RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENT

Sub topics

RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT

2.1 Introduction to Risk Management
2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques
2.3 HIRARC
2.1 Introduction to Risk
Management
 Management
Risk
System/ Process Review
Documentation
 ACCIDENT & FEEDBACK &
NEAR MISSES COMPLAIN INSPECTION
LEGAL
& AUDIT

HIRARC

SOP ERP
INTERNAL  TRANING
AUDIT POLICY SAFETY
COMMITTEE

MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
 Principlesused in workplace to manage
safety and health.
 Section 15 (2)(a) of OSHA 1994:
which reads “ the provision and
maintenance of plants and systems of
work that are,so far as is practicable,
safe and without risks to health”
What is risk? OHSAS 18001:1999

It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence

of a specified hazardous event occurring.
 Definition of the Risk
• Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event with
• specified period or in specified circumstances and
• the severity of injury or damage to
• the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these
caused by the event.
 Individual Perceptions
Risk is a very individual concept.
It is different for every one.

Consider the activity of driving.

On a scale of 1-5 how would you rate driving as a daily activity?

For a Grand Prix Driver?

A Taxi Driver?

My 88 year old grandmother?

Risk

Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.

Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as

familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks change.
 Risk = Likelihood x Severity
• Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a specified hazardous
event occurring. In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by the equation –

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Where,

Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period or in specified

circumstances and,

Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or health of

people, or damage to property, or insult to environment, or any combination of
those caused by the event
 Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment means the process of evaluating
the risks to safety and health arising from hazards at
work.
Risk Assessment
 Risk Management
• Risk management means the total procedure associated
with
• identifying a hazard,
• assessing the risk,
• putting in place control measures, and
• reviewing the outcomes.
 Hazard Definition

It is a source or situation with a potential for harm in

terms of injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the workplace environment, or a
combination of both. OHSAS 18001:1999

How can a person be a

walking hazardous
condition?
 Hazard Control
• Hazard control means the process of implementing
measures to reduce the risk associated with a hazard.
 Hierarchy of Control
• Hierarchy of control means the established priority order
for the types of measures to be used to control risks.
Hazard identification means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the materialization of the
hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
events could occur.
 Hazard Identification
• Hazard identification means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the materialization of the
hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
events could occur.
Hazard Identification
2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques
 Risk Assessment Techniques
• The most fundamental risk assessment activity, called an
informal risk assessment, occurs when workers are
asked to think about the hazards in the workplace
• before work commences,
• determine what could go wrong, and
• report or fix the hazards.
 Risk Assessment Techniques
• More formal risk management activities require
structured procedures, often focusing on work processes
that involve multiple levels of an organization.

• These activities are practiced at some industries and are

typically organized by an operations safety official and
developed with the help of individuals familiar with the
work practice in question.
 Informal Risk Assessment Techniques
• Most informal risk assessment techniques consist of
multiple steps where the worker is asked to look for
hazards, determine the significance of the hazard, and
take some action to mitigate the risk.
 Informal Risk Assessment Techniques
Many systems have been proposed and are widely used in
industries. Examples include, but are not limited to:

• Stop-Look-Analyze-Manage (SLAM) asks workers to stop

and consider the work process before it is started, examine
the work environment, analyze the work process, and
manage the risk.
• Take-Two for Safety calls for persons to take 2 minutes to
think through a job before it starts
• Five-Point Safety System compels employees to take
responsibility for the safety within workplace
• Take Time, Take Charge requires miners to stop, think,
assess and respond to hazards in their workplace.
 Basic-formal risk assessment techniques
• Basic-formal risk assessment techniques are
characterized by the requirement to follow a structured
process that occurs prior to performing specific higher risk
work activities.

