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c. effector- _Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a
response or effect that changes the controlled condition________________________________
1. Negative Feedback Systems
2. Positive Feedback Systems
7. Contrast the functions of negative and positive feedback systems.
_NFS reverses a change in a controlled condition; thus the activity of the effector produces a
result that reverses the effect of a stimulus. PFS the effector produces a physiological response
that reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition______________________________
B. Homeostasis and Disease
8. Explain the relationship between a human bodies’ ability to maintain homeostasis and disease.
_When the body’s controlled conditions remain within certain narrow limits, body cells function
efficiently, homeostasis is maintained, and body stays healthy. However, if one or more
components of the body lose their ability to maintain homeostasis-the normal balance of all
body processes may be disturbed and a disease or disorder may occur_____________________
Figure 1.3; page 8:
What would happen to the heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur
by positive or negative feedback?
_Heart rate would increase due to operation of negative feedback system____________________________
CHECKPOINT:
What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system?
_Imbalance in homeostatic conditions; i.e.: (internally )rise or decrease in body temperature, rise or
decrease in blood glucose levels, changes in blood pressure, (externally) change sin environmental
temperatures, availability of oxygen, psychological stressors_______________________________________
How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they different?
Similar: _NFS and PFS both respond to changes in controlled conditions______________________________
Different: _NFS, the response reverses the change due to the original stimulus; PFS, the response enhances
the change due to the original stimulus________________________________________________________
Contrast and give examples of symptoms and signs of a disease. _Symptoms: subjective changes in body
functions that are not apparent to an observer (headaches, nausea); Signs: objective changes that a clinician
can observe and measure (bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, or paralysis)_______________
IV. Aging and Homeostasis
OBJ: Describe some of the effects of aging.
1. Describe some of the physical effects of aging upon the human body.
_ Wrinkled skin, gray hair, loss of bone mass, decreased muscle mass and strength, diminished reflexes,
decreased production of some hormones, increased incident of heart disease, increased susceptibility to
infections and cancer, decreased lung capacity, less efficient functioning of digestive system, decreased
kidney function, menopause, and enlarged prostate__________________________________________
CHECKPOINT:
What is meant by aging?
_ Progressive decline in the ability to restore homeostasis_________________________________________
V. Anatomical Terms
OBJ: Describe the anatomical position.
Identify the major regions of the body and relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical
terms for various parts of the body.
Define the directional terms and the anatomical planes and sections used to locate parts of the human
body.
1. Define anatomical position: _In the study of anatomy, descriptions of any part of the human body
assume that the body is in a specific stance________________________________________________
A. Names of Body Regions
2. Label the five major anatomical positions of the body on the diagram below using the common
names and anatomical terms (where applicable) for each specific body region.
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Head (Cephalic) a.
b.
Trunk c.
d. Upper Limb
Lower Limb e.
