Aspire group of college

harbasnspura campus (prof.

M naveed akber)
PHYSICS 2ND Y
EAR
Extra short questions from chapters
CHAPTER NO.12
Q no.1: Define coulomb’s law?
Answer: The force between two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of the magnitudes of charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
Q no.2: Drive the unit of k.
Answer: k=1\4 π ɛ o
π=no unit
Ɛo=C 2N -1 m-2
K=1\C 2N -1 m-2
K=C -2 Nm 2
 K=Nm2C -2
Q no.3: Define the permittivity of free space?
Answer: The permittivity of free space is an electric
constant. Its value is 8.85x10-12 C 2N -1 m-2 . It is shows by this
sign “ɛo”.
Q no.4: Define di-electric constant?
Answer: The ratio of the capacitance of a parallel plates capa
citor with an insulated substance as medium between the
plates to its capacitance with vacuum as medium them.
Q no.5: prove that Coulomb force is mutual force?
Answer: Coulomb force is a mutual force, it means that if q 1
exerts force on q 2, then q 2 also exerts an equal and opposite
force on q1. If we denoted the force exerted on q2 by q1 as F 21
and that on charge q1 due to q 2 as F 12.
Q no.6: What are properties of electric field lines?
Answer: 1-Electric field lines originate from positive
charges and end on negative charges.
2-The tangent to a field line at any point gives the direction
of the electric field at the point.
3-The lines are closer where the field is strong and the lines
are farther apart where the field is weaker.
Q no.7: Define electric field lines?
Answer: The numbers of lines per unit area passing
perpendicular through an area is proportional to the
magnitude of the electric field, it is called electric field lines.
Q no.8: Define Xerography?
Answer: The word xero means “Dry” and graphy means
“writing”.
These are Greek letters. It is a machine is used to produce an
image of a paper.
Q no.9: what is role of toner in Xerography?
Answer: Now a negative charge ink in the form of powder is
spread over the positive dark area which gets them
neutralized and this neutral image is produced on blank
page which is then passed through heat roller to produce
permanent impression.
Q no.10: Write note on inkjet printer?
Answer: Inkjet printers are a category of printer in which
printing is done with the help of inkjet technology. The
technology works by spraying ionized ink directed by
magnetic plates onto the paper, which is fed through the
printer. As inkjet printers are more affordable than others
type of printers, they are commonly used as home and
business printers.
Q no.11: Define electric field?
Answer: A region around a charged particle or object within
which a force would be exerted on other charged particles
or objects, called electric field.
Q no.12: Define electric field intensity?
Answer: Electric intensity is the strength of electric field at
a point. Electric intensity at a point is defined as the force
experienced. per unit positive charge at a point placed in the
electric field.
OR

It may also be defined as the electrostatic force per unit.

Q no.13: Define electric flux and its types.
Answer: Number of electric field lines passing through an
area held perpendicular to the electric field lines.
Φ=E.A
Φ=EAcosθ
TYPES:
Maximum flux:
 Φ=EAcos0∘
Φ=EA
Minimum flux:
Φ=EAcos90∘
Φ=0
Q no.14: Define Gauss’s Law?
Answer: The total flux of a closed surface is equal to 1\ɛ∘ ti
mes the total charge enclosed by the surface.
Φ=q\ɛo
Q no.15: What are ECG and EEG?
Answer: An ECG records the “voltage” between points on
human skin generated by electrical process in the heart.
This ECG is made in running position providing information
about the heart’s performance under stress.
EEG: In electroencephalography the potential differences
created by the electrical activity of the brain are used for
diagnosing abnormal behavior.
Q no.16: Prove that =
Answer:
==1=1
Q no.17: How electric fish detects its prey?
Answer: Fish and other sea creatures produce electric field
in a variety of ways. Sharks have special organs, called the
ampullae of lorenzini, that are very sensitive to electric field
and can detect potential difference of the order of nanovolt
and can locate their prey very precisely.
Q no.18: Difference between electric potential and
electric potential difference?
Answer:

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Work done on a unit positive The difference of potential at two
charge to move it from one Different points. OR

point to another against the The electric potential energy per

electric field. Unit charge.

Formula: V=W\q Formula:∆V=∆W\q
-1
-1
Unit:JC OR volt Unit:JC OR volt
Dimension:[v]=[ML 2A -1 T-3 ]
Q no.19: Define electron volt?
Answer: The energy required to one electron to move it
through one volt electric potential called electron volt.
Q no.20: Prove that 1ev=1.610-19 J.
Answer: V=
W=Vq
K.E=Ve
 K.E= (1 volt)(1.610-19 coulomb)
1ev=1.610-19 J
Q no.21: What is comparison of electric and gravitational
force?
Answer:

ELECTRIC FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

The electric force is given by The gravitational force is given by

the formula: F= the formula: F=

It is stronger force. Because
9
K=910 Nm C . 2 -2
It is only short range force.
It is dependent of medium.
It is attractive or repulsion
It is weaker force. Because
G=6.6710-11 Nm 2kg -2
It can be long or short range force.
It is independent force.
It is only attractive force.

