prophylaxis.https://www.bsava.com/Resources/Veterinary-resources/PROTECT/Reducing-Prophylaxis, acessado em 31 de agosto
93 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 96
de 2018Presentation
às 13h53min.Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
16
27/08/2018
X
CIRURGIA
IMPORTANTE: HAVER
ANTIMICROBIANO NO LOCAL
ATB
AFETADO DURANTE A somente
CIRURGIA aqui?
97 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 100 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
X
CIRURGIA
*Boothe DM, Boothe Jr. HW. Antimicrobial considerations in the perioperative patient. Veterinary Clinics of North America:
Small Animal Practice, 15:585-608, 2015.
17
27/08/2018
103 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 106 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
Bacilos gram - Pseudomonas
Enterobacter
Proteus
104 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 107 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
• Casos “enrolados”
18
27/08/2018
110 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 113 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
19
27/08/2018
mm µg/mL
Resumido a partir de Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From
Animals: Third Informational Supplement. CLSI document VET01-S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: 2015.
S, I e R – pontos de quebra com CIM em µg/mL
115 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 118 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
R I S Resumido a partir de Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From
Animals: Third Informational Supplement. CLSI document VET01-S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: 2015.
S, I e R – pontos de quebra com CIM em µg/mL
116 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 119 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Fixos para o antimicrobiano, dose, via e bactéria Resumido a partir de Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From
Animals: Third Informational Supplement. CLSI document VET01-S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: 2015.
S, I e R – pontos de quebra com CIM em µg/mL
117 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 120 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
20
27/08/2018
CLDM
+ ERY somente sensível a
clindamicina se sensível
a eritromicina também
clindamicina eritromicina
testar clindamicina
sempre com eritromicina
Resumido a partir de Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From
Fonte: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals: Third
Animals: Third Informational Supplement. CLSI document VET01-S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: 2015.
S, I e R – pontos de quebra com CIM em µg/mL Informational Supplement. CLSI document VET01-S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: 2015.
121 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 124 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
OXA
AMP AMO
oxacilina
ampicilina amoxicilina
testar sempre oxacilina para
Staphylococcus
X
prever resistência a meticilina
CF CFX CFP CFDX
S+T SDO
SXT
? Até 2015:
DOXICICLINA = TETRACICLINA
sulfametoxazol + sulfas + sulfadimetoxina + 4 8 16
trimetoprim trimetoprim ormetoprim
sulfas S I R
Fonte: Fonte: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals: Third
Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals: Third
Informational Supplement. CLSI document VET01-S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: 2015. Informational Supplement. CLSI document VET01-S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: 2015.
123 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 126 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
21
27/08/2018
Fonte: Barsanti JA. Genitourinary infections. In: Greene CE. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. St. Louis, Elsevier, p. 1013-1044, 2012;
127 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 130 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
• Colheita do material
• Seleção do laboratório
Fonte: Hillier A, Alcorn JR, Cole LK, Kowalski JJ. Pyoderma caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in dogs: 20 cases. Veterinary
Dermatology, 17:432-439, 2006.
128 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 131 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
† Refere-se às recomendações de Weese JS, Blondeau JM, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt EB, Guardabassi L, Hillier A, Lloyd DH, Papich MG, Rankin
SC, Turnidge JD, Syjes JE. Antimicrobial use guidelines for treatment of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats: antimicrobial guidelines working group
of the Internationall Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases. Veterinary Medicine International, article ID 263768, 2011. Fonte: Banovic F, Linder K, Olivry T. Clinical, microscopic and microbial characterization of exfoliative superficil pyoderma-associated epidermal
collarettes in dogs. Veterinary Dermatology, 28:107-e23, 2017.
129 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 132 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
22
27/08/2018
• Refrigeração?
• Tempo de envio
133 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 136 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
R I S
134 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 137 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
Difusão em disco (Kirby-Bauer) – CIM APROXIMADA Correlacionando o halo de inibição com a CIM
Bactéria 1
Antimicrobiano A
3 mm R I S
0a3 4a5 >=6
mm mm mm
CIM >= CIM = CIM
1 0,5 <=0,25
µg/mL µg/mL µg/mL
Bactéria 2
23
27/08/2018
Bactéria 1
R I S
Bactéria 2
CIM AMOXICILINA R
AMPICILINA R
AMOXICILINA + CLAVULANATO DE POTÁSSIO I
MARBOFLOXACINA I
S I R ENROFLOXACINA R
GENTAMICINA S
24
27/08/2018
145 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 148 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
S I R
147 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional) 150 Presentation Title – 00/00/12 (Optional)
25
27/08/2018
QUANDO A SUSCETIBILIDADE NO
LABORATÓRIO NÃO COINCIDE COM A
RESPOSTA NO ANIMAL ?
• Colheita da amostra
• Falta de padronização da técnica laboratorial
• Falta de pontos de quebra estabelecidos para o
antimicrobiano testado
• Fatores farmacocinéticos
• O teste é in vitro... Obrigado!
• Biofilmes alexandre.merlo@zoetis.com
QUANDO A SUSCETIBILIDADE NO
LABORATÓRIO NÃO COINCIDE COM A
RESPOSTA NO ANIMAL ?
Regra do 90/60*
S I R
90% 60%
respondem ao • Humanos
• Pacientes
respondem ao
tratamento imunocompetentes tratamento
• Infecções
monomicrobianas
10% • PK normal
40%
resistem resistem
*Rex JH, Pfaller MA. Has antifungal susceptibility testing come of age?. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35(8):982-989, 2002.
26