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Alimodian, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment
by:
Chapter 1
Introduction
School is said a place where children learns and mold themselves into someone or a person
they want to be. But that is not the only luxury schools can give, they can also be a battlefield, a
place of survival some may seem, where the famous and the beautiful are honor and respect,
while the poor little once are bullied (Williams, 2008). Bullying is considered a common form of
violence in schools. Various studies indicated that bullying makes schools to be unsafe places for
schools’ students and it contributes in the belief that some schools are become not safe anymore
Verbal Bullying is a major problem in a society or in this world and what’s alarming is that, the
breeding ground of this plague is our school. Our called second home is the ground of bullies. But
before we trigger into the problem let us first define what is verbal bullying. According to the
Merriam-Webster (1828), verbal abuse is “harsh and insulting language directed at a person”.
Verbal bullying can alter from someone calls a name to someone and to spread a rumor about
someone. Which, if it gets bad enough, it can cause depression to someone and can lead to
suicide. Verbal bullying do not contain physical contact, but it can affect a person mentally. It can
be consider as one of the most dangerous type of bullying because of its effects (Williams, 2008).
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The purpose of this study was to examine learners’ perceptions of verbal bullying experience
being recall from their K-10 schooling. The research questions, that guides this study are:
Definition of Terms
For further understanding of the term used in the study, their conceptual and operational
Experience - the process of doing and seeing things happen to you (Merriam Webster
Dictionary, 1828).
In this study, experience refers to the things that happen to you in the past.
Junior High School - a school usually including grade 7 to grade 9 - called also middle school
In this study, Junior High School refers to students’ schooling, from grade 7 to grade 9.
Perception - The way you think about or understand someone or something (Merriam Webster
Dictionary, 1828).
As use in this study, perception refers to the ability of the students to think of their
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Verbal bullying - Verbal Bullying occurs when a student is teased frequently in a way student
As use in this study, verbal bullying refers to someone, who use harsh words to insult or to
Learners. This study will encourage them to change their attitude towards other people. It
will serve as a medicine to cure the minds of every individual to become open minded about the
Parents. They will be aware about the kind of attitude their child is possessing. It will give
them a hint on how they would help and encourage their child to avoid doing such act.
bullying may provide insights that will support school-base efforts to reduce verbal bullying.
These perceptions and the insights gain from them could aid in the creation of learning
environments that envelop the learner in a sense of safety and comfort and provide for them an
alternative to the norm-less society that has been created and to which some learners fall as
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verbal bullying, teachers and administrators could become more aware of the complex dynamics
involve in the phenomenon of verbal bullying. This understanding of learners’ perceptions and
definitions will assist teachers and administrators in dealing with verbal bullying that takes place
in school.
School. The goal of this research is to inform and contribute to more effective
preparation for addressing the verbal bullying in schools. It is hope that schools with greater
insight into verbal bullying will be able to reduce these incidents and provide safer environments
for their learners. Furthermore, providing learners with a safe place may increase attendance and
Municipal officials. It will help them to construct strategies and methods on how to
Future researchers. This study will be use as a reference of the researchers who would
This study is only bound on finding out the important information that may contribute to
more effective preparation for addressing the verbal bullying in schools and perceptions will be
identify using an interview since the participants are students and the study is only focuses on
verbal bullying. Also, another limitation includes the geographical location, which in particular is
the Alimodian National Comprehensive High School campus, the participants are the grade 11
learners that are randomly select and at least two (2) students. In addition, this study will be
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Chapter 2
background of the study. This chapter contains the review of literature and theoretical
framework. Review of literature is divided into several topics. These are A.) Perception, B.)
Student Experience, C.) Verbal Bullying, D.) Junior High School, E.) Related Studies.
A. On Perception
Perception is an individual’s view making it a powerful driving force for action. Processing
sensory information and relating to past experiences enables one to create a lens in which to view
The Gestalt psychologists studied extensively the ways in which people organize and select
from the vast array of stimuli that are presented to them, concentrating particularly on visual
stimuli. Perception is influenced by a variety of factors, including the intensity and physical
dimensions of the stimulus; such activities of the sense organs as effects of preceding
stimulation; the subject's past experience; attention factors such as readiness to respond to a
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stimulus; and motivation and emotional state of the subject. Stimulus elements in visual
organization form perceived patterns according to their nearness to each other, their similarity,
the tendency for the subject to perceive complete figures, and the ability of the subject to
distinguish important figures from background. Perceptual constancy is the tendency of a subject
to interpret one object in the same manner, regardless of such variations as distance, angle of
sight, or brightness. Through selective attention, the subject focuses on a limited number of
stimuli, and ignores those that are considered less important. Depth perception, considered to be
innate in most animals, is produced by a variety of visual cues indicating perspective, and by a
slight disparity in the images of an object on the two retinas. An absolute threshold is the minimal
physical intensity of a stimulus that a subject can normally perceive, whereas a difference
threshold is the minimal amount of change in a stimulus that can be consciously detected by the
subject. Recent studies have shown that stimuli are actually perceived in the brain, while sensory
organs merely gather the signals (Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018). Thus, according to
Mcdonald S. M., (2011) perception is never objective. It is an individual’s or group’s unique way of
viewing a phenomenon that involves the processing of stimuli, and incorporates memories and
B. On Learners Experience
Experiences are important for students to foster the critical thinking, appraisal skills and
understanding (Cardwell, J. M. et al., 2017). The learners experience encompasses many aspects
of academic and intellectual development; social and emotional life; and the growth and
refinement of cultural, political, sporting and artistic interests (“What is the student experience”,
2015). According to H. Shmuel Erlich, (2017) where he takes a renewed look at the constitutive
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aspects of experience, looking at it as process rather than contents. Recently more psychoanalytic
voices are discernible that argue for the complexity and multi‐leveled nature of inner experience.