Force.
Q no.22: Define Capacitor?
Answer: It is a device which is used to store electric charge.
OR
It is a device which blocks D.C. signals and allow A.C. signal.
Q no.23: Factor upon which capacitance of a capacitor
depends?
Answer: 1- Capacitance is directly proportional to the area
of plates.
C∝A
2- Capacitance is inversely proportional to the distance
between them.
C∝
3- Capacitance also depends upon medium between plates.
Q no.24: Define dielectric?
Answer: A material having equal number of charges of
opposite polarity.
Q no.25: Define electric polarization?
Answer: The method of creating two opposite poles of
charges in a dielectric material when place between plates
of capacitor.
Q no.26: Define time constant?
Answer: The product of resistance of a conductor and
capacitance of a capacitor is called time constant.
Q no.27: Prove that Ʈ=RC
Answer: R.H.S:
Let
A=RC
A=
A=
A=
A=Ʈ
A=R.H.S
Q no.28: What is electric of dielectric on capacitance?
Answer: When a dielectric is placed between plates of a
capacitance it decreases the original electric field. As
capacitance is inversely proportional to electric field hence
capacitance increases.
Q no.29: Define 1 farad?
Answer: The capacitance of a capacitor is one farad if a
charge of one coulomb, given to one of the plates of a
parallel plates capacitor, produce a potential difference of
one volt between them.
Q no.30: Define Milliken’s experiment?
Answer: In 1909, R.A Milliken performs an experiment to
find:

1- Mass of oil droplet.

2- Charge on oil droplet.
3- e\m
4- Radius of oil droplet.
5- Quantization of charge (Q=ne)
 Chapter no. 13
Q no.1: Define electric current?
Answer: The rate of flow of charge.
I=Q\T
Unit:
coulomb\second=Ampere
Dimension:
[A]
Q no.2: What is type of current?
Answer: There are three types of current.
Electronic current:
The rate of flow of negative charge. Its
direction is from low to high potential.
Conventional current:
The rate of flow of positive charge. Its direction
is from high to low potential.
Electric current:
The sum of electronic and conventional current in
a circuit. Its direction is generally taken from high to low
potential.
Q no.3: Define drift velocity?
Answer: The uniform velocity of electrons when they are
moved against electric field on they apply a constant
potential difference.
Its value is order of 10-3 m\s.
Q no.4: What is source of current and its name?
Answer: A material which maintains a constant potential
difference in a circuit.
NAME: cell, electric generator, thermocouples, solar cell.
Q no.5: What is heating effect of current?
Answer: When current flows through a wire it produces
heat energy. As
P=W\t → (1)
P=I2R → (2)
Comparing eq. (1) and (2)
W\T=I2R
W=I 2Rt
H=I 2Rt ∴ W=H
Q no.6: What is magnetic effect of current?
Answer: When current flows through a wire, it produce a
field around it called magnetic effect.
Example: when current flow through a wire, the needle
deflect that shows presence of magnetic field.
Q no.7: What is chemical effect of current?
Answer: When current flows through an electrolyte, it
ionizes the electrolyte this is known as chemical effect.
When current flows the CU +SO-4 , the
CU+ ions are attracted towards negative rod (cathode) and
SO-4 ions are attracted towards positive rod (Anode). This
process is known as electrolyte.
Q no.8: Define ohm’s law?
Answer: When potential difference is applied to a conductor,
the produced current is directly proportional to applied
voltage.
V∝I
V=IR
R=V\I
R=ohm, V=voltage, I=current
Condition:

1- Resistance remains constant.

