Protected Trees of Namibia

Published by WML Consulting Engineers
Production: Andri Marais
Design & Layout: OpenOrigin
Maps: Tree Atlas of Namibia
Scientific editing: Coleen Mannheimer
Photographs & copyright in photographs: Coleen Mannheimer, Wessel Swanepoel &

Andri Marais
Content of this booklet was principally obtained from Mannheimer, C.A. & Curtis, B.A.
(eds) 2009. Le Roux and Muller’s Field Guide to the Tree and Shrubs of Namibia.
23. Commiphora gariepensis
24. Commiphora giessii
25. Commiphora gracilifrondosa
INSIDE 26.
27.
Commiphora kraeuseliana
Commiphora namaensis
28. Commiphora oblanceolata
1. Acacia nigrescens 29. Commiphora saxicola
2. Acacia erioloba 30. Commiphora virgata
3. Acanthosicyos horridus 31. Commiphora wildii
4. Adansonia digitata
5. Adenia pechuelii 32. Cyphostemma bainesii
6. Adenium boehmianum
7. Afzelia quanzensis
8. Albizia anthemintica
9. Aloe dichotoma
10. Aloe pillansii

33. Cyphostemma currorii
11. Aloe ramosissima 34. Cyphostemma juttae
12. Baikiaea plurijuga 35. Cyphostemma uter
13. Berchemia discolor 36. Dialium engleranum
14. Boscia albitrunca 37. Diospyros mespiliformis
15. Burkea africana 38. Elephantorrhiza rangei
16. Caesalpinia merxmuellerana 39. Entandrophragma spicatum
17. Citropsis daweana 42. Euclea pseudebenus
18. Colophospermum mopane 43. Faidherbia albida
19. Combretum imberbe 44. Ficus burkei
20. Commiphora capensis 45. Ficus cordata
21. Commiphora cervifolia 46. Ficus sycomorus
22. Commiphora dinteri 47. Guibourtia coleosperma
48. Hyphaene petersiana 69. Sesamothamnus leistneri
40. Erythrina decora 70. Spirostachys africana
41. Euclea asperrima 71. Strygnos potatorum
49. Kirkia dewinteri
50. Lannea discolor
51. Maerua schinzii
52. Moringa ovalifolia
53. Neoluederitzia sericeocarpa
54. Ozoroa concolor
55. Ozoroa namaquensis
72. Sterculia africana
73. Sterculia quinqueloba

74. Strychnos cocculoides
75. Strychnos pungens
76. Strychnos spinosa
77. Tamarix usneoides
78. Tylecodon paniculatus
56. Pachypodium lealii
79. Welwitschia mirabilis
57. Pachypodium namaquanum 80. Ziziphus mucronata
58. Pappea capensis
59. Philenoptera violacea
60. Protea gaguedi
61. Pterocarpus angolensis
62. Salix mucronata
63. Schinziophyton rautanenii
64. Schotia afra var. angustifolia
65. Sclerocarya birrea
66. Searsia lancea
67. Sesamothamnus benguellensis
68. Sesamothamnus guerichii
ICON INDEX
Beverage Hygiene
Fruit, roots or leaves can be used Ash can be used as a toothpaste,
to make non-alcoholic or alcoholic stems and twigs can be used as
beverages. toothbrushes.
Birds Inedible
Birds eat the fruit and/or seeds. Also Fruit and/or leaves not safe for
used as shelter and nesting. human consumption.
Construction Illegally harvested

Wood used as timber to build walls, Harvested for the horticultural trade.
and roofs.
Cosmetic Insects
Extracts for Perfume and essential Home to caterpillars.
oils.
Edible Livestock
Safe for human consumption. Flowers, leaves, shoots and/or pods are
browsed by livestock e.g goats, cattle.
Endemic/Near Endemic Medicinal

Species occuring only in Namibia or The roots, bark and/or the leaves
just beyond. have known medicinal uses.
Endangered/Rare Smoking
According to Namibian Red List. Pods can be crushed and mixed with
tobacco to create a smoking mixture
& snuff.
Fuel Thatching
Sought after for good quality Used to make thatching for gazebos
firewood. and huts.
Furniture Making Tools & Utensils

Wood can be used in furniture Tree sap used as arrow poison/ stem
making, flooring, canoes, dishes/ used as arrow quivers and to make
spoons, sleepers. utensils.
Game Weaving
Flowers, leaves, shoots and/or pods Used to make ropes, hats, baskets,
are browsed by a variety of wild mats and sacks/bags.
animals.
Honey
Worth cultivating for honey
production because of pollen making
abilities. Used to carry honeycombs.
Acacia nigrescens
knob-thorn, mungandu, knoppiesdorn, ghughandutji,
mukotokoto
Identification: Value:
Single-stemmed, erect, deciduous tree up to 20 m.
oo Bark yellowish grey, longitudinally fissured,

often with thorns raised on large knobs. The leaves are browsed by game.
oo Thorns paired, strongly curved, black, hair The wood is used in construction, to
less, bases well separated. make utensils, as fuelwood, to make
oo Leaves bipinnately compound, spirally rope, and for tanning. It also retains
arranged, leaflets large, dark and stabilizes riverbanks.
green to grey-green above, pale
green below, sparsely downy.
oo Fruit an oblong, straight, flattened, leathery,
brittle pod; splitting open when
mature.
1
Acacia erioloba
camel-thorn, kameeldoring, omuthiya, omumbonde, kameel-
dornbaum, ||ganab
Semi-deciduous or deciduous tree, up to 20m high.
oo Bark dark grey, rough, vertical fissures.

oo Thornes sharp, straight, paired at nodes, The flowers, shoots and pods are
grey-white. eaten by livestock and game. Pods
oo Leaves bipinnately compound, spirally are very nutritious, consisting of
arranged, leaflets dull olive-green, smooth. almost 14% protein, but contain
oo Flowers golden-yellow. Inflorescence a sufficient prussic acid to cause stock
round head on a stalk. losses. The wood has many uses –
oo Fruit a woody pod, ear-shaped with short,
in building houses, as firewood, for
grey down.
smoking meat, to make axe-handles
and in the construction of fences. In
Kavango, it is used to make pestles
for grinding ‘Mahangu’. The bark is
used in the firing of clay pots. Resin
is edible when fresh and is used as a
remedy for stomach ache. Seeds can
be roasted and used as a substitute
for coffee beans.
2
Acanthosicyos horridus
nara, !nara, botterpitte, omungaraha
Much-branched, spreading shrub, arching
branches
oo Bark grey, longitudinally fissured, inner Second only to the welwitschia, the
bark bright yellow. young branchlets grey- nara is one of the most characteristic
green, with paired straight thorns. plants of the Namib Desert. The soft
oo Leaves absent. growing tips are eaten by ostrich and
oo Flowers yellow-green, bell-shaped, small mammals eat the seed once
separate male & female plants. the fruit has broken open. The fruit
oo Fruit a melon, covered in hard, thick, is eaten by game such as springbok
spine-like protruberances. and rhino. The fruit is also suitable for
human consumption - raw, cooked
or dried. The seeds taste similar to
almonds, are very nutritious, and can
be eaten raw or roasted.
3
Adansonia digitata
baobab, kremetartboom, omukwa, lemonade tree, affenbrot-
baum, divuyu, #’òm
Up to 20 m high, characteristically massive trunk.
oo Bark smooth, pinkish-brown to grey- Leaves provide excellent fodder

brown, often convoluted. for cattle. Young leaves and twigs
oo Leaves of young trees simple, older trees are boiled to make soup. The hard
5-7-palmately compound. shell of the fruit is used as a water
oo Flowers pure white, hanging on long container or snuff-box. The flesh
stalks, 5 crinkled, waxy petals curl back, of the fruit contains tartaric acid,
numerous stamens fuse to form a column. Vitamin C and sugar and is eaten
oo Fruit olive green, velvety covering. directly by sucking or cooked
with porridge and other dishes.
Fermented fruit flesh is used as a
raising-agent in bread-baking. Seed
is eaten raw or roasted and ground
and used as a coffee-substitute. The
white root of germinating seeds is
eaten like asparagus. Tubers borne
at root tips are dried, crushed and
made into porridge. Bark fibres are
used as rope and sap from bark as
thirst-quencher. Ash from burned
wood can be used as a substitute
for salt.
4
Adenia pechuelii
elephants-foot, wüstenkohlrabi
Unusual squat plant with large, swollen, tuber-like
smooth grey-green stem up to 1 m or more in
height and diameter.
Unique, somewhat grotesque plant
oo Branches numerous, short, thick, rigid, endemic to rocky outcrops of the
blue-green, grooved, tapering to a point. Namib Desert.
oo Leaves few, simple, often absent, leathery,
blue-green.
oo Flowers small, cup-shaped, male and
female on separate plants
oo Fruit a round, three-lobed capsule, red
when ripe.
5
Adenium boehmianum
bushman poison, ouzuwo
Deciduous, few-stemmed shrub, succulent trunk.
oo Bark Smooth, grey-brown.

oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged or The Bushman poison contains
terminally clustered, elliptic, slightly a milky sap that is used by the
longitudinally folded, dark green San people as an arrow poison. It
above, paler below flowers abundantly for almost six
with prominent veins. months of the year and is becoming
oo Flowers tubular, pink with darker throat; increasingly popular in gardens. It is
corolla lobes whorled. unfortunately being unsustainably
oo Fruit paired, dry cylindrical capsules; seeds harvested for the horticultural trade.
with a tuft of silky hairs at each end.
6
Afzelia quanzensis
pod mahogany, mwanda, schoten-mahogani
Semi-deciduous to deciduous, spreading crown.
oo Trunk up to 1.6 m in diameter.