• These techniques also require documentation that allows

management to monitor and audit individual risk
assessment activities.
 Basic-formal risk assessment techniques
• The most commonly used basic-formal risk assessment
technique is the Job Safety Analysis (JSA).
• A JSA typically leads to development of Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) that define how to best
approach a task considering the hazards identified in the
JSA.
• A JSA is a technique used to identify, analyze and record
the specific steps involved in performing a work activity
that could have hazards associated with it.
• JSAs are typically performed on work processes with the
highest risk for a workplace injury or illness.
 Basic-formal risk assessment techniques
• Other techniques similar to JSAs include Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA), Critical Task Analysis (CTA), and Job
Hazard Breakdown (JHB).
• An SOP is a set of instructions that act as a directive,
covering those features of operations that lend themselves
to a standardized procedure.
• An SOP is typically a set of instructions or steps a worker
follows to complete a job safely and in a way that maximizes
operational and production requirements.
• SOPs can be written for work processes by the individual or
group performing the activity, by someone with expertise in
the work process, or by the person who supervises the work
process.
 Risk Analysis Techniques and Tools

• When conducting an Major Hazards Risk Assessment

(MHRA) several risk analysis techniques and tools may
be needed. A brief description of the most common tools
follows.
1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)
2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)
4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)
 1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

• The Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

tool is a broad-brush risk ranking approach, allowing the
user to focus on the highest risk.
• As applied to a MHRA, this structured preliminary analysis
begins by breaking down the process associated with the
potential major hazards in some logical manner.
• This is often accomplished using a flow chart or process
mapping technique where the potential major hazards of
each step in a work process are identified.
 1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

• For example, in the mining process could be a breakdown

of a major project or a geographical breakdown of the
underground mine.

• JSAs and SOPs can be used as a framework for the

WRAC analysis.
 1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)
An example of a WRAC risk ranking form
After preliminary analysis, the team then considers each breakdown segment
of the mining process and identifies the potential unwanted events associated
with the identified hazards (Figure below).
The likelihood and
consequence of
each stage are
determined using
some variation of a
risk matrix, followed
by a risk rating
calculation.
 2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

• The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is another broad-

brush risk ranking approach.
• Like the WRAC, this tool identifies all potential hazards
and unwanted events that may lead to miner injuries and
ranks the identified events according to their severity.
• Its main purpose is to identify those unwanted events that
should be subjected to further, more detailed risk analysis.
Once the potential unwanted events are risk ranked by
the team, they can be prioritized so that the highest risk
unwanted event is listed first and so on.
 2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Form

 3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

• Generally, an FMEA is used to determine where failures

can occur within hardware and process systems and to
assess the impact of such failures.
• For each item, the failure modes of individual items are
determined, effects on other items and systems are
recognized, criticality is ranked, and the control is
identified
 3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Item-by-item risk assessment worksheet for FMEA

 4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)

• The Fault and Logic Tree Analysis are systematic, logical

developments of many contributing factors to one
unwanted event.
• The FTA evaluates the one unwanted event while the LTA
evaluates a wanted outcome.
• With both tools it is necessary to first clearly define the top
event, followed by an analysis of the major potential
contributing factors. Each contributing factor is broken
down into discrete parts.
4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
 5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

• Hazard and Operability Studies or HAZOPs have been

used extensively in the chemical industries to examine
what impact deviations can have on a process.
• The basic assumption when performing a HAZOP is that
normal and standard conditions are safe and hazards
occur only when there is a deviation from normal
conditions.
• A HAZOP can be conducted during any stage of a project
although it is most beneficial during the later stages of
design.
 5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Process analysis form for a HAZOP
Typically a process or instrumentation diagram is used to trace the properties
of materials or products through a plant by breaking down the process node by
node

The properties can be flow, level, pressure, concentration or temperature. What-

if guidewords are used to identify possible deviations. A HAZOP typically lacks a
risk calculation.
 6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

• The Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) was developed by Shell Oil in

the 1980s as part of its Tripod package of concepts and
tools for managing occupational health and safety in its
business.
• The “Top Event” in the BTA is a statement about the
initiating event that might lead to the major consequence
• Threats (also referred to as potential causes) are discussed
and controls examined that could mitigate the hazard (left
side of the bow tie).
• Next, the consequences (also referred to as the potential
outcomes) of the initiating unwanted event are identified and
recovery control measures examined to reduce or minimize
the loss (right side of the bow tie).
 6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) method

2.3 HIRARC
 Introduction to HIRARC
• In recent years, Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) has become
fundamental to the practice of planning, management and
the operation of a business as a basic of risk
management.