2- Temperature remains constant.
 3- Pressure remains constant.
Q no.9: Define resistance and one ohm?
Answer: The opposite to the flow of current in a circuit. Its
symbol is “R”. Its unit is ohm.
The ohm is defined as an electrical resistance between two
points of a conductor when a constant potential difference is
one volt, applied to these points, produces in the conductor
a current of one ampere, the conductor not being the seat of
any electromotive force.
Q no.10: Describe the factor upon which resistance
depends?
Answer: 1-Dependence on length: - Resistance is directly
proportional to the length of the conductor.
R∝L
By increasing length number of atoms increase hence
chances of collision of electron (es) with their relevant atom
increases,
Hence Resistance increases.
2- Dependence on area: - Resistance is inversely
proportional to the area of conductor.
R∝
By increasing area of conductor, the gap between atoms
increases, so chance of collision decreases. So, as the
resistance.
R∝
R=
Where “ρ” is resistivity of material.
Q no.11: Define resistivity, conductivity, and conductance?
Answer:
Resistivity: The resistance offered by one meter cube part
of a material.
ρ=RA\L
Unit: ohmm
Conductance: The reciprocal of resistance.
G=1\R
Unit: ohm -1 (mho, Siemen)
Conductivity: The reciprocal of resistivity of a material.
Unit: ohm -1 m-1
Q no.12: Define temperature co-efficient?
Answer: The fractional change in resistance of a circuit due
to per kelvin rise in temperature.
It is shown by a symbol “∝”
 ∆R∝RO → (1)
∆R∝∆t → (2)
Combining eq. (1) and (2)
∆R∝RO∆t
R t-R O=∝RO∆t
∝=
Q no.13: Define positive temperature co-efficient?
Answer: It is increasing the temperature of a material,
resistance also increase, it is said to have positive temperatu
re co-efficient.
Q no.14: Define negative temperature co-efficient?
Answer: It is increasing the temperature of a material,
resistance decrease, it is said to have negative temperature
co-efficient.
Q no.15: Define carbon resistor?
Answer: It is a high-ceramic rod which a layer a carbon is
coated. This rod contains four bands of different colors.
Q no.16: Define Tolerance?
Answer: It is the measure of maximum and minimum value
of a resistance in circuit.
Q no. 17: Write note on a thermistor?
Answer: It is a high-ceramic rod on which a semiconductor
like Nickel Cobalt or iron etc. is coated. It is a heat-sensitive
material. It has +ve temperature co-efficient as well as –ve te
mperature co-efficient.
Shapes: Beads, Rods and Washers.
Uses: In security system, in fire system.
Q no.18: Write note on a rheostat?
Answer: It is a variable resistor. It consists of a rod on which
conducting wire is wounded. It consist of two fixed
terminals “A” and “B” and one sliding terminal “C”.
Working:

1- When sliding terminal is moved towards points “B”. “

r” decrease while “R” increases.
2- When sliding terminal is moved away from “B”, “r”
increases while “R” decreases.
Q no.19: Define electric power and its formula?
Answer: Electric power is defined as the rate at which
electrical energy is consumed in an electrical circuit. The SI
unit of electric power is WATT, which is one joule per
second.
Formula: P=I2R=V 2\R
Q no.20: Define EMF?
Answer: The energy supplied by the battery to a unit +ve
charge to move it from –ve terminal of battery to +ve
terminal for continuous flow of current.
E=∆W\∆q
Q no.21: Define terminal potential difference and
internal resistance?
Answer: The difference of potential at the terminal of a
battery is called terminal potential difference.
The resistance offered by the electrolytes present on cell is
called internal resistance.
Q no.22: Write Kirchhoff’s Rule?
Answer:
First rule: The sum of all current reaching at a point is equal
the sum of all the current leaving the point.
I1+I2=I3+I4
Sigh convention: The current flowing towards the point is
taking as positive while current leaving the point taken as
negative.
I1+I2-I3-I4=0
Second rule: The sum of voltage drop in a closed circuit is
zero.
Sigh convention:

1- If we traverse from negative terminal of battery to

positive terminal the EMF is taken as positive.
2- If we traverse from positive terminal of battery to
negative terminal the EMF is negative.
+E 1+E 2-I1R 1-I2R 2=0

1- With the direction of loop and current is same. The

product “IR” is taken as –ve.
2- With the direction of loop and current is opposite.
The product of “IR” is taken as +ve.
Q no.23: Define ohmic and non-ohmic materials?
Answer: Ohmic material: Those material which obey’s ohm
law.
Example: Metals.
Non-ohmic material: Those materials which do not obey’s o
hm law.
Example: semiconductor diode, filament bulb
 Chapter no.14
Q no.1: Define electromagnetism?
Answer: The study of effects of magnet and their effects on
current.
Q no.2: Define magnetic field?
Answer: It is field which can influence the other magnetic
materials.
Q no.3: Define right hand grasp rule?
Answer: Curve your fingers in such a way that thumb is
pointed in the direction of electric current then the direction
of fingers gives the direction of magnetic field lines.
Q no.4: Write force on a current carrying conductor in
magnetic field?
Answer:

1- Force is directly proportional to the current flowing

through the conductor. F∝I
2- Force is directly proportional to the length of a
conductor. F∝L
3- Force is directly proportional to the magnetic field. F
∝B
 4- Force is directly proportional to the sinθ. F∝sinθ
Q no.5: Define magnetic induction\magnetic field
intensity?
Answer: The force on a conductor having length of a one
meter and current flowing through it is one ampere.
Formula: B=F\IL
Q no.6: Define magnetic flux and its cases?
Answer: Number of magnetic field lines passing through an
area held perpendicular to the direction of propagation of
magnetic field lines.
Formula: Φ m=B.A
Φm=BAcosθ
Cases:
Maximum flux: Φ=BAcos0∘
Φ=BA
Minimum flux: Φ=BAcos90 ∘ , Φ=0
Q no.7: Define magnetic flux density?
Answer: The magnetic flux per unit area is called magnetic
flux density.
B=
Q no.8: Define one tesla?
Answer: If a wire experience one newton force such that
length of a wire is one meter and current flowing through it
is one ampere than magnetic field is one tesla.
Q no.9: Define ampere law?
Answer: The strength of magnetic field at a point due to
current carrying wire is directly proportional to the current
flowing through the wire and inversely proportional to the
distance from point and wire.
B∝
Q no.10: What is solenoid?
Answer: A long tightly wound cylindrical coil of wire which
behaves as magnet when current pass through it.
Q no.12: What is Lorentz force?
Answer: The sum of electric and magnetic force.
F=F e +Fm
Q no.11: Define C.R.O?
Answer: It is a versatile high speed graph floating.
Principal: When electron beam passes through the uniform
electric field between two sets of plates it deflects from its
path.
Q no.12: Write uses of C.R.O?
Answer:

1- To draw any graph

2- To calculate time period and frequency of a wave.
3- To draw sinusoidal wave.
Q no.13: What are galvanometer and its principal?
Answer: It is sensitive instrument which is used to detect
the presence of current.
Principal: When a coil is placed in a magnetic field it
experiences a force as long as the current flowing through it.
Q no.14: What is sensitivity of galvanometer?
Answer: Current per unit rotation is called sensitivity of
galvanometer.
C=I\Φ
OR
It is ability of galvanometer to show deflection for very
small value of current.
I=Cθ\NABcos∝
Q no.15: How sensitivity can be reduce of a
galvanometer?
Answer: Sensitivity can be reduce by reducing denominator
term which can be reduce by reducing number of turn “N”.
Area “A” magnetic field “B” and angle between A and B.
Q no.16: What is deadbeat or stable galvanometer?
Answer: A galvanometer which shows full deflection for
very small amount of current is called deadbeat or stable
galvanometer.
Q no.17: What are ammeter and its construction?
Answer: An ammeter is a device which is used to measure
electric current in ampere.
Construction: It is a modified form of galvanometer in
which a low value resistance (Shunt resistance) is
connected with galvanometer in parallel.
Q no.18: What are voltmeter and its construction?
Answer: A voltmeter is a device which is used to measure
voltage in volts.
Construction: It is a modified form of galvanometer in
which a high value resistance is connected in series with a
galvanometer.
Q no.19: What is ohmmeter and avometer?
Answer: An ohmmeter is a device which is used to measure
resistance in ohm. An unknown resistance is connected
between the terminal “b” and “c” with “a” galvanometer. The
deflection on the calibrating scale, reads the value of
resistance.
An avometer is a device which is used for measure current
in ampere, voltage in volt and resistance in ohm. It is a
multimeter device. In this circuit we have a function switch
which is connected to a circuit which is to be used.
Q no.20: Prove that two parallel currents attract each
other?
Answer: Draw diagram on yourself.

