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Chapter 3 – Answers to questions (for in-chapter questions)

1 a i 2, ii 2,8
b i He, ii Ne
c The single positive charges on two Li+ ions balance the double negative charge on
one O2– ion.

2 Electrons are drawn in the two outermost shells only.


a

3 a 2+, b 3+, c 1–, d 1+, e 2–

4 a Na+F–, Mg2+O2–
b The ions in Mg2+O2– are held together by the attraction of two positive charges on
the Mg2+ ions for two negative charges on the O2– ions, whereas the ions in Na+F– are
held together by the attraction between ions with only one charge.

5 a b c

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 1 Answers


6 a

b Electrons are drawn in the outermost shells only.


i ii iii iv

7 a i ii

b Each NH3 molecule has a lone pair of electrons on the N atom. These lone pairs on
the NH3 molecules readily form a co-ordinate bond with AlCl3 molecules in order to fill
the 3p orbitals of the Al atoms producing H3N  AlCl3 (AlCl3.NH3).

9 Because each bond consists of a shared pair of electrons which will repel other shared
pairs to get as far away as possible.

10 a 2, b 2, c 4, d tetrahedral,
e because the repulsion of the four negative centres to tetrahedral positions around the
O atom means that the 2 H atoms and the O atom are not in a line but make a non-linear
V shape.

11 Be in BeCl2 has only 4 electrons in its outer shell and B in BCl3 has only 6 electrons in
its outer shell. So, neither Be nor B has a noble gas structure in these compounds.

12 a b c

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 2 Answers


13 a

14 a A lattice is a regular arrangement of atoms, molecules or ions in a giant structure.


b Delocalised electrons are bonding electrons which are not fixed between two atoms
in a bond but free to move throughout a structure.

15 a The attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions creates strong forces
between metal atoms resulting in high melting points.
b The close packing of metal atoms with a co-ordination number of 12 results in high
densities.
c When a metal is connected in a circuit to a battery, it is relatively easy for delocalised
electrons to be attracted to the positive terminal of the battery and for electrons to be
fed into the metal from the negative terminal. So, metals are good conductors of
electricity.

16 Because they form no compounds and therefore no covalent bonds.

17 a Br, b Si

18 C – Cl > C – H > C – Br > C – I

19 a F 2,7 Cl 2, 8, 7
b The effective nuclear charge = positive charge on protons in nucleus minus
negative shielding from electrons in inner shells is +7 for both F and Cl, but the
effective nuclear charge is much closer to the outer shell electrons in F so F is more
electronegative than Cl.

20 a BeCl2 - linear, non-polar b HI - linear, polar c BF3 - trigonal, non-polar


d NH3 - pyramidal, polar e F2O - V-shaped, polar f CH4 - tetrahedral, non-polar
g CH3Cl - tetrahedral, polar h Br2 - linear, non-polar

21 As Ar increases there are more electrons in the atoms of noble gases and they are
further from the nucleus and held less strongly. So, the atoms are more polarisable
resulting in stronger induced dipole attractions and therefore higher boiling points.

22 b and d

23 B and C

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 3 Answers


24 a 1, b 3, c 1

25 C

26 a, d and e

27 In water, each H2O molecule has 2H atoms bonded to the O atom and 2 lone pairs on
the O atom. Therefore, each water molecule can form two H – bonds. However, in
ammonia, each NH3 molecule has 3H atoms but only one lone pair on the N atom.
Therefore, each ammonia molecule can form only one H – bond.

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 4 Answers

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