oo Bark purplish-grey to pale brown, smooth The leaves and flowers of the pod
or reticulate, flaking in thick, round discs. mahogany are browsed by game and
oo Leaves paripinnate, alternate, leaflets the seeds are eaten by rodents and
opposite, hairless, glossy with prominent various bird species. Seeds are strung
veins, dark green above, lighter below. into necklaces and sold as curios. A
oo Flowers with single, conspicuous, orange- root extract is used to treat various
red petal; sweetly scented. ailments such as influenza, bilharzia
oo Fruit thick, woody, flattened, black pod. and eye diseases. The bark is used
Splits open into 2 valves. Black seeds with to treat toothache. Although slow-
red, cup shaped basal aril. growing and frost sensitive, it is an
attractive ornamental tree.
7
Albizia anthelmintica
worm-cure albizia, aru,
wurmrindenbaum, oumaboom
Leaflets similar to Black-thorn Acacia/Swarthaak,
but more asymmetric, with a pointed tip. Also
similar growth forms but albizia has no thorns.
Bark has anthelminthic properties
and is boiled to produce a watery
oo Bark grey to red-brown. Branchlets with
infusion that is used to treat parasitic
spine-tipped lateral shoots.
worm infections in humans and
oo Leaves bipinnately compound, paripinnate,
horses. Various parts of the plant are
spirally arranged.
used to treat upset stomachs. Young
oo Flowers pale yellow, stamens
branchlets are used to clean teeth.
conspicuously long, anytime of the year.
Wood is durable and used to make
oo Fruit a papery, flattened pod, swollen
knife-sheaths and plates.
above each seed. Splits open.
8
Aloe dichotoma
quiver tree, kokerboom, kokerbaum,
Distinctive tree aloe. Single stemmed, stout. Stem
branches repeatedly and dichotomously to form
a dense crown.
The Afrikaans and English common
oo Bark yellow, rough, peeling in segments.
names originate from the use of
oo Leaves simple, thick, succulent, in terminal
hollowed-out stems as arrow quivers
rosettes, boat shaped.
by early San people.
oo Inflorescence a branched spray carried
above leave rosette.
oo Flowers yellow, tubular.
oo Fruit a capsule, 30 mm long.
9
Aloe pillansii
giant quiver-tree
Slender, erect, sparsely branched in upper stem.
oo Bark yellow, rough, fragmenting into
pieces with smooth portions in-between.
Upper branches relatively smooth, yellow The giant quiver-tree is regarded as
grey. critically endangered as it is severely
oo Leaves in terminal rosettes, droop with threatened by habitat loss, illegal
age, bases encircle stem. collecting and livestock grazing. It is
oo Inflorescence a much-branched spray, an extremely slow growing species,
hanging below leaf rosette. and is difficult to cultivate. Although
oo Flowers yellow, tubular. the seeds germinate easily, this
oo Fruit a capsule. species has not been successfully
grown in gardens.
10
Aloe ramosissima
maiden’s quiver-tree, boskokerboom
Densely branched. Stems normally very short.
oo Bark smooth, brown.

oo Leaves simple, in terminal rosettes, Often confused with A. dichotoma.
brownish-green. The two species can also hybridise.
oo Inflorescence an erect, branched spray. Regarded as vulnerable, its habitat
oo Flowers bright yellow, tubular. is threatened by mining and
oo Fruit a capsule. overgrazing by livestock.
11
Baikiaea plurijuga
zambezi teak, rhodesian teak, uhahe,
omupapa, ghukuthi, omuzumba
Deciduous tree with dense, spreading crown.
oo Bark grey to dark brown, flakes off in

longitudinal strips. Excellent wood that is durable,
oo Leaves paripinnate, alternate, leaflets hard, heavy and resistant to both
opposite, leathery, downy rotting and insect attacks. It is used
oo Flowers conspicuous, pink to mauve, in construction of houses, as fuel,
petals crinkly. to manufacture sledges, ploughs,
oo Fruit a flattened, woody, densely woolly canoes, sleepers, parquet flooring,
pod, splits open loudly when ripe, shooting mine props, furniture and dishes.
seeds, valves then twist into spirals. Thinner branches are used as whip
handles for trapping game. Bark is
used in various remedies. Whole or
crushed bark is boiled in water until
it turns red, cooled and taken to treat
colds. Crushed bark boiled in salt
water is used to treat measles (as a
drink or a poultice). Resin extrusions
are used to treat rabies. Pods are
crushed and mixed with tabacco
to make a smoking mixture and a
snuff. Wood infusions are used to tan
leather. Cattle and goats eat the bark.
12
Berchemia discolor
bird-plum, omuve, wilde dadel, mukerete, wilde dattel, urehaib
Deciduous or semi-deciduous tree, rounded
crown.
oo Bark grey, fissured, rough
oo Leaves simple, opposite, veins prominent, The sweet and tasty fruit of the
occasionally downy. bird-plum are eaten by people and
oo Flowers small, green-yellow, inflorescence animals, making it a highly valued
an axillary cluster. tree. Ripe fruit is used for distillation
oo Fruit an ovoid-oblong berry, fleshy, yellow and dried when available in surplus.
when ripe. The leaves are eaten by game or
livestock. Flowers produce copious
amounts of pollen, making this
species worth cultivating for honey
production. The bird-plum also has
several medicinal uses and the hard
wood is excellent for constructing
furniture and huts. It is also used to
make handles, knives and knopkieries
and pipes carved from wood are
used as bellows by blacksmiths.
13
Boscia albitrunca
shepherd’s tree, witgat, omutendereti, omunkunzi
Evergreen shrub or tree.
oo Bark pale in colour, almost white.
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, solitary or
in clusters. The shepherd’s tree has many uses,
oo Flowers small, green-yellow, inflorescence making it an important component
a cluster. of the vegetation wherever it occurs.
oo Fruit spherical, yellow when ripe. Seeds Livestock and game browse the
with brittle, cream coloured highly nutritious leaves. Donkeys
warty shell, embedded in orange flesh. and porcupines like the bark, which
can result in ring-barking and
eventually trees dying. Tough, white,
fine-grained wood is used to make
household utensils. Roasted roots
are used as a substitute for coffee.
Raw roots can be chewed to quench
thirst. Roots boiled in water produce
a sweet syrup. Fresh ripe fruit is
edible, although slimy. Alcoholic and
non-alcoholic drinks are made from
the fruit flesh. Leaves are crushed to
use as snuff for colds.
14
Burkea africana
burkea, omutundungu, sandsering
Deciduous tree with rounded to flattened crown.
oo Bark grey, rough, longitudinally grooved,

crumbly. Leaves are browsed by eland. Bark is
oo Leaves bipinnately compound, spirally stripped and used to carry manketti
arranged, densely clustered at nuts. Resin and larvae found on tree
growth points. Prominent midrib. are edible. Although wood is easily
Silky, silver covering. sawn and processed and used to
oo Flowers small, cream to white, sessile. make floor tiles, furniture, sleepers,
Inflorescence a hanging spike, peduncle mine props, poles and various small
woolly. articles, trees are often hollow. These
oo Fruit a flattened, thin pod, pale brown, hollows usually fills up with sand
hanging in clusters. which blunts saws. The sapwood
tends to become infested with
wood-border. Stumps are used as
stools and also made into pestles for
grinding mahangu. It makes excellent
firewood and good charcoal. The
tree is difficult to cultivate, with poor
seed germination.
15
Caesalpinia merxmuellerana
orange-river caesalpinia
Photos by Wessel Swanepoel
Shrub, 1-2 m high.
oo Bark grey to grey-brown with longitudinal

and transverse fissures. The Orange-river caesalpinia is
oo Thorns straight or curved, shiny, with endemic to southern Namibia where
downy covering. it has a very restricted range.
oo Leaves bipinnate, alternate to spirally
arranged, leaflets grey-green with
dark, glandular dots and short, downy hairs
oo Flowers dark red, spur occasionally with
sulphur-yellow markings.
oo Fruit a stalked pod, crooked pear shaped,
flat, slightly curved, with beak-like tip,
attached to persistent style, red to brown,
glandular.