Chapter no.15
Q no.1: Define electromagnetic induction?
Answer: The production of induced emf and induced curren
t in a circuit due to change in magnetic field.
Q no.2: Define induced emf?
Answer: The emf produce due to change in magnetic field w
hich opposes the change is called induced emf.
Formula: ɛ ind=IR
Q no.3: Define induced current?
Answer: The current produce due to change in magnetic fiel
d in the opposite direction of applied current is called induc
ed current.
Formula: I=
Q no.4: What is method to produce induced emf due to m
otion of magnet?
Answer: Consider a bar magnet and a coil of wire connected
to a galvanometer. The galvanometer shows no deflection w
hen the magnet is kept stationary.
When the magnet is move near to the coil of wire the magne
tic flux changes so induced emf is produce in the coil which
produces induced current and galvanometer shows deflectio
n.
Q no.5: What is method to produce induced emf due to m
otion of motion?
Answer: When the bar magnet and the coil connected to a g
alvanometer are kept stationary, no deflection is show by ga
lvanometer.
When the coil is move toward or away from the magnet, the
magnetic field line passing through the coil are disturbed, so
as the magnetic flux. So an induced current is produce in th
e coil which opposes the motion of a coil towards or away fr
om the magnet.
Q no.6: What is method to produce induced emf by changi
ng the area of coil?
Answer: If we place a coil containing a certain area in the m
agnetic field and the coil is held stationary than galvanomet
er shows no deflection.
If we rotate the coil in the magnetic field in either direction
than the area contained by the coil in the magnetic field is c
hange. So magnetic field lines are disturbed. So an induced c
urrent is produce in the coil.
Q no.7: What is method to produce induced emf by self-
induction?
Answer: If we connect a coil with a battery and galvanomete
r along with a rheostat. When current flows to the coil some
magnetic field is produce in the coil, now if we change the a
pplied current, the magnetic field in the coil is change due to
which an induced current is produce in the coil.
Q no.8: What is method to produce induced emf by mutua
l induction?
Answer: If we place two coil closer to each other and curren
t is flowing in one of the coil, than some magnetic field lines
also links with the second coil now if we change the applied
current in first coil, than magnetic flux linked with the secon
d coil is change so an induced current is produce in the seco
nd coil and galvanometer shows some deflection.
Q no.9: Define motional emf?
Answer: The emf is produce in a conductor due to its motio
n in the magnetic field is called motional emf.
Formula: ɛ=VBL
Q no.10: Define Faraday’s law?
Answer: It is defined as the induced emf in a circuit is direct
ly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux is calle
d Faraday’s law.
Q no.11: Define Lenz’s law?
Answer: It states that induced emf is in such a direction that
is opposite the cause which produces it is called Lenz’s law.
Formula: ɛ=
Q no.12: Define mutual induction?
Answer: A phenomena in which changing of current in prim
ary coil produces induced current in secondary coil due to c
hange in magnetic flux is called mutual induction.
Q no.13: Define self-induction?
Answer: A phenomena in which changing the current in a co
il produces induced emf in that coil is known as self-
induction.
Q no.14: Define one henry?
Answer: If a current change at the rate of one ampere per se
cond in primary coil and it produces one volt emf in second
ary coil than mutual induction is one henry.
Q no.15: Self-induced emf is also called the back emf. Why
?
Answer: This is in accordance with the Lenz’s law. If current
increases then self-induced emf opposes the battery and wh
en current decreases then it helps the battery. Inductors are
used in electronics to control alternating current.
Q no.16: Define alternating current generator?
Answer: An alternating current generator is a device which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Q no.17: What is principle of alternating current generat
or?
Answer: Its principle is based on the Faraday’s law of electr
omagnetic induction. When a coil is rotated in such a way th
at magnetic flux linking it changes and an induced emf is pr
oduced in the coil. If now this generator is connected to an e
xternal circuit then current begins to flow through that circu
it.
Q no.18: What is armature?
Answer: Armature contains three coils. Each coil is connect
ed to a separate commutator.
Q no.19: What is commutator?
Answer: The output of the every coil is taped only when it a
ttains its maximum value is called commutator.
Q no.20: What is back emf in motors?
Answer: When potential difference “V” is applied across the
terminal of the coil then it begins to rotate in the magnetic fi
eld and an induced emf “ɛ” is produced in the coil which opp
oses the rotation of the coil. This induced emf is called the b
ack emf of the motor and it depends upon the speed of the
motor.
Q no.21: What is transformer?
Answer: It is an electrical device which can only increase or
decrease alternating emf. It is never used in D.C. circuit.
Q no.22: What is principle of transformer?
Answer: Its principle is based on mutual induction. It consis
ts of two coils, the one towards input is called the primary c
oil and the one towards output is called the secondary coil.
Q no.24: What is step-up and step-down transformer?
Answer:
Step-up transformer: It means the voltage across the termi
nal of secondary coil is greater than the voltage across the t
erminals of primary coil. This transformer is called the step-
up transformer.
If N S >N P then, VS >VP
Step-down transformer: It means the voltage across the ter
minal of secondary coil is less than the voltage across the te
rminals of primary coil. This transformer is called the step-
down transformer.
If N P>N S then, VP>VS
Q no.25: How efficiency decreases of a transformer?
Answer: If the core is of solid soft iron then changing magne
tic flux produces an induced current which begin to move in
small circular paths and they are known as eddy currents.
The other loss is due to hysteresis. Energy is lost in magneti
zing and demagnetizing of core during one cycle of A-C. This
loss can be decreased by using such a material for the core
whose hysteresis loop is of small area.
Q no.26: Define efficiency?
Answer: Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio b
etween its output power and input power.
E=
Q no.27: How efficiency of a transformer can be increased
?
Answer: Eddy current loss can be decreased by using the la
minated core and hysteresis loss can be decreased by sheets
of a material having hysteresis loop of small area. Also the r
esistance of primary coil and of secondary coil should be mi
nimum. Power transfer takes place with the help of flux so t
he flux coupling between primary and secondary coil should
be good one so that maximum flux of primary coil is linking
the secondary coil.
Q no.28: Prove that L=µon2Al?
Answer: NΦ=LI Used in self-induction
Now L= → (1)
Φ=BA
Φ=µonIA B=µonI
 Putting in eq. (1)
L=N
L=NµonA
L= (nl) µonA N=nl
L=µ on 2Al
Proved that
Q no.29: Define Energy Density?
Answer: Energy density is defined as energy stored per unit
volume inside the coil or solenoid.
Formula:
Energy Density=U m=
Unit: Joule/m3

