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Lecture 5:
Transmission
T i i andd
Di t ib ti
Distribution
Power System
y Layout
y
Transmission and Distribution
The
Th distribution
di t ib ti system
t isi to
t take
t k energy
from the transmission network and supply it
t the
to th endd consumers.
Transmission and Distribution
generator
transformer
impedance
L C
line
circuit breaker
bus (node)
grounding
load
Transmission lines
Distribution System
y
distributor
Distribution
transformer
feeder Sub-feeder
Substation
To consumers
lateral
Ringg Distribution System
y
Distribution
transformer
feeder
Substation
distributor
To consumers
Distribution system
y
D.C. vs A.C. in Utilization
Average power
1 ˆˆ
Power = VI × power factor
2
A.C. generators are more efficient and can
be designed for a higher generating voltage.
Voltage drop caused by line inductance.
Charging current to line capacitance reduces
the useful current carrying
y g capacity
p y of lines.
A.C. Transmission
Average Power
Pdc = VdcIdc
Not
N t affected
ff t d by
b line
li inductance
i d t nor
capacitance
No easy voltage transformation
No easy way to cut off D.C. current
D.C. vs A.C. in Transmission
» Insulation costs
» Transformer
s o e cos
costss
» Supporting structure costs
» Circuit
Ci it breaker
b k andd switch
it h costs
t etc.
t
System
y Voltage
g
Transmission lines
There is a component in voltage drop due to
line inductance
ΔV = (2πf×L)I
There is also a charging current supplied to
line capacitance
ΔI = (2πf×C)V
A llower ffrequency will
ill reduce
d the
h voltage
l
drop along the line and reduce the charging
current to charge up the line capacitance.
capacitance
System
y Frequency
q y
Corona discharge
g
Corona is the ionization of air surrounding
line conductors due to high voltage stress.
Its occurence depends on:
» System voltage
» Conductor size
» C d t surface
Conductor f condition
diti
» Atmospheric condition
Overhead Transmission
Corona discharge
Corona is the ionization of air surrounding
line conductors due to high voltage stress
and would result in corona loss, radio
interference as well as noise pollution.
pollution
Concern of EM field on health hazards.
Sight of supporting towers
Underground
g Transmission