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LEA-1 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND

ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING

POP SHEETS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION


LEA-1 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE
PLANNING Law Enforcement Administration (LEA)

The course deals with the study of principles underlying police organization and management
with particular focus on the Constitutional mandate, Republic Acts 6975 and 8551, and previous
laws and issuances relating thereto.

It includes the organizational structure and organization of the Philippine National Police, on
the national and local levels.
Emphasis is given on direction, supervision, coordination and control of all local police forces as
a homogeneous body under a single command.

It also includes the basic management functions in so far as these are applied to the police
organization.
Police planning is integrated into this course, and it is designed to equip the students with
knowledge on the development of effective plans, particularly on strategies and tactics for
effective operations.

The emphasis is on the special techniques and procedure applicable to unusual needs like
unusual criminal activities, civil disturbances, special community events, disaster plans, and civil
defense.

Introduction: The organization with management and administration is directed towards the
achievement of goals and objectives.

Goals are broad statements of general and long term organizational purposes often used to define
the role of the police, for instance, to prevent crime, maintain order or help solve community
problems. Objectives are specific short term statements consistent with an organizations goal.

The organization guides members in its operation of the assigned duties. It enhances better
administration of the department. Good organization and administration would eventually mean
effective and efficient police work. Organization can also distinguished by their degree of
formality and structure:

1. Formal Organization-is defined as those organizations that are formally established for
explicit purpose of achieving certain goals. (Stable social institutions.)

2. Informal Organization- are those sharing the basic characteristic of all organizations arise
through the social interactions of individuals or through family grouping.
What is Organization?
It is a form of human association for the attainment of goal or objective.

It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating
responsibility and authority establishing relationships for the propose of enabling people work
effectively.
What is Police Organization?

Police organization is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration
engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of crimes.

Administration of Police Organization - It is the systematic structure of management of a


police organization.

What is Police?

Police is a branch of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of
maintaining law and order and combating crime within the society.

The term police are derived from the word POLITIA, meaning condition of a state,government
and administration, POLITIA organization is from the Greek word POLITEIA which means
government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a POLIS, a city.

POLICE (broadest sense) means the internal organization or regulation of a state, the control
and regulation of a community or state through the exercise of the constitutions power of the
government.

POLICE (less broadest sense)it denotes the power of the government which concerns the
tranquility, public order, peace, security of persons and property and the protection of the public
health and moral.

In the very restricted sense, the word police refer exclusively to that body of armed men which as
an institution is capable of exercising its duties by armed physical forces in the preservation and
detection of crime and the execution of laws.

Police Activities:
1. The prevention of Criminality.
2. Repression of Crime.
3. Apprehending of offenders.
4. Recovery of Property.
5. Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct.
6. Performance of Related Miscellaneous Service.

The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational units:
Functional Units:
1. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of
numbers of divisions:
2. Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

3. Section -functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.

4. Unit -functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an
organization.

Territorial Units:

1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated
desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty.It is a spot location for general
guard duty.

2. Route -a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.

3. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.

4. Sector - an area containing two or more beats, routes, or post.

5. District-a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.

6. Area- a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.

Other Items and Terminologies

1. Sworn Officers-all personnel of the police department who have oath and who posses the
power to arrest.

2. Superior Officer- one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or permanently,


over officers of lower rank.

3. Commanding Officer- an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a division,


an area, or a district.

4. Ranking Officer- the officer who has the senior rank in a team or group.

5. Length of Service- the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was
administered Previous active services may be included or added.

6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.

7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.

8. Special Duty -the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused from
the performance of his active regular duty.
9. Leave of Absence- period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any
valid\acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.

10. Sick leave -period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.

11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the
privilege of performing his duties as result of violating directives or other department
regulations.

12. Department Rules- rules established by department directors\superiors to control the


conduct of the members of the police force.

13. Duty Manual -describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to
specified post or position.

14. Order – an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either:


a. General Order,
b. Special, or
c. Personal

15. Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports;
verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.