b. Neck (Cervical)
3. Describe below what each of these five major body regions consists of:
a. _Head- skull and face (front portion: eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin)_________
b. _Neck- supports head and attaches to it to the trunk___________________________________
c. _Trunk- chest, abdomen, and pelvis_________________________________________________
d. _Upper limb- attached to the trunk; shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of limb from shoulder to
elbow), forearm (portion of limb from elbow to the wrist), wrist and hand__________________
e. _Lower limb- attached to the trunk; buttock, thigh (portion of limb from hip to knee), leg
(portion of limb from knee to ankle), ankle and foot____________________________________
Figure 1.4; page 11:
Where is a plantar wart located? _Sole of the foot_______________________________________________
B. Directional Terms
4. Define directional terms: _words that describe the position of one body part relative to another___
5. Define the following directional terms:
a. Superior: _toward the head, or upper part of a structure________________________________
b. Inferior: _away from the head, or lower part of a structure______________________________
c. Anterior: _nearer to or at the front of a body_________________________________________
d. Posterior: _nearer to or at the back of a body_________________________________________
e. Medial: _nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane_____________________________________
f. Lateral: _farther from the midline or midsagittal plane__________________________________
g. Proximal: _nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the
beginning______________________________________________________________________
h. Distal: _farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or
the beginning___________________________________________________________________
i. Superficial: _toward or on the surface of a body_______________________________________
j. Deep: _away from the surface of the body___________________________________________
k. Ventral: _belly side______________________________________________________________
l. Dorsal: _back side________________________________________________________________
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6. In four-legged animals define how each of the directional terms below are used:
a. Anterior: _cephalic (toward the head)________________________________________________
b. Ventral: _inferior________________________________________________________________
c. Posterior: _caudal (toward the tail)_________________________________________________
d. Dorsal: _superior________________________________________________________________
Figure 1.5; page 13:
Is the radius proximal to the humerus? _No_____distal_____
Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea? _No________
Are the ribs superficial to the lungs? _Yes____________
Is the urinary bladder medial to the ascending colon? _Yes_______
Is the sternum lateral to the descending colon? _No____________
CHECKPOINT:
Which directional terms can be used to specify the relationships between (1) the elbow and the shoulder,
(2) the left and right shoulders, (3) the sternum and the humerus, and (4) the heart and the diaphragm?
(1) _Elbow is distal to shoulder____________________________________________
(2) _Left shoulder is lateral to right shoulder____________________________________________
(3) _Sternum is medial to humerus____________________________________________
(4) _Heart is superior to the diaphragm____________________________________________
C. Planes and Sections
7. The parts of the human body are studied in four major imaginary planes that pass through body
parts: sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane, and oblique plane. The sagittal plane is further
divided into subdivisions. Describe the location of each of these planes and the subdivisions below:
a. Sagittal plane: _vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides_______
i. Midsagittal plane: _ specifically when a plane that passes through the midline of the body or
organ and divides it into equal right and left sides __________________________________
ii. Parasagittal plane: _if the plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the
body or an organ into unequal right and left sides__________________________________
b. Frontal plane: _(coronal plane) divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions__________________________________________________________________
c. Transverse plane: _ divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
portions_______________________________________________________________________
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d. Oblique plane: _passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane
and a sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and frontal plane____________________
Figure 1.6; page 14:
Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions? _frontal plane____________________
Spinal cord
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Figure 1.10; page 17:
In which of the nine abdominopelvic regions is each of the following found:
most of the liver _epigastric region__________________________________________
ascending colon _right lumbar__________________________________________
urinary bladder _hypogastric region___________________________________________
appendix _right iliac________________________________________________
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Critical thinking applications:
1. Taylor was going for the playground record for the longest upside-down hang from the monkey bars.
She didn’t make it and may have broken her arm. The emergency technician would like an x-ray film of
Taylor’s arm in the anatomical position. Use the proper anatomical terms to describe the position of
Taylor’s arm in the x-ray film.
ANS: lateral side of the trunk with the palm facing forward
2. Imagine that a manned space flight lands on Mars. The astronaut life specialist observes lumpy shapes
that may be life forms. What are some characteristics of living organisms that may help the astronaut
determine if these or life forms or mud balls?
ANS: should look for metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
3. Guy was trying to impress Jenna with a tale about his last rugby match. “The coach said I suffered a
caudal injury to the dorsal antecubital in my groin.” Jenna responded, “I think either you or your coach
suffered a cephalic injury.” Why wasn’t Jenna impressed by Guy’s athletic prowess?
ANS: Caudal means inferior or away from the head, dorsal means back, and antecubital is the front of
the elbow. The groin area is located on the anterior of the trunk, near the top of the leg.
4. There’s a special fun-house mirror that hides half of your body and doubles the image of your other
side. In the mirror, you can do amazing feats, such as lifting both legs off the ground. Along what plane is
the mirror dividing your body? A different mirror in the next room shows your reflection with two
heads, four arms, and no legs. Along what plane is this mirror dividing your body?
ANS: Midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves; transverse plane divides the top
from the bottom of the body.