Yet the predominant and preeminent psychoanalytic voice has traditionally emphasized the
linearity and single‐factored nature of experience and all that is based on it: development, object
stemming from the operation of two contiguous, ongoing modalities of processing internal and
external input, and reflecting two polarities of the subject‐object experience: of separateness and
instrumentality, and of oneness and ongoing being. Such a conceptual reframing of experience
C. On Verbal Bullying
Verbal Bullying occurs when a student is teased frequently in a way student does not like
"Bullying" shall refer to any severe or repeated use by one or more students of a written,
directed at another student that has the effect of actually causing or placing the latter in
reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to his property; creating a hostile
environment at school for the other student; infringing on the rights of the other student at
school; or materially and substantially disrupting the education process or the orderly
operation of a school; such as, but not limited to, the following:
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a. Any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim like punching, pushing,
shoving, kicking, slapping, tickling, headlocks, inflicting school pranks, teasing, fighting and
b. Any act that causes damage to a victim’s psyche and/or emotional well-being;
c. Any slanderous statement or accusation that causes the victim undue emotional distress
like directing foul language or profanity at the target, name-calling, tormenting and
d. Cyber-bullying or any bullying done through the use of technology or any electronic
means.
According to Daljević, (2014) verbal bullying is the most common type of violence in
schools. By definition, verbal bullying refers to when an individual uses verbal language to
embarrass, mock or insult another person. Unlike physical bullying, where the effects are obvious
(bruises, scratches…). These are one of the more difficult types of bullies to identify since their
attacks tend to only occur when adults are not present. Even though verbal bullying creates no
physical damage, this type of abuse can have lasting psychological impacts on victims (Gonzaga,
2013).Verbal bullying includes verbal abuse, insults, cursing, excitement, threats, false rumors, giving
names and titles for individual, or giving ethnic label (Quiroz et al., 2006). It is equally present among
boys and girls. Still, in many cases, verbal bullying is the province of girls. Girls are more subtle
than boys and use verbal bullying, instead of physical one, to dominate others and show their
superiority and power. However, one should have in mind that words alone do have power and
can harm more than punches. According to Williams (2008) the reasons students bully and are
bullied, such as: weight, size, clothing, being perceived as different, sexual preferences, and
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placement in special education. Bullying behavior in schools can lead to psychosocial problems
(Naidoo, S. et al., 2016). Thus, bullying has been an issue within schools for decades (Bosworth,
Espelage, & Simon, 1999; Greenbaum, Turner, & Stephens, 1988; Lapidot-Lefler & Dolev-Cohen,
According to Uyquiengco (2014) junior high school consist of four years (grades 7 to 10).
While, according Szyliowicz & Thomas (2018) Junior high school, in some school systems in
the United States, the two or three secondary grades (7, 8, 9) of school following elementary
school and preceding high school. Children served by junior high school are approximately 12 to
15 years old. The junior high school may be in a separate building or part of a junior-senior high
school. In some systems, a middle school, or upper-grade centre, serves certain grades (6, 7, 8,
for example) between elementary and high school. Also, junior high schools were introduced in
some provinces as a transitional level between elementary and secondary schooling, while some
provinces simply developed junior and senior stages of a total secondary program. Thus, this
study will use the education system of the K to 12 Junior High School (JHS) which is, consist of
E. Related Study
Most bullying starts out as a small tease for the bully to examine the vulnerability of their
victim. Then they find the obvious or underline difference between them and their victim to
initiate the labeling, this includes anything from race, religion, sexuality, to physical disabilities,
skin colors and etc. 35% of kids were directly involved in bullying incidents, 85% of girls and 76%
of boys reported having experienced sexual harassment, 24% race related bullying (Coloroso,
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2009). According to the study of Williams (2008) clothing as a reason for bullying emerged as a
theme that was echoed by many of those interviewed. Whether it was the brand name of the
clothes, where they were purchased, or the style of the clothes, several participants were bullied
and bullied others because of clothing. Also, “Subsequently, numerous studies on school bullying
were conducted in various countries (i.e., Austria, Canada, China, England, Finland, Italy, Japan ,
South Korea, and the United States) to understand the prevalence of bullying, factors associated
with bullying, negative consequences, and prevention mechanisms” (Moon, Hwang & McCluskey,
2011, P. 851). Participants’ definitions of bullying were from the perspective of those who are
bullied, bully, and who have witnessed bullying. Other students noted in their definitions the role
bullying allows one to look beyond the student and to the system (i.e. society or the
school). As noted above, students may perceive their school as disorganized, which could
suggest that they are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior such as bullying,
when: (a) school rules lack clarity or are erratically enforced, (b) when students
diagnosed with antisocial disorder are placed in schools that are dilapidated and
overcrowded, (c) when students do not receive tests and papers that are graded in a timely
manner, and (d) when course requirements are unclear and teacher expectations are
delinquent or deviant behavior. Economic activity outside the norm, natural disasters, and
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unstable political systems, to name a few, can create a sense of disorganization that
where he notes, “…when society is disturbed by some painful crisis or by beneficent but
come the sudden rises in the curve of suicides…” (p. 252). While Durkheim addressed
suicide in his discussion of anomie, deviant behavior, under which suicide falls, includes
bullying.
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