Nature of Police Organization

The police department is truly a complex bureaucracy. It is mostly a multi-level organization,


organized in the form of a pyramid with the top-level administrator being the chief of police.

At the bottom level of the organization, one finds the patrolman or line officer.

The patrol officer is the backbone of the police department.

The lowest level worker found in many, if not most, complex organizations who usually
performs the routine, repetitive kind of work necessary to keep the organization functioning.

The police department by its very nature places the line officer in a position where he is a
decision maker and manager of his area o responsibility from the first time he is given a beat to
patrol.

There are indeed few agencies in which the efficiency and parameter of the law enforcement
functions are vested in those individuals quite likely have the least amount of experience and
expertise in the organization.
Types of Police Organizational Structures

An organizational structure is a mechanical means of depicting, by an arrangement of


symbols,the relationships that exist between individuals, groups, and functional relationships
between groups and individuals clearly defined to ensure accountability and compliance.

Line Organization
The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or departmental types of
organization, is the simplest and perhaps the oldest types; but it is seldom encountered in its
channels of authority and responsibility extends in a direct line from top to bottom within the
structures, authority is definite and absolute.

While the line type of organization has many advantages, it also has some inherent weaknesses
which, for many organizations, make its use impractical.

Perhaps its greatest advantages it that, it is utterly simple. It involves a division of the work into
units of eight people with a person in charge who has complete control and who can be hold
directly responsible or accountable for result, or lack of them.

Quick decisions can be made in the line organization because of the direct lines authority.

Because of these direct lines, each member in the chain of command knows to whom he is
clearly fixed.

Discipline is administered in this type of the organization.

Responsibility for making decisions is well identified. Singleness of purpose is fostered.

Coordination of effort is relatively easy to achieve because functional overlapping in between


units, a prime cause of friction in any organization can be minimized.

Functional Organization

The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present day organizations,except
at or near the top of the very large organizations.

Unlike the type of structure, those establishment organized on a functional basis violate the
prime rule that men perform best when they have but one superior.

The functional responsibility of each functional manager is limited to the particular activity over
which he has control, regardless of who performs the function.

Coordination of effort in this type of organization becomes difficult since the employees
responsible for results may be subject to functional direction of several persons.
Discipline is difficult to administer because of this multi-headed leadership.

There may be considerable conflict among the functional administrators, resulting in much
conclusion among line personnel.

Line of authority and responsibility are fragmented into many functional channels, making each
superior responsible to several superiors depending upon the function he happens to be
performing.

The functional organization in its purest form is rarely found in present-day organization except
at or near the top level.

Advantages

1. divides responsibility and authority between several specialists;

2. Functional responsibility is limited to the particular activity over which he has control
regardless of who performs the functions.

Disadvantages

1. Coordination of effort becomes difficult;

2. Discipline is difficult to administer;

3. Conflict among the functional administrators.

Line and Staff Organization

The line and staff organization is a combination of the line and functional types.

It combines staff specialist such as the criminalists, the training officers, the research and
development specialists, etc. channels of responsibility is to think and provide expertise for the
line units.

The line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice from the staff specialist.

In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line commands but with recognized limitations
such as coordination between line and staff personnel can be achieved without undue friction.

Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship is the greatest and most frequent source of
friction and a barrier to effective coordination.

The advantage of this kind would be- it combines staff specialist or units with line organization
so that service of knowledge can be provided line personnel by specialist.
POLICE SERVICE

Fundamental Theories of Police Service

1. The Continental Theory - police are servant of higher authorities and the people have little or
no share at all in their duties, nor any direct connection with them.

2. The Home Rule Theory - policemen are considered as servants of the community who
defend for the effectiveness of their function upon the express wishes of the people.

Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concepts -this old philosophy means throwing more people in jail rather than keeping
these out jail. Punishment is the sole instrument of crime control. The yardstick of efficiency of
the police is more on arrests.

2. Modern Concept -police service today has broadened its activities to include certain aspect of
social service for the welfare of the people. Their yardstick of efficiency is the absence of crime.

