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MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
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20‐08‐2019
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Reareation
Image Sources : http://ngojwg.org/study3‐2‐e.html
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Image Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3‐2‐e.html
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Hydrography
The velocity, depth, and surface expanse controls the turbulence, stratification, distribution of
sediments, DO, and microorganism etc. The degree of turbulence governs the re‐aeration rate for
dissolved oxygen, which eventually affects the rate and extent of biodegradation. It also affects
dilution, sediment transport, and high turbulence could retards algal growth.
Nature of River Bed and Biota Present
These affects the sorption ‐ desorption, nutrient uptake and kinetics and extent of biodegradation of
organic matter incoming with the wastewater.
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2. Decomposition
Zone
3. Septic Zone
4. Recovery Zone
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2. Decomposition Zone
This zone occurs till certain distance just below the wastewater discharge point,
and is usually dark and turbid due to sludge deposits at the bottom. DO is
reduced significantly, while increased CO2 makes this zone more de‐oxygenative.
This zone is unfavourable for aquatic life; though certain fish species feeding on
fresh organic matter and certain worms (Limondrilus and Tubifex) may occur with
the sewage fungi such as sphaerotilusnatans.
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4. Recovery Zone
In this zone the water quality starts improving with the water body trying to
regain its original sate. BOD degrades while DO rises, and the organic matter is
mineralized forming nitrates, sulphates, phosphates and carobnates.
The presence of algae becomes prominent and protozoa, rotifers, crustaceans and
macroscopic plants like sponges, bryozons reappear. Organisms like tubifex,
mussels and snails flourish at the bottom.
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Indices of self-purification
The stages of a river stream can be determined by physical, chemical and
biological analysis of the water with the following usual indices:
a. Physical indices: Colour, Turbidity, and Suspended Solids
b. Chemical indices: DO, BOD, COD and Dissolved Solids
c. Biological indices: MPN, Colony Forming Units (CFUs), different micro and macro organisms.
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If the amount of organic matter (BOD) present at a given time is Lt, the rate of change
of the BOD can be given by:
Where, KD is the BOD reaction rate constant, which is also known as de‐
oxygenation coefficient (or constant), as consumption of DO is proportional to the
amount of organic matter degraded. KD depends on the nature of organic matter
and temperature.
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Condition of the water body (a running stream has more rate of re‐oxygenation
than a quiescent pond)
Temperature of water
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Where:
o Dt is the DO deficit in mg/L after t days.
o Lo is the ultimate first stage BOD of the mix at the point of waste discharge in mg/L.
o Do is the initial oxygen deficit of the mix at the point of mixing in mg/L.
o KD is the de‐oxygenation coefficient (analogous to the BOD rate constant). The typical values of KD(20) can
be between 0.1 to 0.2, and it can be defined for other temperatures as:
o KR is the re‐oxygenation rate and can be determined from field tests by using the equation:
for a river with the average stream velocity of v m/s and the average stream depth of y m. It can be
defined for other temperatures as:
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MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
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or
Image Source:
or + Kannel et al. (2007). Application of QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling and
dissolved oxygen control in the river Bagmati. Env. Monit. Ass. 125. 201‐17.
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+ )
+
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‐ 1 1
1
o
o
Lo is the ultimate first stage BOD of the mix at the point of waste discharge in mg/L.
Do is the initial oxygen deficit of the mix at the point of mixing in mg/L.
o Dt is the DO deficit in mg/L after t days.
o KD is the de‐oxygenation coefficient
This is the Streeter Phelps Equation (DO sag equation). o KR is the re‐oxygenation rate
MANOJ KUMAR TIWARI
SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
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=0
10
Image Source:
Kumar et al (2015). Impact of Point Source Contamination on Eutrophicated Water
The constant is called self‐purification constant (f). Bodies using Streeter Phelps Oxygen Sag ‐ Reaeration Model. International Journal of
Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) , 6(2), 2015
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Value of KR(20) Value of self‐purification
Sl. No. Types of water body
per day constant f
Source: Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering, S.K. Garg, Khanna Publishers
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• The classical Streeter Phelps equation assumes that a single BOD input is distributed evenly at the
cross section of a stream and that it moves as plug flow.
• Only carbonaceous BOD is considered as DO sink, while only re‐aeration is taken as DO source.
• Further, the factors such as the removal of BOD by sedimentation, conversion of suspended BOD
to soluble BOD, sediment oxygen demand, and algal photosynthesis and respiration are not
included.
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• The adsorption becomes much more prominent for contaminates applied to land, while transport processes
such as advection, diffusion & dispersion becomes less effective. Rather, leaching and subsurface transport
becomes more Pertinent. However, surface runoff during rain/floods could transport the contaminates to
the surface water bodies.