16
Citropsis daweana
wild citrus, nzani, mukiki, |óro, mudòve, ndendeghoma
Many stemmed shrub or small tree up to 6 m high.
oo Bark grey, young branchlets with dense,

woolly covering. This species is closely related to the
oo Thorns solitary, axillary, rigid, slender and cultivated citrus species. Crushed
green. leaves emit a characteristic citrus
oo Leaves imparipinnate, alternate, citrus- fragrance. Although small, the fruits
like scent when crushed; rachis winged, are edible and delicious.
bearing 2-4 pairs of
olive-green leaflets with fine grey
hairs and translucent glands.
oo Flowers white to pale yellow.
oo Fruit a spherical berry with rough skin, red-
brown when ripe, edible.
17
Colophospermum mopane
mopane, mopanie, mupane, omusati
Deciduous to semi-deciduous shrub or tree.
oo Bark grey to brown, very rough with deep

longitudinal grooves. The mopane is an important browsing
oo Leaves bifoliolate, single broadly species for both livestock and game. In
sickle-shaped leaflet pair. drought conditions, a sugary substance
oo Flowers small, yellow to white-green with secreted by plant lice is found on the
stamens hanging out. leaves, giving them a higher nutritional
oo Fruit is a flattened, kidney-shaped pod, value than usual. The leaves have
leathery, pale brown. various medicinal uses. The bark is used
for tanning and to produce rope. The
wood has a fine texture and can be
used for building walls and roofs and to
make utensils. Mopane wood is heavily
used in hut construction, kraals and as
firewood. It coppices easily, and can
thus be harvested for timber without
killing the plant. The species is of spiritual
significance to the Herero and the Himba
people. The larvae of Imbrasia belina
(the mopane worm), which feeds on the
leaves, are a delicacy among the local
people. The seeds are harvested and
steam distilled to extract an essential oil.
The challenge is to develop a market.
18
Combretum imberbe
leadwood, omumborombonga, hardekool, Ahnenbaum,
munyondo, omukuku, |haab
Semi-deciduous tree, up to 20 m high.
oo Bark pale to dark grey, rough, deeply

fissured vertically and transversely The leaves of the leadwood are
dividing bark into small fragments. browsed by livestock and game. The
oo Leaves simple, successive pairs at right wood is hard, heavy, durable and
angles to each other. termite-resistant. It is sought after
oo Flowers yellow to cream, sweet-scented. in the woodcarving industry and is
oo Fruit 4-winged, ovate, yellow-green, also used as building material and for
densely covered in scales. fencing and mine-props. It makes
excellent firewood and produces
copious amounts of ash, which is
used in some areas to white-wash
houses. The ash can also be used as
toothpaste when mixed into a paste
with water. Glowing coals are used
in irons. Smoke from burning leaves
is inhaled to treat colds and coughs.
Traditionally regarded by the Herero
peope as having mystical properties;
poles are planted in graves during
burial ceremonies known as
‘okuhujambera’.
19
Commiphora capensis
namaqua corkwood, namaqua-balsamstrauch
Deciduous, thick-stemmed with fat base,
branching into stout branches. When touched,
young shoots exude an aromatic resin.
The leaves of the Namaqua
oo Bark whitish to dark grey, occasionally with
corkwood are eaten by game and the
black specks.
fruit by birds. The species is illegally
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged, leaflets
harvested for the horticultural trade.
almost heart-shaped, dark green, margin
scalloped.
oo Flowers small, yellow-green, unisexual.
oo Fruit ovoid to round, pseudaril absent.
20
Commiphora cervifolia
antler-leaved corkwood, spoegboom, takbokblaar-kanniedood
Deciduous, thick-stemmed with fat base, branch-
ing into stout branches. When touched, young
shoots exude an aromatic resin, moistening the
stems. The fruit of the antler-leaved
corkwood is eaten by game and
oo Bark smooth, yellow-brown to red-brown
smaller livestock. The species
to grey, with dark specks.
is illegally harvested for the
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged or
horticultural trade.
clustered, leaflets irregularly lobed (antler-
like), sometimes 3-lobed.
oo Flowers small, yellow, unisexual.
oo Fruit ellipsoid, pseudaril absent.
21
Commiphora dinteri
namib corkwood, omundomba, omumbunga
Deciduous shrub with swollen, prostrate stem.
oo Bark white-grey to grey-brown to yellow-

green, smooth to wrinkled with dark Endemic to Namibia. The fruit of the
specks. Namib corkwood is eaten by birds.
oo Leaves trifoliate with some simple leaves, The species is illegally harvested for
spirally arranged at end of branches, the horticultural trade.
leaflets sessile, olive-green, margin serrate
oo Flowers small, red, unisexual.
oo Fruit ovoid, pseudaril red, with two arms
and two shorter lobes.
22
Commiphora gariepensis
orange river corkwood
Photos by Coleen Mannheimer
Deciduous shrub branching into thick stems with
succulent appearance.
The Orange River corkwood was

only described relatively recently.
oo Bark greenish-brown, greenish-grey or The species is endemic to the
pale grey with small, dark spots. Orange River Valley in both Namibia
oo Leaves trifoliate with some simple leaves, and South Africa.
spirally arranged at end of branches,
leaflets sessile, olive-green, margin serrate
oo Flowers small, red, unisexual.
oo Fruit ovoid, pseudaril red, with two arms
and two shorter lobes.
23
Commiphora giessii
brown-stemmed corkwood, red-stemmed corkwood,
aoab, omuhatji
Deciduous, many-stemmed shrub with lax, lanky,
slender branches.
oo Bark smooth, shiny, red-brown to black, The brown-stemmed corkwood has
usually not flaking. a very restricted range. It is endemic
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged on dwarf to the mountain slopes, hillsides
shoots, leaflets pale green, hairless, midrib and valleys of the north-west, from
prominent below, margin entire. Sesfontein northwards.
oo Flowers small, reddish or green to cream-
coloured, unisexual.
oo Fruit ellipsoid to round, red pseudaril, 4
lobes that envelop seed.
24
Commiphora gracilifrondosa
karee corkwood, suikerkan, kareekanniedood
Deciduous, thick, swollen stem branching low
down.
oo Bark yellow-brown to grey with dark spots;
The leaves and young branchlets of
does not flake.
the Karee kanniedood are browsed
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged; leaflets
by goats and game. The wood has
linear, dark green; terminal leaflet often
a sweet taste. The species has a
irregularly lobed.
restricted range.
oo Flowers small, yellow-green, occasionally
solitary, unisexual.
oo Fruit a slightly flattened to almost round
berry, pseudaril 2-lobed
25
Commiphora kraeuseliana
feather-leafed corkwood, omumbungu, |anab, eu
Deciduous shrub with short, swollen stem
branching repeatedly.
oo Bark grey-brown to yellowish, peeling off The feather-leaved corkwood
in papery strips at base. Young branchlets has the largest fruit of all the
plum-coloured with dull, waxy coating; Commiphora species. The seeds
emits an unpleasant odour when broken. are edible. The species is illegally
oo Leaves imparipinnately compound, spirally harvested for the horticultural trade.
arranged or terminally clustered on dwarf
shoots, leaflets dark green, thread-like.
oo Flowers small, yellow, unisexual.
oo Fruit a somewhat flattened to almost
round berry, pseudaril absent.
26
Commiphora namaensis
nama corkwood
Deciduous, thick, swollen stem, branching near
ground into slender branches.
oo Bark pale to dark grey, not flaking.
oo Leaves simple, occasionally trifoliate, The range of the Nama corkwood
spirally arranged or clustered on is limited to southern Namibia and
dwarf shoots, leaf circular to oblong, olive- just south of the Orange River. The
green, margin species is illegally harvested for the
scalloped to serrate. horticultural trade.
oo Flowers small, cream-coloured to yellow,
unisexual.
oo Fruit a round to ellipsoid berry, pseudaril
orange to red, with two arms and two
short lobes.
27
Commiphora oblanceolate
swakopmund corkwood
Deciduous, many-stemmed, densely branched
shrub, generally with swollen base.
oo Bark pale to dark grey, smooth, not flaking.
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged The Swakopmund corkwood is
or clustered on dwarf shoots; leaflets endemic to western Namibia, with
sessile, oblanceolata, hairless, small, widely scattered populations
green; margin finely dentate. occurring from near Swakopmund to
oo Flowers small, green-yellow, unisexual; the Kunene River.
penduncle short or long.
oo Fruit an almost spherical berry; pseudaril
with two arms and one short facial lobe.
28
Commiphora saxicola
rock corkwood, omumdomba, ||gai, felsenmyrrhe
Deciduous, low-growing shrub with short,
swollen stem, generally with swollen base.
oo Bark smooth, grey, finely speckled, not
The rock corkwood is endemic to
flaking; young branchlets red. Emits sharp,
Namibia where it is confined to the
sweet scent when broken.
rocky hill slopes and gravel plains of
oo Leaves imparipinnately compound, spirally
the Namib Desert and escarpment.
arranged or clustered on dwarf shoots,
The fruit is edible and the stem is
leaflets dark- to yellow-green, often folded
chewed as a thirst-quencher by the
upwards towards midrib, with dull,
Topnaar people. A leaf extract of
waxy coating above, veins prominent
the species is reported to contain
below, margin scalloped to dentate.
promising anti-tumour properties.
oo Flowers small, cream-coloured to pale
green.
oo Fruit an ovoid berry; pseudaril orange,
cuplike.
29
Commiphora virgata
slender corkwood, twiggy commiphora, omumbara,
rutenförmiger-balsamstrauch, soba, |anas
Deciduous, much-branched shrub branching
near ground.
oo Bark yellow-white to silvery, peeling off
Common and endemic to the rocky
in papery strips; branchlets slender and
hillsides of the central Namib Desert
often drooping.
and western Kaokoveld in Namibia
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged or
and Angola. Leaves are browsed by
clustered on rough, thickened, grey-white
livestock. The species is home to an
dwarf shoots; leaflets dark-green to green-
edible caterpillar (Usta wallengrenii).
yellow.
oo Flowers small, green to yellowish;
unisexual.
oo Fruit a red, ovoid berry; pseudaril white to
pink, 4-lobed with lobes almost covering
seed.
30
Commiphora wildii
oak-leaved corkwood, omumbiri, herare, oshiziwowo
Deciduous shrub with thick, swollen stem
branching near ground.
oo Bark smooth, grey-grown; young
branchlets with long, grey hairs. The Oak-leaved corkwood is an
oo Leaves imparipinnately compound, resem attractive shrub growing on rocky
bling oak-leaves, spirally arranged outcrops or in mountainous areas.
or clustered on dwarf shoots, leaflets sea- The resin exuded by the species is
green, downy, veins prominent, margin the preferred perfume of the Himba
entire. women, who mix the resin with
oo Flowers pale yellow. butterfat and ochre.
oo Fruit an ovoid to round berry; orange to
pink’; pseudaril yellow to orange, 4-lobed
with lobes covering a quarter of the seed.
31
Cyphostemma bainesii
gouty vine, baines’ kobas
Dwarf shrub, very swollen stem, up to 0.5 m high.
oo Bark smooth, light orange, peeling in