All police function and activities can be categorized as their line or non-line. Line functions are
those tasks that directly facilitate the accomplishment of organizational goals, whereas non-line
functions are those tasks that supplement the line its task performance.

Line activities are further broken into the sub-categories: primary line and secondary line
functions, both of which are field service.

1. Line Function

1.1. Primary Line Function

The primary line function is police patrol; that is the patrol activities of a police organization are
considered basic and the first priority.

The patrol division has the initial responsibility for crime prevention and dictation of the
apprehension of offenders.

It also assists in the preparation in the facts for presentation in a court of law.

Theoretically, if the patrol force were 100 percent effective in the execution of its assigned tasks,
the need for specialized units (traffic and detective) would be eliminated.

The patrol function is accurately called the backbone of the police service.
1.2. Secondary Function

Historically, police department were established only as police patrols, however as


municipalities increased in population, area, and technology (for example, the invention of the
automobile), the burden of this patrols was greatly increased.

The department, were unable to provide additional personnel because of budgetary limitations,
were unable to increase the number of the officers on the patrol beat in proportion to the rising
population and rate of crime and was force to enlarge each officers beat.

2. Non-Line Function

Simply put, non-line functions are those services that support the line.
Whereas the line provides services directly to the citizens, non-line activities help the line to
accomplish its primary task.

Traditionally non-line or support activities consist of two major categories: staff and auxiliary
services.

2.1. Staff Services

These activities that have the responsibility and personal development and department
management are staff services.

Personal development includes recruitment, selection, training, and supervision.

Budget, planning and research, inspection, and similar activities fall under the heading of
managerial activities.

2.2. Auxiliary Services

All non-line not regarded as staff service are classified as auxiliary services.

Typically, they provide support service of both a technical and non-technical nature to both line
and non-line activities.

Polygraph examiner, photographer, fingerprint and crime scene technicians, and the police
laboratory are technical auxiliary services that support the line activities.

The jail and the communication system and non-line (staff) activities.

Some activities are extremely difficult to classify as either the staff or auxiliary.

In many instances they perform a dual service. Police community relation units, although
performing secondary line service, may be designated as an auxiliary or even a staff function.
LINE FUNCTION

Primary Secondary Staff Auxiliary


-Patrol
-Criminal Investigation
-Vice Investigation
-Planning and Research
-Inspection
-Police record System
-Identification service
-Traffic Regulation and control
-Crime Prevention
-Personnel Administration
-Training
-Budgeting Control
-Purchasing
-Public Relation
-Property control
-Communication
-Crime Laboratory
-Jail-Supply
-Transportation
-Maintenance

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION

To understand the organization and operation of public departments certain general basic
principles of organization must be understood.

These principles of organization were generated by the experience of industry, business, and the
military services.

They have no absolute values, but they do provide a check list against which an organization can
be structurally and functionally evaluated.

This notion will become more defined as each principle is considered.

Division of Labor

For a police organization to be effective, work assignments must be designed so that similar
tasks, functions, and activities are given to an individual or group for accomplishment.

Police functions are sub-divided into units that are described as follows:
1. Branch -usually the largest unit within station

2. Division – part of the branch having a department-wide function

3. Section -basically one of the several functional elements of a division

Unity of command requires that an individual be directly accountable to only one superior. No
person can effectively serve two superiors at a given time.

Chain of Command
Primarily this principle provides for the vertical movement of authority up and down established
channels in the organizational hierarchy.

To illustrate this concept, consider a directives originating in the office of the patrol chief
intended for the patrol force (downward movement).

Two levels of authority fall between the patrol chief and the patrol officer inspector.

Because both levels are held responsible for various aspects of patrol supervision, both must be
aware of such directives.

If either supervisor is by-passed, that one can not beheld accountable for the lack of knowledge.

Further, performance of supervisory duties is greatly hindered, and potentially serious problem
is created.

Delegation of Responsibility and Authority

There must be a clear line of normal authority running from the top to bottom of every
organization.

