WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Laboratory Project Report submitted for

Digital Logic

(CSE1002)

Submitted by
Omprakash Sahoo Soumin Mohanty
1641012203 1641012264

Shubhankar Das Sahil Kumar Rout

1641012283 1641012351

Computer Science And Engineering

3rd Semester
Section-D

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

Institute of Technical Education and Research

(Faculty of Engineering)

SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY

Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
India

(November,2017)
Declaration
We, the undersigned students of B. Tech. of Computer Science Engineering Department hereby declare that
we own the full responsibility for the information, results etc. provided in this PROJECT titled “(WATER
LEVEL INDICATOR)” submitted to Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar for the
partial fulfillment of the subject Digital Logic (CSE 1002). We have taken care in all respect to honor the
intellectual property right and have acknowledged the contribution of others for using them in academic
purpose and further declare that in case of any violation of intellectual property right or copyright we, as the
candidate(s), will be fully responsible for the same.

Omprakash Sahoo
1641012203 Soumin Mohanty
1641012264

Shubhankar Das Sahil kumar Rout

1641012283 1641012351

DATE :- 11.11.2017
PLACE :- Room No.-314
E Block, ITER

ii
Abstract
The drinking water crisis in Asia is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon attain
the nature of global crisis. Hence, it is of utmost importance to preserve water for human
beings. In many houses there is unnecessary wastage of water due to overflow in overhead
tanks. Automatic Water Level Indicator and Controller can provide a solution to this
problem. The operation of water level controller works upon the fact that water conducts
electricity due to the presence of minerals within it. So water can be used to open or close a
circuit. As the water level rises or falls, different circuits in the controller send different
signals. These signals are used to switch ON or switch OFF the motor pump as per our
requirements.

The total amount of water available on Earth has been estimated at 1.4 billion cubic
kilometers, enough to cover the planet with a layer of about 3 km. About 95% of the Earth's
water is in the oceans, which is unfit for human consumption. About 4% is locked in the
polar ice caps, and the rest 1% constitutes all fresh water found in rivers, streams and lakes
which is suitable for our consumption. A study estimated that a person in India consumes on
an average of 140 liters per day. This consumption would rise by 40% by the year 2025.
This signifies the need to preserve our fresh water resources.

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Contents

Serial Chapter Title of the Chapter Page

No. No. No.

1 1 Introduction 1

2 2 Problem Statement

4 4 Methodology

5 4 Implementation

6 5 Results and interpretation

7 6 Conclusion

8 References

9 Appendices

4
1. Introduction

A Water Level Indicator may be defined as a system by which we can get the
information of any water reservoir. Water level indicator system are quite useful
to reduce the wastage of water from any reservoir, while filling such reservoir.
A simple water level indicator can be made using the embedded application
board. For this you may design a water sensor by using any conducting wires. In
the project we have designed the sensor to measure water up to four levels.
Take 4 segments of insulated conducting wires. Tore out the ends of these
wires, approximately 1cm. Adjust the length of the wire segments according to
the water levels. In the following diagram it has been displayed with 5 different
colors.
A Water Level Indicator may be defined as a system by which we can get the
information of any water reservoir. Water level indicator system are quite useful
to reduce the wastage of water from any reservoir, while filling such reservoir.
A simple water level indicator can be made using the embedded application
board. For this you may design a water sensor by using any conducting wires. In
this project we have designed the sensor to measure water up to four levels.
Take 4 segments of insulated conducting wires. Tore out the ends of these
wires, approximately 1cm. Adjust the length of the wire segments according to
the water levels. In the following diagram it has been displayed with 4 different
colors.

Line 3

Line 2

Line 1
Power

1
2. Problem Statement :-
2.1 Need Recognition:-

The water level indicator is used in Hotels, Home apartments, commercial

complex, and in factories.
The pumps used in the water level indicator are single phase motor,
submersible motor, and in three phase motor.
By using the two motors, two sumps, two overhead tanks we cannot control by
a single circuit.
Automatically the pump will switch ON/OFF when the water level in the tank
is empty and full.
We can also measure the fuel level in motor vehicles
The liquid level containers are huge in the companies

2.2.1 Goal:-

The water level indicators are low cost in the market

Any person can identify the water level easily by hearing the beep sound
By using this we can control the water level safely and easily

2.2.2 Objectives :-

To measure level of any conductive non corrosive liquid.

We selected this circuit first because of its simple nature. This water level
indicator circuit is easy to implement and is composed of least components.
You only need 7 resistors, IC 7404 – NOT Gate, IC 7408 – AND Gate, 2 LTS543
Common Cathode 7 segment Display to implement this circuit; which makes it
an ideal simple electronics project for beginners and students.
2.2.3 Constraints :-
The circuit is designed to indicate 3 levels of water stored in the tank: low but
not empty, full but not overflowing and overflowing.
When there is no water in the tank, all the display are off as an indication that the

tank is completely empty.

When water level increases and reaches L, the contacts Gnd and L get
shorted as water acts as a conducting medium between Gnd and L.
This will turn on the Display no. 1 to show “L”. As the water level continues to rise
and reaches full of the tank, F will come into contact with water and receives a
small voltage from Gnd.
As a result, Display 2 will turn on to show “F”. The alarm is made by the buzzer
as an indication that the tank is going to overflow and the water pump or motor
can be turned off.