An attractive succulent. Although the
cream-coloured, papery strips.
berries look delicious, they contain
oo Leaves thick, succulent, trifoliate, alternate
oxalic acid crystals that can cause
or clustered, bright-green to blue-green,
irritation to the mucous membranes
often with red margin.
of the mouth.
oo Flowers a spreading spray of small, yellow
green flowers.
oo Fruit a red, ovoid berry.
32
Cyphostemma currorii
kobas, butterbaum, omutindi
Deciduous tree with succulent stem, up to 5 m
high and 1 m in diameter.
oo Bark smooth, cream to yellow to red-
brown, shiny, hairless, peeling in papery In north-western Namibia the
strips to reveal pinkish-green underbark. bark of the kobas is used to carry
oo Laves succulent, trifoliate, alternate or honeycombs, while the sap of the
clustered, pale to dark, bright seed is used to treat skin disorders.
green, initially downy, becoming hairless. The fruit of the plant is regarded as
oo Flowers a spreading panicle with small, toxic due to the presence of oxalic
yellow-green to yellow flowers. acid crystals.
33
Cyphostemma juttae
blue kobas, botterboom
Deciduous shrub with thick, often cone-like,
swollen stem, up to 2 m high.
oo Bark pale cream, smooth, peeling in thin, This attractive plant is easily grown
papery pieces to expose green underbark. from seed. The fruit is not edible.
oo Leaves succulent, simple when young,
becoming trifoliate, alternate or clustered,
petiole winged in mature leaves, blue-
green, hairless.
oo Flowers small, greenish-cream; on thick
stalk armed with prickles.
oo Fruit a round to ovoid berries, red to
purplish-black when ripe.
34
Cyphostemma uter
kaoko kobas, kowas
Deciduous shrub with succulant stem, much-
branched, up to 1.5 m high.
oo Bark white to yellow, smooth, horizontally The bark is used to carry

grooved, hairless, flakiing off in papery honeycombs. The plant is regarded
strips. as toxic due to the presence of oxalic
oo Leaves succulent, 5-palmate, alternate or acid crystals which cause severe
clustered, finely woolly, glandular. irritation to the mucous membranes
oo Flowers a dense spray of yellow-green, of the mouth.
downy flowers with stalked glands and fine
covering.
35
Dialium engleranum
kalahari podberry, usimba, djau, ghuthimba, omuthimba
Deciduous tree up to 13 m high.
oo Bark smooth to rough, pale to dark grey,

grooved to form irregular fragments, The edible fruit of the Kalahari
peeling off to expose a dark podberry constitute an important
brown underbark. part of the diet of the San and the
oo Leaves imparipinnately compound, Kavango people. It is usually eaten
alternate, leaflets leathery, dark with mealie-meal. In the central-
green above, shiny, hairless, pale north, the dried seeds are also
green below, matt, downy, cooked and eaten. Different parts
veins prominent, apex teat-like. of the plants are used for various
oo Flowers small, creamy-white; sepals medicinal purposes: Leaves are used
with olive-green to golden-brown, velvety to treat colds; crushed wood is used
hairs on outside. as a disinfectant; an infusion of the
oo Fruit an velvety, dark brown, ovoid pod. bark is used as an eyewash; and
Not splitting open. shredded, boiled roots are used as
a remedy for dysentery. The wood
is used for timber and to make
implements.
36
Diospyros mespiliformis
jackal-berry, african ebony, jakkalsbessie,
schakalsbeerenbaum, omwandi, omunyandi, ghutunda
Tall, upright, almost evergreen with dark foliage
turning yellow before falling. Up to 16 m high,
occasionally higher.
The fruit of this imposing tree is
oo Bark black to grey, rough, transversely edible, fresh or dried and is also used
fissured, crumbly. to produce an alcoholic beverage.
oo Leaves simple, alternate, leathery, Extracts of various parts of the
shiny, dark green above, sparsely plants are believed to have antibiotic
downy, pale green below, veins prominent. properties. The wood is used to
oo Flowers cream-coloured and bell-shaped. produce household utensils and
Female flowers are solitary and male watos and as fuelwood. Different
flowers are arranged in stalked bunches. insects such as wasps and bees play
oo Fruit a fleshy, almost spherical berry, with a role in pollinating the flowers.
an enlarged calyx, yellow to purple when Seeds are distributed through wash-
ripe. off by rain or in animal droppings.
Termites often build their nests
around the trees and feed on the
roots. In return the tree benefits from
moisture and aeration as a result of
termites borrowing in the soil under
the tree. Snakes like to reside close
to or around the tree as they prey on
the rodents and certain bird species
feeding on the fruit.
37
Elephantorrhiza rangei
karas elephant-foot
Only known from the type specimen from Naute

Dam near Keetmanshoop and not collected since
1908.
38
Entandrophragma spicatum
owambo wooden-banana, omataku
Deciduous tree with spreading crown.
oo Bark grey, rough, peels off in large pieces,

underbark yellow. The red-brown wood is used by the
oo Leaves paripinnate, terminally clustered, Owambo people to make buckets.
leaflets sparsely downy. Seeds are considered poisonous
oo Flowers small, green. and are thus not eaten. They are,
oo Fruit a woody, cylindrical capsule, splits however, crushed and boiled, and
into 5 recurving valves. the oil suspended on the water
surface is collected and used for
cosmetic purposes. In the north-
west of Namibia wood splinters
are woven into the hair-pieces of
married men. Thin stems are cut and
frayed so that the fibrous ends can
be used as toothbrushes.
39
Erythrina decora
namib coral-tree, suidweskoraalboom, omuninga,
korallenbaum, omuni
Deciduous tree or shrub, 4 – 10 m high.
oo Bark grey, corky, smooth, occasionally

deeply grooved. The Ovahimba people use the seeds
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged, terminal of the Namib coral-tree to decorate
leaflet rhombic, downy above, woolly their gemsbok-horn trumpets with
below, underside of midrib with thorns. which they keep herds together
oo Flowers red, young buds with grey, finely during nomadic migrations. An
woolly covering. alkaloid that prevents blood from
oo Fruit a woody, grey-brown pod, bead-like clotting has been extracted from the
appearance. seeds. Although frost-sensitive, of
definite horticultural potential due to
the attractive flowers, fruit and seed.
40
Euclea asperrima
mountain guerri, bergghwarrie
Semi-deciduous shrub, 1-2 m high.
oo Bark grey, smooth, branchlets sturdy,

young branchlets red-brown. Endemic species restricted to the
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, leathery, Naukluft, Tsaris and a few other
pale green, hairless above with red, mountain ranges. It has a very
glandular hairs below, prominent disjunct distribution and is seldom
mibrib, margin undulate. seen.
oo Flowers small, yellow-white.
oo Fruit a downy berry.
41
Euclea pseudebenus
wild ebony, cape ebony, abikwa, ebbehout,
ebenholzbaum, omuthema, tsàbì.s
Characteristically thin, drooping branches.
oo Bark grey to black, rough, deeply fissured

with oblong fragments. Euclea pseudebenus is highly sought
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, drooping, after for its good quality fire wood.
linear, leathery. The wood is also used for carving,
oo Flowers small, whitish to yellow-green, inlay-work, lathing and construction,
waxy-looking, urn-shaped. but pieces are usually small. Small
oo Fruit a spherical berry, red-brown to black; twigs are used as toothbrushes,
short, sparse covering. while branchlets are used to stir
porridge. The fruit is edible when
ripe, although not very palatable.
The wild ebony is not popular in
horticulture, although its value as a
small drought hardy tree cannot be
over emphasized. This species would
make excellent garden trees, as they
would grow quicker in cultivation.
They would be ideal as replacements
for exotic trees which are still too
common in our gardens. It grows
quickly, is frost-resistant, evergreen
and attractive.
42
Faidherbia albida
ana tree, anaboom, anabaum, omue, anas, winter thorn
Large deciduous or semi-deciduous tree.
oo Bark cream to yellow to grey-brown, The Ana tree has an extensive root
smooth to scaly. system that can stabilize eroded
oo Leaves bipinnately compound, spirally soils. Pods are browsed by elephants,
arranged, leaflets sessile, grey-green antelope, livestock and baboons. It is
and downy. an important food source in times of
oo Thorns straight, paired at nodes, tips drought. The wood is soft and dries
orange to pale-brown. and works well, but are not termite
oo Flowers pale yellow. resistant. It is used in the south to
oo Fruit a spirally contorted to sickle-shaped construct hut frames and large,
pod, orange to red-brown. hollow trunks are used as drinking
troughs. The outer parts of the pods
are fit for human consumption. The
seeds are eaten by local people
during food shortages after a lengthy
preparation. The pods can be dried
and ground into flour, which is
edible. A decoction of the bark is
used as a remedy for diarrhoea,
bleeding and inflamed eyes. The
green bark is used by the Nama
people to dye skins.
43
Ficus burkei (Ficus thonningii)
strangler fig, wildevy, mutata
Evergreen or semi-deciduous, single stemmed
tree.
oo Bark white to dark grey, crumbly. Birds, bats, monkeys, baboons,