Ultimate authority and responsibility for a police organization lies at the top of the chain of
command-with the chief.

However, if a subordinate is to be held responsible for the accomplishment of a given task, he or


she must be given the authority to carryout those responsibilities.

It is important, also the responsibility and the authority be clearly defined.

If the patrol officers are given the responsibility for evaluating police response time on a given
day or in a specific situation, the officer must be given the authority to procure the
communication logs from the communication center.
Without this authority, the entire task cannot be accomplished.

Delineation of Responsibility and Authority


A clear-out delineation of responsibility and authority is essential to prevent confusion of lines of
authority.

If responsibility and authority are not clearly defined, conflicts, duplication and overlaps of
function lead to confusion and inefficiency.

Each officer and each organization segment of authority delegated to accomplish the job.

Span of Control
The number of officers or units reporting directly to the supervisor should not exceed the number
that can be feasibly and effectively coordinate and directed.

There are an innumerable factor that limits the span control including distance, time, knowledge,
personality, and the complexity of the work to be performed.

It is not unusual to fine fifty or sixty workers to perform identification function reporting to one
supervisor.

On the other hand, as we ascend the chain of command and the diversity of functions increases,
the number of individuals that a police executive supervises decreases rapidly.

Objective

All organizational elements must contribute, directly or indirectly, to the accomplishment of the
objectives of the enterprise.

Each organizational element should be formed for a definite purpose, and this purposes must be
accomplish the major objective.

Any police function and organizational elements that is not required in the accomplishment of
the overall objectives should be eliminated.

Coordination

The organizational structure must facilitate the development of close, friendly, and co-operative
relations, especially between line and staff activities.

Effective coordination is dependent almost entirely upon adequate communication among all
element of a police organization.

Time
The police service is among the few public services that maintain a twenty-four hour schedule.
It is necessary to the department to assigned officers in sufficient number to meet the demands at
any given time.

Watch or Shift

A time division of the day to ensure proper allocation of personnel.


Shifts are normally eight consecutive hours, five days, giving an officer a forty-hour a week.

However, longer working hours and work weeks are common.


Further, shifts frequently overlaps to provide additional personnel during peak period.

Territory
Territorial distribution is necessary to ensure the availability and general suitability of the patrol
service throughout a jurisdiction. Geographical or territorial divisions of the department can beer
described as follows:

1. Post - a fixed or stationary point location (e.g., a specified street inter section, surveillance
site, or an assigned desk or office).

2. Route or Lined Beat- a length of street normally assigned to the traffic and patrol officers
whether foot or mobile. The rout has the characteristics of being continuous, in a straight line, or
the line sight.

3. Beat – a geographical area, once again assigned to either foot or mobile patrol and traffic
officer.

4. Section – two or more beats, routes, posts, or any combination thereof.


Clientele

The distribution of patrol services with respect to the characteristics of the population served
must be recognized and dealt with in contemporary law enforcement. The development of
specialized functional units expresses the principle of the organization by clientele.

Nature of the Office of a Policeman

A police man must have a mind of a lawyer the soul of a clergyman, the heart of the social
worker, discipline of an army sergeant, the integrity of a saint. He must believe in a community
of law, while seeing little but lawlessness; believe in the goodness of man, while seeing the man
most often at his worst, depend on his faithfulness, know his jurisdictions like a sociologist, and
he must understand people like a psychologist. He must take long view of life like a philosopher
and yet never losing his common touch.

POLICE OPERATIONS
Police Operation
Another word in the large collection of police service terminology is operations. For the most
part, operation is synonymous with line function. In accordance with previous definitions,
operations are inclusive of both primary and secondary line functions.

Subdivision of the Operation

Area.

1. District - is a subdivision of a province and shall consist of a metropolitan city or a


metropolitan city and adjacent municipalities\ small cities, or several adjacent municipalities and
small cities.

2. Station -is a subdivision of a district and shall consist of a large municipality or a small city or
municipalities\small city and some adjacent smaller municipalities or several adjacent
municipalities.