CHAPTER NO.16
What is Alternating current
The current which changes its magnitude continuously and dir
ection periodicaly is called alternating current.
Instantaneous value of alternating voltage
It is the value of alternating votage or current at any instant o
f time’t’ measure at any reference point in the sine wave.
What is peak value
The highest value reached by the voltage or current in one cy
cle is called peak value. It is represented by V o.
What is peak to peak value
It is the sum of positive and negative peak value and usually
known as p-p value.The p-p value of voltage waveform is
V o.
What is root mean square value
The effective value of A.C. over a complete cycle is called root
mean square (rms) value.
Define capacitor reactance
It is the opposition offered by a capactor to the alternating cu
rrent passing through it. It is represented by X c and is given b
y the relation
X c =V\I
X c =1\ꙍc = 1\2ꙥfC
Define inductive resistance
It is the resistance offred by an inductor to the alternating cu
rrent passing through it. It is represented by X L and is given by
the relation.
X L =V rms \Irms
X L =ꙍL=2ꙥfL
What is Impedance
The cmnbind effect of resistance and reactance in an A.C. circ
uit is known as impedance.
Z= V rms \Irms
At what frequency will an inductor of 1.0 H have a reactanc
e of 500Ω
L=1.0H
X L =500 Ω
X L =wL=2ꙥfL
f= X L \2ꙥL
f=500\2ꙥ*1.0
f=80H
Properties of series Rasonance
Impedence of the circuit at resonance is resistive so voltage a
nd current are in phase. The power factor is cos 90dgr is one.
Impedence of the circuit is minimum at resonace frequency a
nd is equal to R.
If the maximum voltage of source is constant then the current
is maximum at resonace frequency and its value is V o\R. The
variation of current with frequncey.
Properties of parallel Resonant
Relation for resonance frequency is
F r =1\2ꙥ
Impendance of circuit is maximam at resonance frequency. It i
s resistance and its value is given by relation
L\CR
At resonance current is minimum and is in phase with the ap
plied voltage so power factor is one .Variation of current with
frequency
At resonance the branch current IL and Ic may each Bethan the
source current Ir.
Define Three phase A.C. supply
In three phase A.C. generator three are three coils inclined at
120dgre to each other and three pair of slip rings.
When these coils rotates in magnetic field, three alternating v
oltage are generating but they have a phase difference of 120
dgr . If the voltage across slip rings of the first pair of slip ring
s is 0, having a phase of 0dgr ,for second pair of slip rings pha
se is 120dgr and for third pair of slip rings phase is 240dgr.
Principle of a metal Detector
In the absence of a metal object, the resonance frequencies o
f both the coils is the same but when the probing coil is brou
ght near a metal object, its inductance LB decrease and so inc
rease its frequency. Now beat note will be produced and will
be heard by the speaker.
What is Choke and its uses
It is a coil made of thick copper wire wound closely in a large
number of turns over a soft iron laminated cores.
Uses
It has very little resistance but very large inductance. It offer
very little resistance to D.C. but offer very high resistance to
A.C. It consumes very little power as compare to a resistor. It
is used in A.C. circuit to limit the current with a little loss of e
nergy.
What is Electromagnetic waves
Are those waves which can pass through a material medium a
s well as space .
Define Modulation
Is the process of combining low frequency signal with the high
frequency radio waves called carrier waves.
What is modulated carriers wave
The resultant wave is called the modulated carries wave
 Chapter no.17
Q no.1: Define solid state physics?
Answer: The branch of physics concerned with the study of
structure and properties (e.g. mechanical, electrical, magneti
c etc.) of solids is known as solid state physics.
Q no.2: Define crystalline solids?
Answer: Crystalline are those substances in which atoms ar
e arranged in a regular manner. The vast majority of the soli
ds e.g. metal like copper, iron, zinc etc, ionic compound like
NaCl, ceramic such as zirconia are crystalline solids.
Q no3: Define Amorphous or Glass solids?
Answer: Amorphous or glass solids and molecules are those
substance in which there is no orderly structure as it is pre
sent in crystalline substances. They are often super cooled li
quids.
Q no.4: Define Polymeric solids?
Answer: Polymeric solids are those materials whose structu
re is in between order and disorder. They can be called part
ially or poorly crystalline substances. Most of the naturally o
ccurring or synthetic materials are polymeric.
Q no.5: Define crystalline lattice?
Answer: Crystalline lattice it consists of three dimensional s
tructures which repeats itself over and over again.
Q no.6: Define Unit cell?
Answer: It is the smallest three dimensional basic structure
s, crystal lattice is obtained by the repetition of unit cell e.g.
NaCl crystals have cubic shape of crystal. In cubic crystals, al
l the sides meeting at a point are mutually perpendicular to
each other. In order crystals, all the angles are not 90o.
Q no.7: Define elasticity?
Answer: It is the property of a body or a substance due to w
hich it region its original length or volume or shape after the
removal of the applied force.
Q no.8: Define stress?
Answer: It is the deforming force per unit area which chang
es the shape or length or volume of a body and is given by t
he relation i.e.
Stress σ==
It is measured in Nm -2 or Pa (Pascal).
Q no.9: Define tensile stress, compressional stress and sh
earing stress OR what is type of stress?
Answer: It is the stress which changes the length of a wire is
called tensile stress.