Branchlets red, downy covering. bushpig, warthog and antelope
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, hairless. such as bushbuck, nyala, duiker
oo Figs solitary or paired. Green, but reddish and klipspringer feed on the ripe
when ripe, densely downy. figs facilitating seed dispersal. The
characteristic white latex of the
strangler fig is used as birdlime in
north-central Namibia. It is gathered
and sun-dried, then kneaded until
sticky and smeared unto tree
branches to snare birds. The fruit is
edible, raw or dried, and is distilled to
produce an alcoholic beverage. The
bark is used to make rope.
44
Ficus cordata
namaqua rock-fig, haartvy, herzfeige
Tree 8 – 12 m high.
oo Bark pale grey to biscuit coloured, smooth,

older branches sparsely downy with yellow Birds and livestock eat the leaves and
hairs, young branchlets yellow with white the fruit, which is usually insect-
hair. infested. In north-western Namibia,
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, heart- the bark is used to tan leather.
shaped blade, hairless.
oo Figs sessile, arranged in groups at end of
branches, yellow-green.
45
Ficus sycomorus
sycamore fig, cluster fig, omukuyu
Striking semi-deciduous tree with spreading crown.
oo Bark yellow with variations of brown and The leaves of the sycamore fig are
greys, flaking off. readily browsed by goats and are
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, stiff, an important food source for all
rough, leathery, initially covered in silver livestock in overgrazed areas where
hairs which becomeflattened, veins it occurs. Leaves and fruit are fed to
prominent. dairy cows to stimulate milk-flow.
oo Figs borne in dense clusters, green, Fallen fruits are eaten by antelope,
becoming yellow with red vertical streaks
wild pig and guineafowl. The larval
and white, downy covering.
stages of a variety of insects feed
on the leaves or figs, including
caterpillars of butterflies and moths.
Other insect larvae bore into the
branches, feed on the wood or
figs. The characteristic white latex
is non-toxic and can be used to
soothe inflammation. The bark is
used medicinally to treat ailments
ranging from diarrhoea to diphtheria.
Ripe fruit can be eaten raw, dried
and ground or roasted and used as a
substitute for coffee.
46
Guibourtia coleosperma
false mopana, ushivi, ghushi, muzauli, omusii
Evergreen, spreading crown, drooping branches.
oo Bark red- to yellow-brown, smooth with

dark patches on old trunks. The seeds of the false mopane are
oo Leaves bifoliate, alternate, leathery, shiny crushed, boiled and used to tan
above with dull, waxy coating, distinct leather. They are also cooked and
midrib and net-veining, dull eaten. The fruit is easily removed
below, hairless. from the seed by soaking it in warm
oo Flowers star-shaped, white, petals flexed water. The arils are used to make
back, stamens prominent. soup. The seed oil can be used as a
oo Fruit an oval pod, brown, thickly woody, stain for furniture. The seed is also
splitting open on one side to reveal solitary eaten by birds. The crushed seed,
seed on yellow stalk, covered by red aril. in the form of a paste, has cosmetic
properties. The bark is used to treat
skin ailments and wound healing.
It is pounded and then applied as a
paste to the affected area. The wood
is used to make sleepers, floor tiles,
plywood, spoons, knife-sheaths,
canoes and as construction timber.
It could be used for furniture, but is
quite heavy.
47
Hyphaene petersiana
makalani palm, omulunga
Usually single-stemmed, but occasionally many
stemmed palm tree, up to 10 m high.
oo Stem often slightly swollen in the middle The Makalani palm is extensively
or upper section. utilized (for utensils, basketry,
oo Leaves fan-shaped, terminally clustered, thatching, ropes, palm wine and
grey-green. food). Commercialization of the
oo Inflorescence up to 1 m long, male basket industry has resulted in some
and female flowers on separate plants. over-utilization of this species.
Male inflorescence smaller and
more branched than female.
oo Fruit a spherical brown nut. Seeds single,
with a very hard ivory-coloured layer
known as ‘vegetable ivory’.
48
Kirkia dewinteri
kaoko kirkia, kaokosering, kaokoseringe
Deciduous tree, 3-9 m high.
oo Bark yellow with scattered, small, black Relatively rare, endemic to a small
dots; older branches slender and erect; area in the Kaokoveld.
young branchlets yellow-brown,
sparsely downy.
oo Leaves imparipinnate, spirally arranged,
leaflets subsessile, grey-green, hairless
above, prominent midrib below.
oo Flowers small, white, inflorescence a laxly-
branched spray.
oo Fruit a small, hard capsule, splitting into 8
valves when ripe.
49
Lannea discolor
live-long, dikbas, omundjimane, kleine
marula.
Deciduous tree, up to 12 m high.
oo Bark grey, rough, cracked, crumbly, red

underbark. Live-long is generally used as
oo Leaves imparipinnately compound, spirally traditional medicine to treat fevers
arranged, terminally clustered, leaflets dark and constipation in children. The
green to dark red-brown, hairless fruit, although bland, is eaten by
but woolly along veins, yellow-brown humans, animals and birds. Young
with grey, woolly covering below. bark is used to make rope. The
oo Fruit an edible, ovoid, fleshy berry, reddish soft, light wood is used to make
to deep purple if ripe. pounding blocks, fences, dishes and

spoons. Fencing poles made out of
the wood will easily take root and
flourish again, which has earned it its
common name Live long.
50
Maerua schinzii
ringwood tree, lammerdrol, ringholzbaum, omutengu, goradab
Evergreen. 3-7 m high.
oo Bark smooth, white to reddish-brown, one

side of trunk often charcoal coloured (as The tree is browsed by livestock. Fruit
if burned), while other side is light grey to can be ground to a pulp and mixed
pink. with water to make a refreshing
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, light to drink. The plant is of spiritual
dark green above, dull green with significance to the Kwanyama
spares hairs below, leathery, prominent people and of medicinal use to the
midrib. Otjiherero people.
oo Flowers yellow, petals absent, sepals
green, stamens numerous.
oo Fruit bean-like, cylindrical, green to yellow,
bead-like appearance.
51
Moringa ovalifolia
phantom tree, sprokiesboom, omutindi
Deciduous. Thick trunk and feathery-looking
canopy.
oo Bark smooth, grey to brown, resinous.
The roots have a slightly acidic taste
Branchlets with leaf scars.
and are utilised by herdsman in
oo Leaves clustered, unevenly compound,
isolated areas during food short-
bipinnate. Leaflets shiny, dark
ages. The wood is light and spongy.
green above, sparsely downy, dull below,
The somewhat succulent bark is
veins prominent.
readily eaten by game. The beautiful
oo Flowers white, numerous, inflorescence an
phantom tree is a good choice for
axillary spray.
gardens, as lawn will grow right up to
oo Fruit a light grey-brown pendulous pod,
the base of the tree.
triangular in cross-section, splitting into 3
sections. Seeds triangular with
membranous wings.
52
Neoluederitzia sericeocarpa
silk-seed bush
Semi-deciduous shrub, up to 3.5 m.
oo Bark grey to yellow, downy.

oo Thorns axillary, straight; some remain Recorded only from Seeheim and
dormant while others develop into lateral further south on the Fish River. The
branches. leaves and flowers of the silk-seed
oo Leaves imparipinnately compound, bush are browsed by goats.
alternate, leaflets grey-green, silky, midrib
prominent below, margin fringed
with hairs.
oo Flowers solitary or clustered, axillary,
yellow.
oo Fruit a capsule, with dense, coarse, stiff
yellow-brown hairs.
53
Ozoroa concolor
green resin-bush
Semi-deciduous to deciduous, with copious,
strong-smelling resin.
oo Bark grey, fissured; young branchlets The beautiful, drought resistant

reddish-grey with black leaf Green resin-bush makes a beautiful
scars. garden tree in arid areas.
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, in terminal
clusters, glossy, dark green, hairless,
margin undulate and sparsely fringed with
hairs.
oo Flowers small, waxy, cream-coloured;
male and female flowers on separate
plants.
oo Fruit a kidney-shaped drupe with a thin,
fleshy wall; black when ripe.
54
Ozoroa namaquensis
gariep resin-tree
Multi-stemmed shrub, up to 1.5 m.
oo Bark light-brown, becomes grey with age.

