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5, MAY 2008
Fig. 3. Experimental primary-current waveform of the transformer. (a) At minimum input voltage, 375 V without the proposed IVFF circuit. (b) At maximum
input voltage, 395 V without the proposed IVFF circuit. (c) At minimum input voltage, 375 V with the proposed IVFF circuit. (d) At maximum input voltage,
395 V with the proposed IVFF circuit.
of the PDP, the operational principles of the proposed circuit are Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System
confirmed. By employing the proposed IVFF circuit, at maximum With Power Factor Correction
voltage, the peak primary current of the transformer is greatly re-
duced from 8.6 to 6.0 A, and the measured efficiency is improved Yu-Kang Lo, Ting-Peng Lee, and Kuan-Hung Wu
from 95.43% to 96.59%. Moreover, the proposed circuit is simple
and cost effective, and it can be widely applied to commercial
PWM controllers. Abstract—A combined grid-connection/power-factor-correction tech-
nique for a photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed in this letter. A maximum
power point tracking dc/dc converter served as a charger for the battery
R EFERENCES bank. A bidirectional inverter is applied as a generator/discharger during
daytime, supplying power to the load. The inverter can also be used as
[1] T. Shinoda and K. Awamoto, “Plasma display technologies for large area a charger to maintain the minimum required voltage level of the batteries
screen and cost reduction,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 34, no. 2, when the PV power is insufficient. Experiments on a 1-kW PV system show
pp. 279–286, Apr. 2006. satisfactory results of the power management and the unity power factor
[2] J.-Y. Lee, J.-S. Kim, N.-S. Jung, and B.-H. Cho, “The current injection at the utility side.
method for AC plasma display panel (PDP) sustainer,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 615–624, Jun. 2004. Index Terms—Grid connection, photovoltaic (PV) system, power factor
[3] J.-Y. Lee and M.-J. Youn, “An advanced sustaining technology for plasma (PF) correction.
display panel using voltage-balancing method,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 542–553, Apr. 2006.
[4] S.-K. Han, G.-W. Moon, and M.-J. Youn, “A high efficiency I. I NTRODUCTION
ZVS PWM asymmetrical half bridge converter for plasma display
panel sustaining power module,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, Jun. 2004, vol. 1, Solar energy has been regarded as a new regenerative energy source
pp. 776–781. since several decades ago [1]–[4]. A conventional grid-connected
[5] W.-J. Lee, C.-E. Kim, S.-K. Han, and G.-W. Moon, “A new high photovoltaic (PV) system with a battery energy storage system is
efficiency phase shifted full bridge converter for sustaining power
module of plasma display panel,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, Jun. 2005, vol. 1,
shown in Fig. 1(a). The maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is
pp. 2630–2634. a dc/dc converter for extracting as much solar power as possible
[5]–[8]. Usually, the discharger shares the same power circuit as the
charger. The dc/ac inverter translates the input dc voltage into an
Fig. 3. Related waveforms of the presented grid-connected PV system operated at (a) Stage 1, (b) Stage 2, (c) Stage 3, and (d) Stage 4.
Stage 2: When the sun begins to shine, the MPPT produces the energies as possible from the PPFC. The ratio of the
maximum available solar power. The battery bank is load power supplied by the PPFC depends on the output
connected to be charged. All the solar power is first power of the MPPT. In some cases, the available solar
supplied to charge the batteries. Since the load power power may be more than required. The operating point of
is still supplied by the utility solely, Is,com remains the the MPPT is then adjusted to be away from the optimum
same as in Stage 1. Once E increases beyond EH , the to output less solar power.
battery bank is disconnected. Stage 4: In the nighttime, the MPPT is shut down. The battery
Stage 3: After the battery bank is disconnected, if the sunlight is bank is reconnected and begins to discharge through
still sufficient, then Is,com decreases to extract as many the PPFC. A minimum value of Is,com is determined
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 55, NO. 5, MAY 2008 2227
from the allowable maximum discharging current of the As for the reliability and safety of the high battery bank voltage,
battery. When E falls below EL , then the battery bank is additional bypass and protection circuits may also be incorporated in
disconnected, and the operation returns to Stage 1. the presented PV system.