It is the stress which changes the volume of a given body is c
alled compressional stress.
It is the stress which changes the shape of a body is called s
hearing stress.
Q no.10: Define strain?
Answer: It is the measure of deformation produced OR it is
the change produced in the dimensions of a body due to def
orming force.
Q no.11: Define liner strain, volumetric strain and sheari
ng strain OR what is type of strain?
Answer: It is defined as the change in length (∆L), per unit l
ength is called liner strain.
It is dimensionless because it is the ratio between two simil
ar quantities so it has no unit.
Liner strain=ɛ=
It is defined as the change in volume per unit volume is call
ed volumetric strain.
It is also dimensionless and has no unit.
Volumetric strain=
It is simply the angular deformation is called shearing strai
n.
Shearing strain=Υ==tanθ
But when θ is small then
tanθ=θ
So Υ=θ
It is measured in radians provided θ is small.
Q no.12: Define elastic constant?
Answer: Experimentally it has been proved that the ratio be
tween stress and strain remains constant provided the defor
mation is not very large. This constant is known as modulus
of elasticity i.e.
Modulus of elasticity=
Its unit is Nm -2 or Pa (Pascal)
Q no.13: Define young’s modulus, bulk modulus and mod
ulus of rigidity OR what is type of modulus of elasticity?
Answer: It is defined as the ratio between tensile or compre
ssive stress and the tensile or compressive strain is called y
oung’s modulus.
Young’s modulus=Y=
Y==
It is defined as the ratio between volumetric stress and volu
metric strain is called Bulk modulus.
Bulk modulus=K=
K==
It is defined as the ratio between shearing stress and sheari
ng strain is called modulus of rigidity.
Shearing modulus=
G==
Q no.14: Define yield point?
Answer: The point on the curve beyond which the permane
nt deformation occurs in the shape of the body by increasin
g the stress in called yield point. The point b represents the
yield point m curve.
Q no.15: Define plasticity?
Answer: If the stress is increased beyond the elastic limit th
en deformation becomes permanent and the body does not r
egain its original shape after the removal of deforming force
. The strain increases more rapidly as compared to the incre
ase of stress. This phenomenon is known as plasticity. This
region I represent by portion B to C on curve.
Q no.16: Define Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) σ m ?
Answer: It is the maximum stress that a material can withst
and and can be regarded as a nominal strength of the materi
al. It is represents by the point C.
Q no.17: Define ductile substance?
Answer: Ductile substances are those substances which und
ergoes plastic deformation until they break e.g. lead, copper,
wrought iron etc.
Q no.18: Define brittle substances?
Answer: Brittle substances are those substances which brea
k even before its elastic limit is reached. e.g. glass, high carb
on steel etc.
Q no.19: Define conductors?
Answer: Conductors are those substances whose conductivi
ty is very large i.e. of the order of 107 Ω -1 m-1 and they are go
od conductor of electric current e.g. copper, gold and silver.
They have only one valence electron.
Q no.20: Define insulator?
Answer: Insulators are those substances whose conductivit
y is very low i.e. of the order of 10-20 to 10-10 Ω -1 m-1 . They do
not pass electric current e.g. wood, glass diamond and cotto
n etc. They have got 8 valence electrons.
Q no.21: Define semiconductor?
Answer: Semiconductors are those substances whose condu
ctivity is nearly in between a conductor and an insulator. Its
conductivity is of the order of 10-6 to 10-4 Ω -1 m-1 .
Q no.22: Define Band theory?
Answer: Electron in an isolated atom have distinct energy le
vels. But in a solid there is a large number of atoms say ‘N’
numbers, then each energy level splits up into N-sub levels, i
s called states. Due to the force exerted by other atoms of th
e solid, these energy levels which are discrete and closely sp
aced are called energy band.
Q no.23: Define valence band?
Answer: It is the band which is occupied by valence electron
s. Valence electrons are those electrons which are present i
n the outermost shell of an atom. Valence band is the highes
t occupied band. It may be partially or completely filled with
valence electron but it is every empty. In this band all the el
ectrons are bounded and not free.
Q no.24: Define conduction band?
Answer: Is one in which free or conduction are available an
d are responsible for the conduction of electricity in solids.
This band is above the valence band and can occupy the vale
nce electrons leaving the valance bands. It may be either em
pty or partial filled with free or conduction electrons.
Q no.25: Define forbidden energy band or gap?
Answer: It is the region which cannot be occupied by electro
ns i.e. it does not contain any energy level. It lies between a
conduction band and valence band.
Q no.26: define insulator on basis of band theory?
Answer: Are those substances which do not contain any free
electrons because in insulators electrons are tightly bound
to their atoms. In insulator
Valence bond is full
Conduction band is empty so no free electrons are available.
Forbidden energy gap between conduction valence band is
very large.
Q no.27: Define conductor on basis of band theory?
Answer: Are those substances in which force electrons are a
vailable for conduction of electric current. Conduction band
and valence band are almost overlapping each other or ther
e is a very little forbidden energy gap between them.
In conductor:
Conduction band is partially filled.
Valence band is partially filled.
There is a very narrow forbidden energy gap between cond
uction band and valence band.
