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ELEC-1104

Lecture 5:

Transmission
T i i andd
Di t ib ti
Distribution
Power System
y Layout
y
Transmission and Distribution

ƒ The transmission system is to transmit a


large amount of energy from the power
stations
stat o s to the
t e load
oad centres.
ce t es.

ƒ The
Th distribution
di t ib ti system
t isi to
t take
t k energy
from the transmission network and supply it
t the
to th endd consumers.
Transmission and Distribution

ƒ To transmit a given power, the higher the


voltage, the smaller is the current, and
e ce lower
hence owe iss the
t e resistance
es sta ce loss.
oss.
Power ∞ Voltage × Current
Loss = current2 × Resistance
ƒ To raise the voltage, AC transformer is
required.
i d Hence
H th
the transmission
t i i andd
distribution system normally operates in AC.
Three pphase transmission

Advantages of three phase transmission:


ƒ Only 3 conductors are required to supply a
3-phase line
line, hence better transmission
efficiency.
ƒ The
Th total
t t l 3-phase
3 h power is
i constant
t t rather
th
than pulsating, hence smoother operation.
ƒ For a machine of given size, higher rating
can be obtained with 3-phase design.
Transmission System
y

ƒ The transmission network can take on


different forms, it’s a compromise between
e ab ty and
reliability a d cost.
ƒ The characteristic of the transmission
network is that direction of energy flow is
not fixed but depend on generation and load
conditions.
Transmission System
y

ƒ Transmission refers to the highest voltage


levels in the system network and could vary
o 132
from 3 kV V (66 kVV in HK)) upwa
upward.
d.
» UHV – above 750 kV
» EHV – 400 to 750 kV

ƒ The higher level transmission network is


sometimes refer to as the grid.
Today’s
y Transmission System
y

ƒ Power pplants mayy be far from the load ((e.g.


g
to avoid fuel transportation, building power
plants near the coal mines).
ƒ To enhance reliability of power supply,
p for the
network structure is adopted
transmission system.
ƒ As the transmission capacity is increased
(in GW order), the transmission voltage is
getting higher and higher.
Today’s
y Transmission System
y
ƒ Standard voltages are used in each country,
which
hi h leads
l d to standard
d d design
d i off
equipment (transformers, generators,
motors circuit breakers etc.)
motors, etc ) beneficial to
investment, operation & maintenance.

ƒ Higher voltage networks are built on top of


existing networks,
networks resulting in layers of
transmission and sub-transmission systems.
Representation of a electric power system:
One-line diagram
ƒ One-line diagram
-- for system diagram, and show parameters, connections.

generator

transformer

impedance
L C
line
circuit breaker
bus (node)
grounding
load
Transmission lines
Distribution System
y

ƒ Unlike transmission, the energy flow in


distribution is always unidirectional.
ƒ The sub-transmission system can be simply
regarded as a high voltage level distribution.
ƒ The
Th distribution
di t ib ti system
t can beb divided
di id d into:
i t
» Primary distribution (1.1~6.6 kV, 3-phase)
» Secondary distribution (380/220V)
Distribution

ƒ Domestic and small consumers normally


received their supply from the service mains
oof secondary
seco da y ddistribution
st but o syste
system..
ƒ Large consumers may receive their 3-phase
supply directly from primary distribution at
a higher voltage.
ƒ Very
V llarge consumers may receive
i their
th i
supply from the sub-transmission system.
Distribution

ƒ The primary distribution system receives its


supply from the distribution substations and
bbranched
a c ed out as 3-phase
3 p ase feeders.
eede s.
ƒ The feeders then branched out as sub-
feeders and single-phase laterals
laterals.
ƒ The laterals supply the service mains of the
secondary
d di
distribution
t ib ti network
t k through
th h
distribution transformers.
Radial Distribution System
y

distributor
Distribution
transformer

feeder Sub-feeder

Substation

To consumers

lateral
Ringg Distribution System
y

Distribution
transformer

feeder

Substation
distributor

To consumers
Distribution system
y
D.C. vs A.C. in Utilization

ƒ Most appliances can work equally well on


A.C. or D.C.
ƒ Electronic equipment work on low voltage
D.C. (voltage reduction then rectification)
ƒ A.C.
A C motors
t are more efficient
ffi i t than
th D.C.
DC
motors.
ƒ Lighting at low frequency A.C. would
flicker.
A.C. Transmission

ƒ Average power
1 ˆˆ
Power = VI × power factor
2
ƒ A.C. generators are more efficient and can
be designed for a higher generating voltage.
ƒ Voltage drop caused by line inductance.
ƒ Charging current to line capacitance reduces
the useful current carrying
y g capacity
p y of lines.
A.C. Transmission

ƒ Voltage level can be changed easily by the


use of transformers.
ƒ Current value passes through zero twice a
cycle facilitates current interruption
ƒ A.C.
A C system
t mustt operate t in
i synchronism,
h i
and hence can easily run into stability
problems.
bl
D.C. Transmission

ƒ Average Power
Pdc = VdcIdc
ƒ Not
N t affected
ff t d by
b line
li inductance
i d t nor
capacitance
ƒ No easy voltage transformation
ƒ No easy way to cut off D.C. current
D.C. vs A.C. in Transmission

ƒ D.C. transmission is more efficient.