3. Sub-station -is a subdivision of a station and shall consist of a large municipality or small city
or a municipality itself.

Operating Unit of a Police Station

1. Patrol Division\Section - shall be responsible for crime prevention; general preservation of


peace and order; crime suppression, and other public safety services.

2. Investigation Division\section - shall be charged with the duty of carrying on the objectives
of criminal investigation, that is, to identify and locate the guilty party and provide evidence of
his guilt through criminal proceedings.

3. Vice Control Division\Section - shall be responsible for the neutralization or suppression of


vices such as gambling, prostitution and drug abuse.

4. Juvenile Division\Section - shall be primarily concerned with children and youth, the
correction and rehabilitation of youth offenders.

5. Intelligence Division\Section - shall work for the detection of syndicated crimes and subtle
criminal activities, including subversion and threats to the security of the state.

6. Traffic Division\section - shall be responsible from the enforcement of traffic laws and
regulation of traffic. This section is primarily concerned with the motorist and pedestrians.

7. Homicide Division\Section - shall be charged with the duty to investigate homicide and
murder cases.
8. Municipal Police Sub-station - shall be concerned with the general maintenance of
peace,order and public safety within their respective jurisdictions. The Municipal Police Sub-
station shall consist of two principal sections with corresponding functions as indicated below:

a. Patrol Section

1. Preservation of peace and order

2. Suppression of criminal activities

3. Crime prevention

4. Inspection activities

5. Enforcement of traffic laws and regulations

6. Fire prevention and control

b. Investigation section

1. Crime investigation

2. vice control

3. Control of juvenile delinquency

4. Custody of prisoners

Peace Officer of Small Police Station

Peace officers of small Police stations are considered as generalist. Most small police station
within the limits of their capabilities, are responsible for all activities in the fields of law
enforcement and public safety. They provide routine patrol, conduct premise inspection, make
criminal and traffic investigations, make arrest, and in other ways, provide for the community
security. In such stations, its members and officers are by and large generalist.

Historical Background on Policing

Primitive Policing Law enforcement can be traced back to the cave dwellers, who were expected
to follow certain rules or face banishment or death. The customs depicted in early cave dwelling
may represent the beginning of law and law enforcement. The prehistoric social order consisted
of smallfamily groups living together as tribes or clans. Group living gave rise to customs
everyone was expected to observe. The tribe’s chief had executive legislative and judicial powers
and often appointed tribe members to perform special task to include guarding the community
against depredation of lawless elements.
Ancient Law Enforcement

The Sumerians

The earliest record of ancient peoples need to standardize rules and methods of enforcement to
control human behavior dates to approximately 2300 B.C., when the Sumerian rulers Lipithstar
and Eshumma set standards on what constituted an offense against society.

The Babylonians

The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) –during the time of Babylonian King Hammurabi, he
established rules for his kingdom that designated not only offenses but punishment as well. The
principle of the code was that the strong shall not injure the week. Hammurabi originated the
legal principle of LEX Talionis- the eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth doctrine.

Ancient Egypt

The early Egyptians established laws and court and a rudimentary rule of law. The first account
of a developing court system originated in Egypt in approximately 1500 B.C. the court system
was presided by judges who were appointed by the pharaoh. They later organized marine patrols
and customhouses to protect commerce.

Ancient Greece

The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement called theEphori. Each year at Sparta, a body
of Ephors was elected and given almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge, jury and
executioner. These five men also presided over the senate and assembly, assuring that their rules
and decrees were followed. From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who lived from 427 to347
B.C., was the idea that punishment should serve the purpose rather than simple retaliation.