Q no.28: Define semiconductor on basis of band theory?
Answer: Are those substances like Germinium and silicon w
hich are perfect insulator at 0K(-273). Their conductor band
and valence band are completely filled and so no free electr
ons are available. But at room temperature Germinium and
silicon behave like a semiconductor. A few electrons can ju
mp from valence band into conduction band with the increa
se in temperature. Thus a vacancy of electron is produced in
the valence band which is called hole and it behaves like a p
ositive charge.
In semiconductor:
Conduction bands are partially filled.
Valence bands are partially filled.
There is a small forbidden energy band between conduction
band and valence band.
Q no.29: Define intrinsic semiconductor?
Answer: A semiconductor is its extremely pure form is calle
d intrinsic semiconductor. Their resistivity is of the order of
10-4 (Ωm)-1 .
It is clear that all electrons are bounded and no free electron
is available. Pure ‘Ge’ and ‘Si’ are intrinsic semiconductor.
Q no.30: Define extrinsic semiconductor?
Answer: Extrinsic semiconductors are those semiconductor
s in which some impurity has been added. Their resistivity i
s of the order 10-3 (Ωm)-1 . It means their conductivity increas
es nearly one million times due to doping. Doped Ge and Si a
re extrinsic semiconductors. Doping is done in the ratio of 1
to 106.
Q no.31: Define N-type extrinsic semiconductor?
Answer: When a silicon crystal is doped with an impurity fr
om 5th group i.e. a pentavalent element like , antimony then
four valence electron of arsenic or antimony make covalent
band with four surrounding electrons of ‘Si or Ge’ but one el
ectron of arsenic or antimony is left unbounded so it is calle
d a free electron. Such extrinsic semiconductors are called N
-type. Since pentavalent impurity donates a free electron, so
it is called donor-impurity, which is thermally excited into t
he conduction band.
Q no.32: Define p-type extrinsic semiconductor?
Answer: The semiconductors which are formed by adding tr
ivalent in purity to a pure semiconductor is called p-type se
miconductor.
When an impurity from 3rd group or a trivalent element lik
e dominium, indium is added to a Si or Ge crystal then its thr
ee electrons make covalent bond with three surrounding ele
ctrons of Si or Ge atoms and one vacancy is left which is kno
wn as a hole. The extrinsic semiconductors thus formed are
called p-type substances. Since trivalent impurity accept a fr
ee electron, so it is called accepter impurity.
Q no.33: Define super conductor?
Answer: The materials whose resistivity approaches to zero
below a certain temperature are called super conductor.
Q no.34: Define low temperature super conductor?
Answer: These materials loosen all their resistance below a
certain temperature called critical temperature and so beco
me super conductor.
Q no.35: Define paramagnetic substances?
Answer: Paramagnetic substances are those substances in
which magnetic fields due to orbital and spin motion of the
electrons are such that they help each other. Such substance
s can be magnetized and are known as paramagnetic substa
nces e.g. Aluminium (Al), Platinum and manganese etc.
Q no.36: Define diamagnetic substances?
Answer: Diamagnetic substances are those substances in w
hich magnetic field due to spin and orbital motion of the ele
ctrons are such oriented that they cancel each other effect. T
hese substances cannot be magnetized e.g. copper, bismuth,
antimony and water etc.
Q no.37: Define ferromagnetic substances?
Answer: Ferromagnetic substances are those substances wh
ich show very strong magnetic properties or effects e.g. iron,
cobalt, Nickle, chromium dioxide, Alnico (an iron-
aluminium-nickle-cobalt alloy) etc.
Q no.38: Define domain theory of ferromagnetic substanc
es?
Answer: The small magnetized regions in a ferromagnetic s
ubstance are called domain.
Q no.39: Define hysterisis loop?
Answer: The graph between flux density and magnetization
of the specimen for the various values of magnetizing curre
nt is in the form of a loop. This is called hysterisis loop.
Q no.40: Define hysterisis?
Answer: It is clear that flux density is lagging behind the ma
gnetizing current. This phenomenon is called the hysterisis.
Q no.41: Define saturation?
Answer: The magnetic flux density increases from zero ad r
eaches a maximum value. At this stage the material is said to
be magnetically saturated.
Q no.42: Define remanence or retantivity?
Answer: When magnetizing current is reduced to zero then
specimen still retains some magnetism i.e. ‘B’ is not zero. It
is due to the tendency of domains to stay partly in line, once
they have been aligned. This property is called retantivity.
Q no.43: Define coerecivity?
Answer: it is the process in which retained magnetism by th
e specimen represented by the point ‘R’ on the graph is redu
ced to zero by increasing current in the reverse direction. T
his current is known as Coericive current.
Q no.44: Why steel is more harder than iron?
Answer: Hard magnetic materials like steel neither can be e
asily magnetized nor easily demagnetized, so their loop area
is large as compared to that of iron which can be easily mag
netized. Energy dissipated per cycle for iron is less as comp
ared to steel.
Q no.45: Write uses of hysterisis loop for stable?
Answer: Hysterisis loop for different materials help us in fin
ding out their stability when used for different purpose.
Uses:
Materials with high retentivity and large coericivity are mos
t suitable for making a permanent magnet.
The materials with low tetentively and large coericivity are
suitable for the core of electromagnet.
The materials with narrow hysterics loop are user in alterna
ting current circuit to minimize the wastage of energy.