Young twigs red brown. The Gariep resin-tree occur only in
oo Leaves small, simple, spirally arranged, the arid mountains in the extreme
shiny, leathery, linear-lanceolate, lighter southern part of the country.
below than above.
oo Flowers Small, greenish-cream, fragrant.
Male and female flowers on separate
plants.
oo Fruit round to kidney-shaped, crinkled,
black when ripe.
55
Pachypodium lealii
bottle tree, bottelboom, ohwanga,
dickfuss
Distinctive, succulent, bottle shaped tree.
oo Bark smooth, pinkish-grey to pale brown,

with darker markings. The bottle tree contains a glucoside,
oo Spines on branches, in clusters of three. pachypodin, which has a similar
Not present on main trunk. effect to digitalis. It is sometimes
oo Leaves clustered in axils of spines, downy, used as a component of arrow
undulating margin. poison. The watery latex present is
oo Fruit paired cylindrical, dry capsules, brown used as an arrow poison. Sap from
when ripe, splitting open. Seeds are dark the soft, central tissue is used to
brown with a tuft of silky hairs on one end. dress infected wounds of humans
and animals. It is also applied to
lanced abscesses and used as an ear-
drop. It is difficult to cultivate, with
poor seed germination.
56
Pachypodium namaquanum
elephant-trunk, halfmens, gonneb, sanni, halbmensch
Succulent, mostly unbranched.
oo Trunk dark grey, cylindrical, thickened at

base, with watery protuberances These unique plants with their spiny
bearing straight thorns, bend towards the stems and bend heads are both
north. fascinating and highly sought after by
oo Spines straight, in clusters of 3, pale brown plant collectors. As a result of illegal
with paler base. collecting, overexploitation and even
oo Leaves sessile, dense white bristly smuggling, the species is severely
covering, margin clearly undulate. threatened. Ironically, these plants
oo Flowers solitary, corolla tube downy, lobes seldom survive outside their natural
short, yellow-green outside, red-brown habitat except in climate-controlled
inside. hothouses.
oo Fruit paired cylindrical dry capsules with
soft, grey hairs, splitting open. Seeds
brown, long, with a tuft of long, silky hairs
at one end.
57
Pappea capensis
jacket-plum, kouboom, wildepruim, hülsenbeere
Evergreen to semi-deciduous, spreading tree.
oo Bark grey, smooth, sometimes vertically

fissured/ flaking off in irregular fragments, The leaves of the jacket-plum are
young branchlets have long, red-brown readily browsed by game and domestic
hairs. livestock. The tasty fruit is eaten by
oo Leaves spirally arranged or terminally various frugivorous birds and animals
clustered, leathery, dull green, veins hairy, which in turn distribute the seeds
margin markedly wavy and conspicuously in their droppings. It is suitable for
spiny-dentate on young leaves. Petiole human consumption and is used the
with rust-brown, densely woolly covering. preparation of jellies, preserves alcoholic
oo Flowers small, unisexual, green to cream. drinks and vinegar. The jacket plum
Inflorescence an axillary catkin-like is larval food to the catterpillars of
spray. Male and female flowers on separate several butterfly species and the sweetly
plants. scented flowers attract a wide variety of
oo Fruit an almost round capsule, green, hard, insects. The seeds contain an fragrant
furry, splitting open when ripe, 1-seeded. oil which apparently has an effect similar
Seeds shiny, black, covered by red jelly-like to that of castor oil. It is golden-yellow,
aril. thick and in a permanently viscous
state. it can be used as a hair tonic or
lubricant, to treat various ailments or to
make soap. It is also seen as a high-
quality bio-oil. The nutritious seedcake
by-product of the biodiesel production
is a high-protein animal feed.
58
Philenoptera violacea
(Lonchocarpus capassa)
apple leaf, rain tree, northern omupanda, uvhunguvhungu, apfelblatt
oo Bark pale grey, relatively smooth,

occasionally crumbly and flaky. The apple leaf is an excellent fodder
oo Leaves imperipinnately compound, spirally tree that is browsed by livestock
arranged, petiole bearing one large, and game. During food shortages
terminal leaflet and 1-2 smaller Owambo people chop off the
lateral leaflets. branches and feed the leaves to their
oo Fruit a flattened, hanging pod, tapering cattle. The wood of the apple leaf is
both ends, downy, veins conspicuous, hard, realitively heavy and dries well.
constricted between seeds, not Although it saws well, the sawdust
splitting open. tends to cling to the saw, causing
overheating. The wood is used for
carvings, tool handles, poles, watos
(dug-out canoes) and also as fuel.
The smoke from smouldering fruits
is inhaled as a cold-cure. Plants
can easily be grown from seed,
which must be soaked in hot water
overnight.
59
Protea gaguedi
african white protea, muririra
Evergreen, may-stemmed small shrub or gnarled
tree.
oo Bark grey-brown, grooved and flaky, with
long, soft yellowish hair.
oo Leaves sessile, spirally arranged, leathery, Although widespread in Africa, the
pale green, veins prominent. African white protea is very rare,
oo Flowers white or pale pink, densely downy. if not already extinct in Namibia.
oo Fruit a hairy nutlet. Overharvesting of roots for medicinal
purposes has caused the demise of
the species.
60
Pterocarpus angolensis
african teak, kiaat, mukwa, dolfhout, ghughuva, omuhuva,
mulombwe
Conspicuous, deciduous tree with spreading
crown.
oo Bark grey to brown-grey, deep grooves This graceful tree is much valued
forming oblong fragments. across Africa. The leaves of the African
oo Leaves imperipinnately compound, teak have various medicinal purposes,
alternate, one terminal peaflet and 6-9 including treatment for ringworm,
alternate to almost opposite leaflet pairs; stabbing pains, eye problems, malaria,
long soft hairs. blackwater fever, stomach problems
oo Flowers orange-yellow. and the increase in supply of breast
oo Fruit a spherical pod with bristly hairs, milk. Owambo people apply the sap
encircled by a papery wing. or a paste made from the bark on
burns. In Kavango the Mbukushu
people dry the bark, which contains a
red pigment, crush it and mix it with
fat, then the woman rub this mixture
into their hair to colour it red. It is also
believed to have magical properties
for the curing of problems concerning
blood. The beautiful timber is easy
to work and is used for furniture,
implements, curios, watos (dug-out
canoes), panels and building material.
Baskets are woven from the inner bark
and the Barakweno-San use it to make
dishes, spoons, buckets and musical
61 instriments.
Salix mucronata subsp.
Mucronata (Salix subserrata)
wild willow, safsaf willow
Shrub or tree up to 4 m high.
oo Bark brown, deep, longitudinal fissures;

young branchlets woolly. This willow has a soft, light wood and
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged; bright its branchlets are lax and ideal for
green above, midvein prominent; pale grey weaving baskets. The roots are used
and covered with scales below; petiole to treat headaches and fevers. The
reddish. seed only remains viable for a very
oo Flowers male and female on separate short period of time.
plants; female flowers cup-like, yellow-
green, male flowers numerous stamens,
yellow, downy.
oo Fruit a two-valved dehiscent capsule,
releasing a woolly seed.
62
Schinziophyton rautanenii
(Ricinodendron rautanenii)
manketti, ugongo, omunkete, mankettibaum, olfruchtbaum
Large, beautiful, deciduous tree; spreading crown.
oo Bark smooth, yellow to green-grey; round,