• The organizations that have carried out risk assessment

at the work place have noted numerous changes in their
working practice.
 Introduction to HIRARC
• Those who have already carried out risk assessment in their
work, have reported positive changes in their working
practice, they recognize substandard act and working
condition as they develop and take necessary corrective
action.

• Legislation requires that this process should be systematic

and be recorded so that the results are reliable and the
analysis complete.

• The risk assessment process should be continuous and

should not be regarded as a one-off exercise.
 What does HIRARC means?
• Hazard Identification (HI) – the identification of
undesired event that lead to the materialization of the
hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
event could event

• Risk Assessment (RA) – The process of evaluating the

risk to safety and health arising from hazards at work

• Risk Control (RC) – the methods used to reduce the

amount of inherent risk or to manage the risk
 Purpose of HIRARC
The purposes of HIRARC are as follows:-

1. To identify all the factors that may cause harm to

employees and others (the hazards);

2. To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be

falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular case and
the possible severity that could come from it (the risks); and

3. To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor

preventive measures to ensure that the risks are adequately
controlled at all times.
 Planning of HIRARC Activities
HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted –
1. For situation –
i. where hazard appear to pose significant
threat;
ii. uncertain whether existing controls are
adequate; or/and
iii. before implementing corrective or
preventive measures.
2. By organization intending to continuously improve
OSH Management System.
 Process of HIRARC
HIRARC process that requires 4 simple steps –
1. classify work activities;
2. identify hazard;
3. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from
each hazard), by calculating or estimating -
i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
4. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if
necessary).
Flowchart of HIRARC Process
 Step 1 - Classify Work Activities
Classify work activities in accordance with their similarity,
such as -
i. geographical or physical areas within/outside premises;
ii. stages in production/service process;
iii. not too big e.g. building a car;
iv. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
v. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the door.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the
critical operations of tasks, that is, those tasks posing
significant risks to the health and safety of
employees as well as highlighting those hazards
pertaining to certain equipment due to energy sources,
working conditions or activities performed.
• Hazards can be divided into FIVE (5) main groups,
physical hazards, chemical hazards, ergonomic
hazards, psychosocial hazards and biological hazards.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• Physical hazards are the most common and will be
present in most workplaces at one time or another. They
include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness
and death.
• They are typically easiest to spot but, sadly, too often
overlooked because of familiarity (there are always cords
running across the aisles), lack of knowledge (they aren't
seen as hazards), resistance to spending time or money
to make necessary improvements or simply delays in
making changes to remove the hazards (waiting until
tomorrow or a time when "we're not so busy").
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
Examples of physical hazards include:
• electrical hazards: frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
• unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts: guards removed
or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch
• constant loud noise
• high exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays, heat or cold
• working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any
raised work area
• working with mobile equipment such as fork lifts (operation of fork lifts
and similar mobile equipment in the workplace requires significant
additional training and experience)
• spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisle or cords
running across the floor.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• Chemical hazards are present when a worker is exposed
to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form
(solid, liquid or gas). Some are safer than others, but to
some workers who are more sensitive to chemicals, even
common solutions can cause illness, skin irritation or
breathing problems.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• Beware of:
• liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents especially
chemicals in an unlabelled container (warning sign!)
• vapours and fumes, for instance those that come from welding or
exposure to solvents
• gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium
• flammable materials like gasoline, solvents and explosive
chemicals.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work, body
position and working conditions put strain on your body.
They are the hardest to spot since you don't always
immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm
these hazards pose. Short-term exposure may result in
"sore muscles" the next day or in the days following
exposure, but long term exposure can result in serious
long-term injuries.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
Ergonomic hazards include:
• poor lighting
• improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
• frequent lifting
• poor posture
• awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
• repeating the same movements over and over
• having to use too much force, especially if you have to do it
frequently.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• Psychosocial hazards include but aren’t limited to
stress, violence and other workplace stressors.
• Work is generally beneficial to mental health and personal
wellbeing. For example;-
• Alcohol in the workplace
• Bullying in the workplace
• Customer aggression
• Driver fatigue
• Remote or isolated work
• Work-related mental stress
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• Biological hazards come from working with animals, people or
infectious plant materials. Work in day care, hospitals, hotel
laundry and room cleaning, laboratories, veterinary offices and
nursing homes may expose you to biological hazards.