Ancient Rome

The Romans had a high development system of administering justice.The 12Tabulae (12 tables)
were the first written laws of the Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures, property
ownership, building codes, marriage customs and punishment for crimes. At the reign
of Emperor Augustus, he created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of about 7000
men\soldiers to protect the palace and the City of Rome, together with the Urban Cohorts to
patrol the city. He created the so called Vigiles who were assigned as firefighters and eventually
given law enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian police force the Vigiles sometimes
kept the peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes. Another important event was the time
of JustinianI, ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire (527 to 265 A.D.) who collected all Roman
laws and put it into his Justinian Code-they became known the Corpus Juris Civilis which
means Body of Law.
The Early Policing System

The policing system is divided into different systems namely:

The Anglo-Saxon Period

The Anglo-Saxons were influential in developing the earlypolice forces. The following are the
features of this period:

1. Tun Policing System- Tun is the forerunner of the word town. Under this system all male
residents are required to guard the town and to preserve the peace and control,to protect life and
property from harm or disturbance.

2. Hue and Cry – a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a complaint goes to the middle
of the street and shouts to call all males to assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the
assembly and gives the whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then proceed to
locate and apprehend the culprit. When apprehended, trial is conducted giving the culprit a
chance to depend himself.

3. The Royal Jude -a person who conducts criminal investigation and gives punishment.
Punishment usually fits the crime committed.

4. Trial by Ordeal- a system of determining guilt and innocence in the ancient times which was
based on painful test of skills. It is usually accompanied by harsh punishment. For instance,
suspects were required to place their hands in boiling oil or water. When not hurt, it indicated
guilt and the suspect placed under punishment.

The Normal Period of Policing (1066-1285)

1. Shire-Rieve System- England at the time of William Norman, divided England into
55military districts known as the Shire-Rieve. Shire was the district, Rieve was the ruler who
makes laws, pass judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a constable (forerunner
of the word constabulary).

2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing judgment which was taken from the Shire-
Rieve in view of some abuses by the Rieves.

3. Leges Henri -the law of King Henrie I. During this period:


a. offenses were classified as against the king and individual
b. police men were considered public officials
c. police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest
d. a grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.

4. The Magna-Carta- laws were enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table
and forced the king to sign the same. Examples of the principles of law include the following:
a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal judgment of
his peers
b. no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of the victim
c. Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.

The Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500)

1. The Statute of 1295- this law prescribed the closing of the gates of London at sundown. Start
of curfew systems.

2. Justice of the Peace - this was position which gives a person the power to arrest, pursue and
impose imprisonment.

3. The Star Chambercourt - a special court which try offenses against the state.

Modern policing System

This period came to the limelight when a bill creating the Scotland Yard was passed by the
parliament of England. It was sponsored and expanded by Sir Robert Pell who was made to be
the first head of the police organization. He was referred as the Father of Modern Policing
system due to his contributions in the modernization of the police force. The following are the
principles were considered in organizing and administering the Scotland Yard known as
the Peels Principles:

1. Stable and effective police force should be under government control.

2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency.

3. Fast distribution of new to the people is essential.

4. Proper distribution of personnel according to shift and by hour.

5. The best qualification of peace officers is control of temper.

6. Proper selection and training is the basis of efficiency.

7. Police cannot function properly without whole hearted support of the people.

8. Every police must sell himself to the people.

9. Police officers must go out to their way to help or assist the people.
Philippine National Police

The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national policeforce of the Republic of the
Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of end-July 2007. It provides law
enforcement services through its regional, provincial, municipal, district and local police units all
over the islands.Created by virtue of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the “Department
ofthe Interior and Local Government Act of 1990", the PNP came into being on January 29,
1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, when the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated
National Police were retired as mandated by law.

History Early Policing

Organized policing started in 1500s when nightmen or bantayans patrolled the streets of
Manila. The night men were under the direction of the alguacilmayor who provided them with
muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication. In 1836, the Spanish
colonial authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force, to enforce peace in the
countryside. Six years later, its general function was assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros
deSeguridad Publica.

The Carabineros deSeguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying
outlaws of the
Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant under the command of
Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen in the history of the Philippine
police system.
In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took over peacekeeping duties in the islands
under a Royal Decree. Guardia Civil in the provinces was composed mainly of Filipinos who
worked under the jurisdiction of the alcaldes or mayors. They followed a military structure and
received semi-military training yet lacked other dimensions of today’s police service.