• The decomposition of organic matter also depends on the availability of microbial consortia and the bio‐
availability of organic matter present in the waste.
• The wastewater disposal in groundwater has relatively lower mobility and much lesser chances of natural
transformations compared with that disposed in surface waters.
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Assuming the data is given for temperature at 20°C,
1
300 /
0.87 300 261 27 1
.
261 1
20 0.23
261 0.614 160.254
1.047
27
0.23 1.047 0.317
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3 20 200
20 0.22
Since, 1 200 1 . 0.483
200
414.078 414
0.483
5 20 1 414 1 . . /
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For stream A, Since both A and B streams have same ultimate BOD, the
resulting mixture C, should also have the same ultimate BOD.
5 20 50 /
0.115 10 For stream C,
1.135 10
1.135 0.0324
1 10
5 10
50 1 10 . 68.12 1 10 68.12 1 10 .
.
(while considering base 10) . /
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Assuming the temperature to be same and taking the BOD rate constant as k,
2 1
4 1
Dividing the above two equations,
Solving above, . .
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Therefore, there is a need to put through an engineering system that can remove or reduce the
pollutants before the wastewater is released in the environment or reused.
This is usually done through a set of processing units which treats the wastewater and produces the
clean (or less polluted effluent). Image Sources: http://kanigas.com/10‐most‐polluted‐rivers‐of‐india/
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Mixing conditions
Completely mixed systems
Plug flow systems
Type of contaminant
Conservative
Non-conservative
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Image Source: (adopted and modified) http://cyberfrogdesign.uk/test/amtech/what‐is‐continuous‐process‐and‐why‐is‐it‐important/
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Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Plug Flow Reactors (PFR)
Source: http://www.cee.mtu.edu/~reh/courses/ce251/251_notes_dir/node3.html
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Qin, Cin Qout, Cout
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Qin, Cin Q, C
In a CSTR with same rate of inflow and out flow (Qin=Qin=Q), the Cout = C.
If the order of reaction is n and rate constant is k, then dC/dt|reaction= kCn
Final mass balance equation V.dC/dt = Q.Cin ‐ Q.C ± V. kCn
o Steady State; Ist Order decay at rate constant k: C = Cin . 1/[1+kV/Q]
o Unsteady State; Ist Order decay at rate constant k, No inflow concentration: C = C0 .exp[-{(Q/V)+k}t]
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A
Q, Cin Q, Cout
x x+dx
Mass balance for the plug shown above: V. dC/dt = QC(x) – QC(x+dx) ±V. dC/dt|reaction
In Steady State [dC/dt = 0]: QC(x+dx) – QC(x) = ±V. dC/dt|reaction
Q[C(x+dx) – C(x)] = ±A.dx. dC/dt|reaction
[C(x+dx) – C(x)]/dx = ±(A/Q). dC/dt|reaction
dC/dx= ±(A/Q). dC/dt|reaction
o Steady State; Ist Order decay at rate constant k: dC/dx= -(A/Q). kC
dC/C= -(kA/Q). dx
C = Cin . exp(-kV/Q) = Cin . exp(-kt)
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Half life is 120 days, i.e. C remains C0/2 in t=120 days. C0/2= C0e-k(120)
1/2= e-k(120)
ln (1/2)= -k (120)
k= - ln(0.5)/120 = -(-0.693)/120 = 0.693/120
Rate constant, k= 0.00577 d-1
Time required for achieving 10% of its initial concentration (C= 0.1C0) is say t. 0.1C0= C0e-0.00577(t)
t = - ln(0.1)/0.00577 = 399 days
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For a Steady State, CSTR (Cout = C) with first order decay dC/dt|reaction= -kC; 0 = QCin – QC – V.kC
(Q+kV)C = Q.Cin
C= Cin {Q/(Q+kV)}
C= Cin {1/(1+kV/Q)}
The Steady State TPH conc. C = 20mg/L. {1/(1+0.27 h-1*400 m3/40 m3h-1)}
= 20mg/L. (1/3.7) = 5.4 mg/L
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For a Steady State, PFR with first order decay dC/dt|reaction= -kC; 0 = QCin – QCout – V.kC
Cout= Cin e‐kV/Q
For the same degree of treatment (i.e. Cout = 5.4 mg/L); ln(Cout/Cin) = ‐kV/Q
V = ‐Q/k.ln(Cout/Cin)
Volume of the PFR Required = - (40 m3h-1/0.27 h-1) ln (5.4/20)
= 194 m3
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