The flesh around the hard seed can be
flat pieces peeling off to expose yellowish
eaten raw or cooked. The hard shell of
underbark.
the seed can also be cracked open and
oo Leaves 5-7-palmately compound,
the inner kernel consumed. It contains
alternate, petiole 2 prominent
a nutritious, bright yellow oil and has a
green glands at tip, pinnae dark
very pleasant taste. Elephants and kudu
green above with dense, rust-
enjoy the fruit. The oily solution obtained
brown hairs, pale yellow-green below with
by crushing the seed and boiling it in
fine, woolly covering.
water can be used on skins to keep them
oo Flowers yellow.
soft during tanning. Crushed seed forms
oo Fruit a smooth ovoid drupe, nut-like,
an oily paste that is used cosmetically
1-seeded, flesh mealy.
in the north-west. The wood of the
Manketti saws easily and dries well, but
is not insect resistant and is also not
suitable for lath-work. It is too soft and
light for furniture manufacture. The
wood is used by local people to make
drums, sticks for stirring porridge, and
bows and arrows. Due to the ecological
value and rarity of the species, it should
however NOT be felled. Rainwater
collects in hollow trunks of this species
and can be utilised by humans and
63 animals.
Schotia afra var. angustifolia
karoo schotia, boerboon, karoo-buren-
bohne
Deciduous, much-branched shrub with gnarled
trunk
oo Bark grey, rough, young branchlets plum- The leaves of the Karoo schotia are
red, hairless to downy. browsed by livestock as well as game.
oo Leaves peripinnatey compound, alternate, Birds and insects are attracted to the
leaflets dull green above, paler below, bright flowers, which produce nectar
margins fringed with hairs. in such copious amounts that the
oo Flowers red. surrounding grass is often sticky. The
oo Fruit a oblong-linear, somewhat sickle- seeds have been eaten by humans
shaped, flattened, woody pod, margins since early times. They can be eaten
thickened, splitting along lateral green or cooked, peeled, roasted
walls when ripe. and pounded into a meal. The bark, if
ground and soaked in water, can be
used as tannin. The red-brown wood
is relatively hard and durable, and was
used in the early days for yokes. Today
it is only known to be used as fuel. It
is a valuable shade tree, providing a
dense, cool shade. It can be cultivated
in areas with hot summers and cold
winters. Although the tree is very
slow-growing, it is worth planting for
its showy, red flowers and striking
pods.
64
Sclerocarya birrea
marula, maroela, omungongo
Large, attractive, deciduous; dense, spreading
crown.
oo Bark initially yellowish, becoming grey, The marula is one of the best known trees
covered with irregular, flat, grey in Namibia due to its numerous uses. Every
scales; conspicuous leaf scars on part of the tree is utilised for an incredible
young branchlets. variety of domestic needs and it thus plays an
oo Leaves imparipinnately compound, important role in the lives of rural Namibians.
spirally arranged or terminally The fruit is edible and sought after by
clustered; long petiole, terminal humans and animals alike. It is an effective
petiole cylindrical, grooved above, thirst-quencher and is rich in vitamin C. The
often with grey scales , leaflets dark green, fruit is eaten fresh or is used to brew a beer.
with a dull, waxy coating. A marula liqueur is available commercially.
oo Flowers male and female on separate Jelly and jam can be made from the ripe
trees, female raceme larger than fruit. The fruit kernel has a pleasant, nutty
male. Unisexual, sepals red, petals pale taste when roasted. It is rich in oil, which is
yellow, male flowers numerous, female extracted and traditionally used for cooking,
flowers 2-3 at twig ends, occasionally as a meat preservative and for skin care and
solitary. hair applications. The leaves of the marula
oo Fruit a spherical tough-skinned drupe, pale are browsed by livestock and game. The
creamy-yellow. bark has several medicinal uses. The wood is
used to manufacture household utensils. In
Kavango and Caprivi the stems are used for
making watos. Recently marula oil has been
found to have excellent cosmetic qualities ,
and a limited amount is exported to cosmetic
65 companies every year.
Searsia lancea (Rhus lancea)
karee, afrikanische rivierweide, !areb
Spreading crown with slightly drooping branches.
oo Bark dark grey, rough, deeply fissured to The Karee is probably the best known
form fragments that flake off, exposing Searsia species in Namibia. The fruit
pale brown to reddish underbark. is edible with a plesant, but sour
oo Leaves trifoliate, spirally arranged; leaflets taste. It is eaten after it turns yellow,
sessile, straight to sickle shaped. but before it dries. The tree is seldom
oo Flowers small, greenish to green-yellow. browsed because of the tannins
oo Fruit a sub-spherical drupe, dull grey to produced by the leaves. The wood
shiny brown. 1-seeded. dries well, but occasionally develops
cracks in the heartwood. The timber
is hard and cross-fibred with a fine
to very fine grain, although it often
has defects like knots and heartwood
rotting. Nevertheless, it processess
easily and polishes well. The wood
makes excellent fencing posts. The
Karee is said to indicate the presence
of underground water. It is drought-
and frost-resistent, is relatively
fast-growing and tolerates a variety
of soils. Unfortunately this tree is
susceptible to aphid attack when
planted in gardens.
66
Sesamothamnus benguellensis
kaoko sesame-bush
Deciduous, many-stemmed, rigid shrub with
succulent trunk.
oo Bark yellow-brown to creamy-grey.
The Kaoko sesame-bush is has
oo Thorns three per node, pale brown, middle
a slow growth rate. The species
one thicker, slightly curved or straight; lateral
is illegally harvested for the
thorns shorter, slender, often absent.
horticultural trade.
oo Leaves spirally arranged or clustered on
lateral shoots, dark green, hairless, often
recurved, base narrowly tapering.
oo Flowers in leaf axils near end of branches,
white, tinged with pink or light purple; corolla
tube slightly curved; spur at base of flower.
oo Fruit an oblong, bivalve, woody capsule.
Seeds flattened with two broad wings.
67
Sesamothamnus guerichii
herero sesame-bush, ongumbati
Dense, rigid, erect shrub with succulent trunk.
oo Bark yellow-brown to creamy-grey.

oo Thorns three per node, pale brown, slightly The Herero sesame-bush is an
curved or straight. attractive plant, but it has a slow
oo Leaves spirally arranged or clustered on growth rate. The species is illegally
dwarf shoots, dark grey-green with white, harvested for the horticultural trade.
woolly covering.
oo Flowers in leaf axils, yellow, with curved
corolla tube (almost S-shaped), swollen at
base.
oo Fruit a flattened, obovoid, bivalve, woody
capsule. Seeds flattened and winged.
68
Sesamothamnus leistneri
large-leaved sesame-tree
Deciduous, stems swollen, often fluted at the base.
oo Thorns in threes at nodes, central spine
either or slender and slightly curved or
Restricted to north-west Namibia,
short and robust with lateral ones absent.
the large leaved sesame-tree is a
oo Bark smooth, creamy-yellow, sometimes
slow growing species that is illegally
peeling in papery strips.
harvested for the horticultural trade.
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged or
clustered on dwarf lateral shoots, broadly
obovate, sparsely hairy, midrib prominent
below.
oo Flowers white with very narrow corolla
tube.
oo Fruit a dry, obovate, woody capsule with
pointed tip, splitting open.
69
Spirostachys afrikana
tamboti, tambotie, tambuti, omuhongo, ohongo, adlerholz
Erect tree with spreading crown; secretes milky latex.
oo Erect tree with spreading crown; secretes

milky latex. The Tamboti is known for its beautiful
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged, dull, dark wood, the toxicity of the various parts
green above, pale green below, midrib of the tree, and its jumping seeds.
prominent, margin crenate; turn The motion of the seeds is due to the
reddish in autumn. activities of a moth larva that parasitizes
oo Flowers male and female on same plant. them. The wood is hard, oily and saws
Males small, many, borne terminally in relatively easily. The timber dries well,
spike; 3 female flowers with short pedicels, although slowly, occasionally developing
borne basally in spike. surface cracks. The sapwood must
oo Fruit a 3-lobed, yellow-brown capsule, be treated with a solution of benzine
3-seeded. hexachloride (BHC) before stacking. The
heartwood is durable, but trees occuring
in wet areas undergo heartwood-rotting.
The beautiful wood is used for lathe-
work. It drills and sands well, but clogs
the sandpaper due to the oiliness of the
wood. It is used to build huts and fences
and to make walking-sticks, but it is not
suitable as firewood because the smoke
irritates the eyes, and smoke inhalation
leaves a bitter aftertaste in the mouth and
causes headaches and nausea.
70
Sterculia africana
african star-chestnut, sterculia, omuhako, bosluisboom,
mbungubungu, khoe-hanu
Conspicuous, fairly thick-stemmed, deciduous tree
with spreading crown and soft, brittle branches.
oo Bark white to yellow to red-brown to The bark fibres can be used to make
purple, peeling off in papery strips ropes and hats, An infusion of the bark
or woody discs to reveal green underbark. is taken post-natally to relieve cramps,
oo Leaves simple, spirally arranged or and can also be used to treat stomach
clustered at branch ends, dark-olive green, problems. The seeds can be roasted
heart-shaped with 3-5 lobes, densely and eaten, but care must be taken to
hairy, 7 veined. avoid the irritating hairs on the fruit
oo Flowers cup-shaped, yellow-green with red capsule.
stripes, unisexual.
oo Fruit a densely hairy, woody capsule,
clusters of 3-5, splitting open to
form a broad, boat
shaped receptacle. Mouth fringed with
irritating bristles. Blue-grey seeds with white
to orange aril.
71
Sterculia quinqueloba
large leaved sterculia, grootblaarsterkastaing, mukosa, khaugamme.b
Erect, deciduous tree with thick trunk.
oo Bark smooth, creamy-white to pale brown,

peeling off in thin, flat strips to expose a The wood is used locally for light
silver-white to pale brown-pink underbark. construction, furniture, pulpwood
oo Leaves spirally arranged or terminally and also for fuel and making
clustered; 3-5 lobed, pale green charcoal. Seeds can be roasted
above, pale to rust-coloured and eaten whole like peanuts,
below, woolly, midrib prominent with rust- or pounded and cooked with
brown hairs, tips pointed, base heart vegetables. The bark, leaves and
shaped, 5-veined. roots are used for various medicinal
oo Flowers yellow. purposes. The trees are tapped for
oo Fruit 5 separate dry capsules, splitting their gum, which, together with the
along one seam to form a narrow, gum of other Sterculia species, is
boat-shaped receptacle, covered in short, used as a thickener, emulsifier and
golden hairs. laxative. The high tannin content,
oo Seeds black however, limits its usefulness in
foods and pharmaceuticals. The bark
is used to make floor mats and yields
fibres that are used to make ropes,
mats and sacks. It is an attractive
ornamental tree and provides shade.
72
Strychnos cocculoides
corky monkey orange, suurklapper, eguni
Neat, evergreen to semi-deciduous, compact
canopy.
oo Bark grey to brown, thickly corky, deeply
vertically grooved to expose a pale brown The fruit of the corky monkey-
underbark. orange is edible and has a long
oo Spines curved in pairs at nodes and straight storage life, even when ripe. It is
at end of branches. rapidly becoming an important cash
oo Leaves simple, opposite, with successive pairs crop as far afield as Windhoek and
at right angles, shiny and sparsely downy Swakopmund. An alcholic drink is
above, with 5-7 characteristically pale green, distilled from fermented fruit. The
protruding veins, paler and sparsely downy seeds are toxic, containing strychine.
below. The wood is strong and suitable
oo Flowers small, green-white; inflorescence a for crafting implement handles.
dense, terminal cluster. The shell is used to store cosmetic
oo Fruit a round berry, dark green with light ochre-clay.
specks, turning yellow when ripe with a hard,
woody shell. Seeds flattened, white.
73
Srychnos potatorum
black bitterberry, mulombelombe
Semi-deciduous to deciduous tree, spreading
crown.
oo Bark silver-grey to yellow-brown, smooth,
The species is an important
but rougher with age.
component of river and flood plains
oo Leaves simple, opposite, often clustered
vegetation. The fruit of the Black
at branch tips; papery; shiny, dark green
bitterberry is eaten by birds and
above; paler and matt below, distinctly 3-5
baboons. The bark and roots are
veined from base.
used to poison fish.
oo Flowers small, greenish-white.
oo Fruit a round, fleshy berry, shell soft,
smooth, black when ripe.
74
Strychnos pungens
spine-leaved monkey orange, (gh)utu, steekblaar(klapper)
Evergreen to semi-deciduous with compact
canopy.
oo Bark thick, pale grey, corky, vertically and
transversely grooved to form oblong Green fruit cause nausea, vomiting,
fragments, pale green underbark. headaches and light-headedness.
oo Thorns lacking. The yellow pulp of the ripe fruit
oo Leaves opposite with sucessive pairs at contains citric acid and is edible,
right angles, folded at midrib, leathery, but not very tasty. The shell is used
rigid, dark green, shiny, as a cup and a cosmetic container.
prominent veins with pungent The seeds contain strychnine and
tip. are thus toxic, causing diarrhoea
oo Flowers green-white. when eaten in large quantities. The
fresh bark of the roots is boiled in
water and taken as a treatment for
dysentery by the Mbukushu people
in Kavango. It is very bitter. In the
north-west the roots are crushed,
mixed with water and used as a
remedy for bone diseases.
75
Strychnos spinosa
spiny monkey orange, doringklapper, uguni, ghughumi
oo Bark grey to brown, thinly corky, flaking in