The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine Republic, signaled
the start of the American occupation of the Philippines. Maintaining peace and order, particularly
in the countryside, remained the biggest problem of the Americans.
The Americans failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen. Macario Sakay. Hostilities
continued in Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Boholand Samar. A military solution to the peace and
order problem was ruled, hence, the birth of the Philippine Constabulary.

Pacification Campaigns

To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire country into
constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits
as tulisanes. The style of fighting of the early American Constables and the bandits was “man-to-
man, on foot, and generally by arms and bolos.”
The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanesin their fight in the mountains
as their enemies were familiar with the terrain. Malaria and cholera were the diseases that the
afflicted the American troops whenever they conducted foot patrol in the hinterlands.
The Insular Force

The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary, the principal instrument
of the civil authorities for the maintenance of peace and order. The PC began as a small unit—
the Insular Force in 1901.

It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Second Philippine Commission
on July 18, 1901.The Constabulary then was composed of six thousand men led by American
officers and former members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under close American direction and
control, it functioned as a military organization.
Since its formation, the Constabulary had been primarily discharging police law enforcement and
public safety functions. Its officers and men had served with distinction both in the field of law
enforcement and in combating violence and lawlessness, and in various aspects of public service.

There was even a time in history when they performed the duties of teachers, sanitary inspectors,
midwives, doctors and foresters.

The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization on March 15, 1945 when
it was placed under the general supervision of the Interior then later transferred to the Secretary
of National Defense on March 30, 1950.

The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as early as January 13,
1939 until the outbreak ofWorld War II.As an insular police force, the officers of the
Constabulary carried the civilian title of “inspector.” Its peacekeeping duty was limited to areas
where military rule had been lifted.

The Constabulary At War

The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years ofthe Second World War began upon
President Roosevelt’s declaration of a state of emergency in the United States. Manila prepared
for war.

The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis power’s ally in Asia, would soon attack the Far East.
Filipinos woke up on the morning of December 8, 1941 to the news that the Japanese had
attacked Pearl Harbor.

The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the bombing of Pan-American Airways
installation at San Pedro, Makati in the afternoon of December 8. Six Constables from the
Headquarters Company were wounded.

The next days and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the country’s landmarks,
airfields and naval bases.
The Death March

The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces were waiting to be
captured. The Japanese forces then began the siege of Bataan, ordering four infantry regiments
with artillery and tank support to crush the American and Filipino soldiers.

The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp o’ Donnel
in Capas, Tarlac in what has been known as the “Death March.” Because of torture and
starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the infamous march.

The Postwar Constabulary

The county was left in shambles after the Second World War.Manila was in ruins. Loose
firearms and dead bodies littered the streets. This was also the period when communist ideology
had been propagated in the countryside and hard-line supporters had been won.

The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap became a forceto reckon with in Central
Luzon.

The Hukbalahap was born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal land system in the
province dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an “ideal ground” for the agrarian unrest. It
achieved legal status during the Japanese occupation when it merged with the guerilla forces in
fighting the Japanese.

The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian problems of the country to
cement its presence. Agrarian unrest was prevalent in agricultural lands in Luzon as well as the
sprawling haciendas in the south.

Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own government in Central Luzon. It
was during this turbulent period that the Philippine Constabulary was reactivated into the
Military Police Command.

Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Command was suffering from its own
internal crises.

The last war had killed many Constables. There was a dearth for trained personnel who would be
utilized to address the problems.

Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000Hukbalahaps in Luzon in 1946. The
Military Police Command, on the other hand, had 23,000 informal enlistees.
Reorganization

On January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive Order
No. 94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The Command’s 12,000 officers and men were
absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC was in charge of
the country’s peace and order “except those which were purely military in nature.”