• The types of things you may be exposed to include:

• blood or other body fluids
• fungi
• bacteria and viruses
• plants
• insect bites
• animal and bird droppings.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
• Biological hazards come from working with animals, people or
infectious plant materials. Work in day care, hospitals, hotel
laundry and room cleaning, laboratories, veterinary offices and
nursing homes may expose you to biological hazards.

• The types of things you may be exposed to include:

• blood or other body fluids
• fungi
• bacteria and viruses
• plants
• insect bites
• animal and bird droppings.
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
Hazard identification technique
• The employer shall develop a hazard identification and
assessment methodology taking into account the
following documents and information -
i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv. any results of work place inspections;
Continue……
 Step 2 - Identify Hazard
v. any employee complaints and comments;
vi. any government or employer reports, studies and
tests concerning the health and safety of employees;
vii. any reports made under the regulation of Occupational
Safety and Health Act,1994
viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
ix. any other relevant information.
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
• Risk is the determination of likelihood and severity
of the credible accident/event sequences in order to
determine magnitude and to priorities identified hazards.
• It can be done by
• qualitative,
• quantitative or
• semi quantitative method.
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
• A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the
magnitude of potential severity and the likelihood that
those severity will occur.
• These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the
circumstances and different descriptions may be used for
different risks.
• This method uses expert knowledge and experience to
determine likelihood and severity category.
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
• In semi-quantitative analysis, qualitative scales such as
those described above are given values. The objective is
to produce a more expanded ranking scale than is usually
achieved in qualitative analysis, not to suggest
realistic values for risk such as is attempted in
quantitative analysis.
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
• Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather than the
descriptive scales used in qualitative and semi-quantitative
analysis) for both severity and likelihood using data from a
variety of sources such as past accident experience and from
scientific research.
• Severity may be determined by modeling the outcomes of an
event or set of events, or by extrapolation from experimental
studies or past data.
• The way in which severity and likelihood are expressed and the
ways in which they are combined to provide a level of risk will vary
according to the type of risk and the purpose for which the risk
assessment output is to be used. In this note qualitative and semi
quantitative method uses as an example.
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)

Likelihood of an occurrence
• This value is based on the likelihood of an event
occurring.
• You may ask the question “How many times has this
event happened in the past?”
• Assessing likelihood is based worker experience,
analysis or measurement.
• Likelihood levels range from “most likely” to
“inconceivable.”
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
• Table below indicates likelihood using the following
values.

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK
KEBARANGKALIAN (LIKELIHOOD)

5 : KERAP KEGAGALAN KERAP BERLAKU

4 : SELALU KEGAGALAN SELALU BERLAKU

PERNAH BERLAKU KEGAGALAN, TETAPI

3 : PERNAH BERLAKU
TIDAK BESAR
JARANG BERLAKU DI DALAM ORGANISASI
2 : SEKALI-SEKALI
YANG SAMA/DALAM NEGARA
JARANG BERLAKU MUNGKIN DI NEGARA
1 : JARANG
LAIN

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)

Severity of hazard
Severity can be divided into five categories. Severity are
based upon an increasing level of severity to an
individual’s health, the environment, or to property.
Table below indicates severity.
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
Severity of hazard

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK
 KESAN AKIBAT (CONSEQUENCE)

5: BENCANA KEMATIAN

4: BESAR HILANG UPAYA KEKAL

KECEDERAAN SEDERHANA, > 4 HARI CUTI
3: SEDERHANA
SAKIT
KECEDERAAN KECIL, HINGGA 4 HARI CUTI
2: KECIL
SAKIT

1: SEDIKIT FIRST AID

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk assessment
• Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the
results of analysis to make decision on risk control. For risk
analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method,
presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective way of
communicating the distribution of the risk throughout a plant
and area in a workplace.