ƒ Operationally D.C. is not affected by line
p
capacitance and inductance.
ƒ D.C. has no stability problem.
ƒ A.C.
A C system is preferred mainly because of
the readiness in transforming the system
g from one level to another.
voltage
ƒ The difficulty in the cut off of D.C. fault
g
current also works against D.C.
H.V.D.C. Transmission

ƒ To transmit large amount of power at high


voltage, advantage of D.C. is significant.
ƒ To integrate D.C.
D C transmission with the A.C.
AC
system, expensive converter stations must
be installed at both ends of the D.C.
D C line.
line
ƒ Becomes economically viable as distance of
t
transmission
i i increases.
i
HVDC System
y
H.V.D.C. Applications
pp

ƒ To link up two A.C. system operating at


different frequencies.
ƒ As a asynchronous link within an A.C.
AC
system to improve stability.
ƒ For
F submarine
b i cables.
bl
ƒ For transmission of large amount of power
over a long distance.
System
y Voltage
g

ƒ To transmit a given power, the higher the


voltage, the smaller is the current, and
e ce lower
hence owe iss the
t e resistance
es sta ce loss.
oss.
Power ∞ Voltage × Current
Loss = current2 × Resistance
ƒ Hence for same loss,
acceptable resistance ∞ Voltage2
1 1
i.e. conductor size ∝ ∝
resis tan ce voltage2
System
y Voltage
g

ƒ On the other hand, there are costs that


increases with system voltage.

» Insulation costs
» Transformer
s o e cos
costss
» Supporting structure costs
» Circuit
Ci it breaker
b k andd switch
it h costs
t etc.
t
System
y Voltage
g

ƒ Hence corresponding to the amount of


power to be handled, there is a certain
optimum
opt u syste
system voltage.
vo tage.
ƒ Thus the optimum transmission voltage for
CLP is higher than HEC because the load
capacity of CLP is greater than HEC.
ƒ As
A we go ddown th the di
distribution
t ib ti level,
l l the
th
amount of power to be handled reduces,
hence the voltage
oltage le
level
el also reduces.
red ces
System
y Frequency
q y

ƒ Electromagnetic machines (generators,


motors, transformers)
voltage ∝ frequency × flux
For same system voltage,
higher frequency → lower flux
→ smaller core size
→ lower cost
System
y Frequency
q y

ƒ Transmission lines
There is a component in voltage drop due to
line inductance
ΔV = (2πf×L)I
There is also a charging current supplied to
line capacitance
ΔI = (2πf×C)V
A llower ffrequency will
ill reduce
d the
h voltage
l
drop along the line and reduce the charging
current to charge up the line capacitance.
capacitance
System
y Frequency
q y

ƒ Lamp outputs varies at twice the supply


frequency. Too low a frequency can cause
a p flickering.
lamp c e g.
ƒ Motor speed varies directly with frequency.
torque output ∞ frequency.
For constant torque, frequency
ƒ Two main frequency employed:
50 Hz – Hong Kong, China, Europe
60 Hz – USA, Canada.
Power system
y network in Hongg Kong
g

ƒ The power system network in Hong Kong


operates in
» 33-phase
phase A
A.C.
C at 50 Hz
ƒ The highest transmission voltage is
» 400 kV for CLP
» 275 kV for HEC.
ƒ The
Th consumer voltage
l is
i
» 380V/220 V line/phase voltage
Overhead Transmission

ƒ Conductors are bare conductors with no


insulation (insulated by air).
ƒ Conductors are supported
pp from supporting
pp g
structures (steel towers) by insulator strings.
ƒ There mayy be one 3-phase
p circuit ((single
g
circuit line) or two 3-phase circuits (double
circuit line) supported by the same tower.
ƒ Earth wire to protect line from lightning
strike.
Overhead Transmission

ƒ Corona discharge
g
Corona is the ionization of air surrounding
line conductors due to high voltage stress.
ƒ Its occurence depends on:
» System voltage
» Conductor size
» C d t surface
Conductor f condition
diti
» Atmospheric condition
Overhead Transmission

ƒ Corona discharge
Corona is the ionization of air surrounding
line conductors due to high voltage stress
and would result in corona loss, radio
interference as well as noise pollution.
pollution
ƒ Concern of EM field on health hazards.
ƒ Sight of supporting towers
Underground
g Transmission

ƒ Energy is transmitted over insulated cables


normally buried underground.
ƒ At transmission voltage,
voltage cables are much
more expensive than overhead lines.
ƒ Commonly
C l usedd insulations:
i l ti
Oil-filled paper
Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
SF6 Gas insulated ducts
Underground
g Transmission

ƒ The conductors in underground cables are


much closer together and hence the cable
capacitance
capac ta ce iss much
uc higher.
g e.
ƒ Charging current to cable capacitance is a
major operation concern.
concern
ƒ Systems with many cables may have
excessive
i reactive
ti power generation
ti during
d i
light load periods.

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