Brig. Gen. Mariano Castañeda became chief of the PC and instituted reforms. On June 21,
1948, PresidentElpidio Quirino offered general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had been
elected a member of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila. But Taruc had no
plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries and used the money for his
comrades’ operations in Central Luzon.

President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing the
Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the “friendly touch” for winning over the Huks,
building roads for them and giving them lands.

The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines

The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the
decimation of the Huks.

On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University of the
Philippines, founded the Communist Party of the Philippines.

The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan Makabayan
organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader
of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New People’s Army.

But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9,1969 in the hands of the Constabulary
who killed the most number of communist leaders in one encounter in Orani, Bataan.

The PC Metropolitan Command

The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of the 60s and the
expansion efforts of the communist movement triggered the creation of the PC Metropolitan
Command.

To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order Number 76 on July
14, 1967establishing the PC Metrocom which became the PC’s striking force as it was
authorized to conduct 24/7 patrol in the entire Metro Manila and was tasked to “supplement or
complement local police action in the repression and prevention of crimes…”
Martial Law and the PC

The Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos declared Martial Law
on September21, 1972.

Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the military to dismantle the
“unconstitutional opposition” and to prevent widespread hooliganism and gangsterism.
Convinced that there was a need to restructure the social base that bred lawlessness, Marcos
reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes in the social, economic and
political structures.

On March 21, 1974,President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed PresidentialDecree 421 unifying all
the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila.The move was significant as it created an elite
force, the Metropolitan Police Force that was placed under the aegis of the PCMetrocom. The
decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional mandate for an integrated national
police force.

The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all police units
nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A. Olivas, commanding general of theMetrocom, was
assigned the task of launching the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V. Ramos
and Brigadier General Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters.

General Olivas would have the power and direction over the Metrocom,including tactical,
strategic movements, deployments, placements and utilization of the entire force and the training
thereof.

On August 8, 1975,Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the Integrated


National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as
components.

They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.

The Creation of the Philippine National Police

The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision
on the PNP which was to be “national in scope and civilian in character.”

In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975,
otherwise known as the“Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.”

The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N. Maceda and
Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S. Cojuangco Jr. and Rodrigo Gutang.
Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period;and
on 31 March 1991, President Corazon Aquino named General Cesar Nazareno as the first
Director General of the Philippine National Police.

On January 29, 1991,at Camp Crame, Quezon City, thePhilippine Constabulary and the
Integrated National Police were retired officially and the Philippine NationalPolice was born.

Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains. To address these
concerns, RepublicAct 8551 or the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted
on February 17, 1998 to amend certainprovisions of Republic Act No. 6975.

This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP “into a more responsive,
effective and relevant police organization.”

Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police force
that is community and service-oriented and fully accountable in the performance of its action.

Officer
Training Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the Philippine National
Academy as well as through lateral entry,for specialized disciplines and requirements such as
doctors, engineers and other technical positions.

The Philippine National Police Academy is located in Silang, Cavite and is the primary training
school for the PNP.

Recruitment and Training


The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on annual budget allocations.

The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the rank of Police Officer 1 or PO1, with a
starting salary of P14, 265.00 inclusive of allowances.

The new recruits undergo Police Basic Recruit Course for six months and a Field Training
Program for another six months prior to deployment to various units.

Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13, 1990

-An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of the
Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
(PNP) The Philippine National Police (PNP) has been established initially consisting of the
following:

a. Members of the police force who were integrated into the Integrated National Police
(INP)pursuant to PD 765;

b. Officers and enlisted personnel of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) which include:
•Those assigned with the Narcotics Command (NARCOM);

•Those assigned with the Criminal Investigation Service (CIS);

•Those of the technical services of the AFP assigned with thePC.

•Civilian operatives of the CIS.

c. Regular operatives of the abolished NAPOLCOM Inspection, Investigation and Intelligence


Branch may also be absorbed by the PNP. In addition, the PNP shall absorb the Office of the
National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking (NACAH) of the DND, all the functions of the
Philippine Air Force Security Command (PAFSECOM), as well as the police functions of the
Coast Guard.

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