• Risk can be calculated using the following formula:

L x S = Relative Risk
L = Likelihood
S = Severity
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk Matrix (Likelihood vs. Severity)

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

 MATRIK RISIKO
RPN : RISK PRIORITY
NUMBER,
KEBARANGKALIAN
1 (SANGAT RENDAH)  2 3
25 (SANGAT TINGGI) 1 4 5
SEKALI- PERNAH
JARANG SELALU KERAP
SEKALI BERLAKU

1: SEDIKIT 1 2 3 4 5
KESAN AKIBAT

2: KECIL 2 4 6 8 10

3: SEDERHANA 3 6 9 12 15

4: BESAR 4 8 12 16 20

5: BENCANA 5 10 15 20 25

Dapatkan RPN : Risk Priority Number berdasarkan kebarangkalian dan kesan akibat

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK
 Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk & Action Level

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

Menetapkan RISIKO (berasaskan RPN)
RISIKO TINDAKAN
BERITAHU PIHAK PENGURUSAN SEGERA
SANGAT  HAPUSKAN : TIDAK BOLEH
TINGGI DIBIARKAN; PERLU
(15-25) KAWALAN SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG
LEBIH BERKESAN
BERITAHU KETUA JABATAN. PERLU KAWALAN
TINGGI
SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH
(8-14) BERKESAN
BERITAHU HAZARDS KEPADA PEKERJA;
SEDERHANA
TOOL BOX MEETING; SAFE BEHAVIOUR; JSA
(4-7) KAWALANN JANGKA PANJANG BERKESAN
RENDAH RISIKO BOLEH DITERIMA; UMUMNYA TIDAK PERLU
(1-3) TINDAKAN; KEKALKAN KAWALAN SEDIA ADA

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK
Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (Risk Control).
• Risk control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard
in a manner such that the hazard does not pose a risk to
workers who have to enter into an area or work on
equipment in the course of scheduled work.
Risk Control
Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (Risk Control).

• Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the

problem is created). The closer a control to the source of
the hazard is the better. This method is often referred to
as applying engineering controls.
Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (Risk Control).
• If this does not work, hazards can often be
controlled along the path to the worker, between
the source and the worker. This method can be
referred to as applying administrative controls.

• If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled

at the level of the worker through the use of
personal protective equipment (PPE), although
this is the least desirable control.
Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (Risk Control).
• If this does not work, hazards can often be
controlled along the path to the worker, between
the source and the worker. This method can be
referred to as applying administrative controls.

• If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled

at the level of the worker through the use of
personal protective equipment (PPE), although
this is the least desirable control.
 Selecting a suitable control
Selecting a control often involves –
a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to protect workers until
permanent controls can be put in place; and
c. implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.

For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified.

Short-term controls might require workers to use hearing
protection.
Long term, permanent controls might remove or isolate the
noise source.
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Isolation
4. Engineering Controls
5. Administrative Controls
6. Provide Personal Protective Equipment .
 Hierarchy of Control

(1) Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool,

process, machine or substance is perhaps the best way of
protecting workers. For example, a salvage firm might
decide to stop buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel
tanks due to explosion hazards.
 Hierarchy of Control

(2) Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a

less hazardous way is possible. For example, a
hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less
hazardous one. Controls must protect workers from any
new hazards that are created.
 Hierarchy of Control

(3) Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or

replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can protect
operators from a toxic chemical.
 Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
• Redesign- Jobs and processes can be reworked to make
them safer. For example, containers can be made easier
to hold and lift.
• Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated
or mechanized. For example, computer-controlled
robots can handle spot welding operations in car plants.
Care must be taken to protect workers from robotic
hazards.
Continue……..
 Hierarchy of Control