square fragments, leaving smooth, white The sweet, pleasant-tasting fruit flesh
marks. of the spiny monkey-orange cantains
oo Thorns paired at nodes; curved or straight, citric acid and is very refreshing. An
straight at branch-ends. alcoholic drink is distilled from the
oo Leaves almost circular, leathery, wavy, dark fermented pulp. Although the seeds
green, shiny above, 2-4 conspicuous contain no alkaloids or strychine,
lateral veins, paler below. they are toxic, and will cause nausea
oo Flowers cream-coloured to green. if ingested. The roots, green fruit and
oo Fruit a spherical berry with woody shell, leaves are used medicinally. The off-
green, becoming yellow-brown when ripe, white and straight grained wood can
occasionally speckled, many seeds. can be used to make furniture.
76
Tamarix usneoides
wild tamarisk, abiekwasgeelhout, omungwati, daweb
Much-branched shrub or tree, up to 5 m high.
oo Bark brown-grey to pale-brown, flaking off

in oblong strips. The presence of the wild tamarisk
oo Leaves small, scale-like, sessile, closely is usually an indicatior or a high,
overlapping, grey-green. saline water table. The leaves excrete
oo Flowers very small, pink-white, male and excess salt, which often clings in a
female on separate plants. film around the leaves. As soon as
oo Fruit a three-valved capsule with small it becomes hot, the fluit evaporates
seeds. leaving a cover of powdery salt
which protects the leaves from
excessive evaporation. Despite the
salty taste of the leaves they are
sometimes browsed by cattle and
game. The wood is used as digging
sticks and for bow-making. It is
also used as fuel-wood, emitting an
aromatic scent when burned.
77
Tylecodon paniculatus
southern botterboom, butterbaum
Deciduous, succulent, dwarf tree with thick, squat
trunk and short, thick branches.
oo Bark smooth, olive-green to yellow-green, The southern botterboom is
peeling in thin, papery strips. a popular garden plant. It is
oo Leaves scattered or spirally arranged, unfortunately unsustainably
succulent, shrivelling, drying harvested for the horticultural trade.
before they fall, leaving a conspicuous
scar.
oo Flowers reddish tube with yellowish to
red-brown lobes.
78
Welwitschia mirabilis
welwitschia, kharos, khurub, nyanka, onyanga
Short, stocky, up to 2 m high and 4 m in diameter.
oo Stem flattened on top, initially saucer-

shaped but becoming hollow Biologically unique, this species is
and V-shaped as it ages and fragments. of great economic importance as a
oo Bark grey to grey-black, rough, knobbly tourist attraction. Although found
and deeply fissured. almost exclusively in the Namib Desert,
oo Leaves two simple, opposite, long, clumped and localised communities of
thick, leathery strips that welwitschia also occur in the Khorixas
splits, creating the area and in southern Angola. The leaves
impression that the plant has more than 2 are browsed by donkeys, goats, horses
leaves. and game such as rhino, elephant,
oo Flowers male and female cones on zebra and oryx, especially in times of
separate plants; female cones severe drought. Most often they chew
green-yellow with red-brown the leaves, spitting out the fibres. These
stripes; male cones smaller, plants provide an important source
brown. of shelter for birds, small reptiles and
insects. A winged bug, thought by
some scientists to be Probergrothius
angolensis
and by others to be P. sexpuntatis
, is often found in various developmental
stages on. W. mirabilis. Damara people
eat the core of fresh female cones, raw
or roasted, after good rains.
79
Ziziphus mucronata
buffalo thorn, blinkblaar-wag-‘n-bietjie,
omukekete, omukaru omusheshete
Semi-evergreen tree with spreading canopy.
oo Bark rough, grey, vertically fissured

forming elongated fragments. The buffalo thorn plays an important
oo Thorns one pair per node, one straight and ecological role. The leaves and
one curved thorn. fruit are sought after by domestic
oo Leaves simple, alternate, glossy green, stock; game such as eland, giraffe
often with hair-like tip. and impala, as well as many bird
oo Flowers small, green to yellow; borne in species. The fruit is edible, but not
dense clusters in leaf axils. very palatable (it has a bitter, acidic
oo Fruit a spherical drupe with thin, dry flesh, taste). It is used to make porridge
red-brown when ripe. and an alcoholic beverage is made
from fermented fruit. Bark and leaf
infusions are used to treat respiratory
ailments, fever, diarrhoea and
measles. It is also applied externally
as medication for open sores, boils
and other skin problems.
80
REFERENCES:
Indigenous plant products in Namibia. 2014. Venture Publications, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mannheimer, C.A. & Curtis, B.A. (eds) 2009. Le Roux and Muller’s Field Guide to the
Trees and Shrubs of Namibia. Windhoek: Macmillan Education Namibia.
MCA Namibia compact – volume 4: Thematic Analysis Report – INPS
Protected plant species. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry Forest Act, 2001
(act no. 12 of 2001). Section 22/regulation 13.
http://www.plantzafrica.com
http://www.biodiversity.org.na
www.southernafricanplants.net
http://www.en.hortipedia.com
http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw
http://www.wikiwand.com
http://www.plantbook.co.za
https://commons.wikimedia.org
https://ceb.wikipedia.org

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Published by WML Consulting Engineers

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Design & Layout: OpenOrigin

Maps: Tree Atlas of Namibia

Scientific editing: Coleen Mannheimer

Photographs & copyright in photographs: Coleen Mannheimer, Wessel Swanepoel &

10. Aloe pillansii

72. Sterculia africana

73. Sterculia quinqueloba

Construction Illegally harvested

Endemic/Near Endemic Medicinal

Furniture Making Tools & Utensils

oo Bark yellowish grey, longitudinally fissured,

oo Bark dark grey, rough, vertical fissures.

oo Bark smooth, pinkish-brown to grey- Leaves provide excellent fodder

oo Bark Smooth, grey-brown.

oo Trunk up to 1.6 m in diameter.

oo Bark smooth, brown.

oo Bark grey to dark brown, flakes off in

oo Bark grey, rough, longitudinally grooved,

Photos by Wessel Swanepoel

oo Bark grey to grey-brown with longitudinal

oo Bark grey, young branchlets with dense,

oo Bark grey to brown, very rough with deep

oo Bark pale to dark grey, rough, deeply

oo Bark white-grey to grey-brown to yellow-

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

The Orange River corkwood was

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

oo Bark smooth, light orange, peeling in

oo Bark white to yellow, smooth, horizontally The bark is used to carry

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

oo Bark smooth to rough, pale to dark grey,

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

Only known from the type specimen from Naute

Photos by Wessel Swanepoel

oo Bark grey, rough, peels off in large pieces,

oo Bark grey, corky, smooth, occasionally

Photos by Wessel Swanepoel

oo Bark grey, smooth, branchlets sturdy,

oo Bark grey to black, rough, deeply fissured

oo Bark white to dark grey, crumbly. Birds, bats, monkeys, baboons,

oo Bark pale grey to biscuit coloured, smooth,

oo Bark red- to yellow-brown, smooth with

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

Photos by Wessel Swanepoel

oo Bark grey, rough, cracked, crumbly, red

oo Bark smooth, white to reddish-brown, one

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

oo Bark grey to yellow, downy.

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

oo Bark grey, fissured; young branchlets The beautiful, drought resistant

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

oo Bark light-brown, becomes grey with age.

oo Bark smooth, pinkish-grey to pale brown,

oo Trunk dark grey, cylindrical, thickened at

oo Bark grey, smooth, sometimes vertically

oo Bark pale grey, relatively smooth,

Photos by Coleen Mannheimer

oo Bark brown, deep, longitudinal fissures;