(4) Engineering control

• Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers.
For example, special curtains can prevent eye injuries from
welding arc radiation. Proper equipment guarding will protect
workers from contacting moving parts.
• Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and
maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a
hazard away from workers, the more effective it is.
• Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For
example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before
they reach operators.
 Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
• Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to ensure that
workers follow these practices. Work procedures must be periodically
reviewed with workers and updated.
• Supervision and training– Initial training on safe work procedures and
refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision to assist
workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating work procedures.
• Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that workers
are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be rotated through
jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle movements to prevent
cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy processes can be scheduled when
no one is in the workplace.
Continue……..
 Hierarchy of Control

(5) Administrative controls

• Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs -
Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to
cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
• Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic
materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to their
families. Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to
avoid being contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must
be segregated from toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden
in toxic work areas. Where applicable, workers should be
required to shower and change clothes at the end of the shift.
 Hierarchy of Control

(6) Personal protective equipment

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained
to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.
 Hierarchy of Control

(6) Personal protective equipment

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained
to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.
 Principle of Control

•Substitution •Housekeeping •Training and

•Modify process •General education
•Enclosure ventilation •Worker rotation
•Local exhaust •Continuous area •Enclosure of
•Fugitive monitoring worker
emission control •Dilution •Personal
•Isolation ventilation monitoring
•Automation or •Personal
remote control protective devices
 PENGAWALAN RISIKO
Semua risiko RISIKO
perlu di TIDAK BOLEH
SangatTinggi
kurangkan DITERIMA

Tinggi
‘As KURANGKAN
Low Sederhana SERENDAH YANG
MUNGKIN
As
Rendah
Reasonably BOLEH DITERIMA
Practicable.’
 HIRARKI
HIRARKI LANGKAH
LANGKAH KAWALAN
KAWALAN
1. Hapuskan hazard Contohnya, menukar peralatan yang bising, elakkan
menggunakan bahan atau mesin berbahaya,
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
2. Tukar sesuatu kepada Contohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih ringan,
yang kurang berisiko gunakan bahan kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari
forklift petrol kepada elektrik, gunakan penyedut
hampagas dari penyapu
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
3. Asingkan hazard Contohnya mengadakan penghadang sekeliling
tumpahan sehingga dicuci, meletakkan mesin fotostat di
bilik berpengundaraan
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
4. Guna kawalan Contohnya menggunakan troli untuk bawa beban berat,
memasang pengadang bahagian jentera berputar
kejuruteraan
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
5. Guna kawalan Contohnya mengadakan pusingan kerja, tugasan pendek,
pastikan peralatan diselanggara, amalan kerja selamat,
pentadbiran arahan dan latihan.
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, akhirnya
6.Guna peralatan Contohnya mengadakan perlindungan bising dan mata,
helmet keselamatan, sarung tangan
perlindungan diri
 Monitoring controls
• The effectiveness of controls must be checked regularly.
Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during inspections,
routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask the following
questions –
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?

• Document control activities to track their effectiveness, if

necessary re-evaluate hazards and implement new control
measures.
 MONITORING AND REVIEW
KEY POINT

A review follow-up is always essential.

Review is an important aspect of any risk

management process.

It is essential to review what has been done to

ensure that the controls put in place are effective
 CONCLUSION
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and review
is not a task that is completed and then forgotten about.
Hazard identification should be properly documented even
in the simplest of situations

Risk assessment should include a careful assessment

of both likelihood and severity/consequence.

Control measures should conform to the recommendations of

the hierarchy of control.

The risk management process is an on going one.

Contoh 1 (Hirarc)
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
Aktiviti terlibat:
1. Mengangkat
2. Menyimpan Sementara
3. Membersih
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Membuka
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)

K: Kebarangkalian
KA: Kesan Akibat
R: Risiko
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
Contoh 2 (Hirarc)
Wood panel cutting process

•A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw machine. Their

work includes loading wood panel onto the machine, cutting the
wood and unloading the cut wood. They also need to repair and
maintain the machine regularly as well as to change the blades of
the machine.

(Caution: This example may not be applicable to similar work in

your workplace).