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3
3. Problem Statement

I. Explanation of problem and identification of input and output variables.

II. Highlighting the constraints.

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4. Methodology

Truth Table:-

INPUT NOT GATE OUTPUT DISPLAY

OUTPUT

L F L’ F’ A B HEXA DISPLAY

1 1 0 0 0 0 NP DISPLAY

0 1 1 0 1 0 DISPLAY L

0 0 1 1 0 1 DISPLAY F

A=L’F

B=L’F’
6
Explanation:-

Rb
Re

SD02
Rb
Re

Level 1 SD12

EAB
Level 2 Rb SCK2
Nss2
Level 3 RCO RA5 RB4 RC5

Level 4
Power Rb

VCC Led 1 Led 2 Led 3 Led 4

Here, each of the wires of the sensor is connected to an amplifier section. This
section consists of an n-p-n transistor BC548, one base resistor (1000 Ohm) and
one Emitter resistor (470 Ohm). The sensor’s available terminal is connected to
one end of the base resistor. The other end of this resistor is connected to the
base of the transistor. The collector terminal of the transistor is directly
connected to Vcc. Emitter resistor is connected in-between Emitter terminal of
the transistor and GND. The required output of this amplifier section will be
available from the junction of the emitter and the resistor.

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The above arrangement should be repeated four times, for each sensor terminal.
The respective outputs should be connected to the EAB pins nSS2, SCK2, SDI2
and SDO2. For this project the above pins should take data from Level1,
Level2, Level3 and Level4 respectively.
For output, the LEDs are connected to RC0, RA5, RB4 and RC5

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5. Implementation

Breadboard Implementation of circuit.

This circuit consists of 4 sensing probes which are dipped in water to sense the
level of water. The probe A is connected as common to other three, which
should be at the bottom most part of the water tank, also it act as a reference
level. The probes B, C, and D are set as minimum, middle and maximum level
respectively. The circuit is assembled on a general PCB and encloses it in a
casing and mounts it inside home with the indicator LED’s pointing out of the
box. A short length three, 18 SWG copper wires can be used as sensing probes
and for common sensor Probe A, a bare copper wire can be used.

When water in the tank touches the probe A and B both, a small current flows
from A to B through water and to the base of transistor T1 via a 220KΩ resistor.
As a result the transistor conducts causing the LED1 to glow and immediately
the pump will start functioning and the buzzer starts sounding. Similarly, when
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water touches sensor C, LED2 glow and indicates that the tank is half-filled and
still the pump works and it gives the information about the level of water in the
tank. Finally, when the water touches sensor D, LED3 glows and indicates the
tank is completely filled and immediately the pump stops functioning and the
buzzer connected will stop.
Main circuit diagram to be Implemented and Explanation:-

Circuit diagram for water level indicator using different components and
ICs:-

Here the water-level indicator which use a 7-segment display, to show the water
level (low, full) in the tank. Moreover, a buzzer is utilized to warn you of water
overflowing from the tank. The circuit shows the water level by displaying L, F
for low, full respectively.

The circuit utilized four sensors to detect the different water levels in the tank.
Sensor A is connected to the negative terminal (GND) of the power supply. The
other two sensors (B through D) are connected to the inputs of NOT gate IC

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7404. When there is a high voltage at the input pin of the NOT gate, it outputs a
low voltage. Similarly, for a low voltage at the input pin of the NOT gate, it
outputs a high voltage.

When the tank is empty, the input pins of IC 7404 are pulled high via a 1-mega-
ohm resistor. So it outputs a low voltage. As water starts filling the tank, a low
voltage is available at the input pins of the gate and it outputs a high voltage.
When the water in the tank rises to touch the low level, there is a low voltage at
input pin 5 of gate N2 and high output at pin 6. Pin 6 of the gate is connected to
pin 10 of gate N6, so pin 10 also goes high. Now as both pins 9 and 10 of gate
N6 are high, its output pin 8 also goes high. As a result, positive supply is
applied to DIS2 and it shows “L” indicating low level of water in the tank.

Similarly, when water in the tank touches the full level, pins 4 and 5 of AND
gate N5 become high. As a result, its output also goes high and DIS1 shows “F”
indicating full level of water in the tank. At this time, pin 9 of gate N6 also
goes low via gate N3 and DIS2 stops glowing.

When water starts overflowing the tank, pin 13 of gate N4 goes low to make
output pin 12. The buzzer sounds to indicate that water is overflowing the tank
and you need to switch off the motor pump.

Build and construct the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a

appropriate box. Use regulated 5V power supply or battery to power the
circuit.

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 Circuit using 7447 IC

Circuit using 74148 and 7404 IC

12
Circuit using Transistor BC 547

13
5. Results & Interpretation

This is a simple plug-and-play type project. Follow the steps mentioned below
in order to operate the project… Power the EAB, Sensor System and the
Amplifier Circuit with 9V DC. Carefully check the polarities and then connect
them. Place the system in a suitable area.
Carefully Fill the reservoir and watch If there is no water in the reservoir, the
first LED will continue blinking. As you start filling the reservoir, the
corresponding LEDs will start glowing. As soon as the water level reaches the
maximum allowable limit, all the LEDs will start blinking, simultaneously.

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7. Conclusion

This paper was invented to design a simple and low cost water
level indicator . This is not only for water tanks but also used for oil
level and chemical labs. To design this circuit we use transistor as a
platform, and local materials for low cost. We tried to design a
system in such a way that its components will be able to prevent
the wastage of water. The whole system operates automatically, so
it does not need any expert person to use it. It is not so expensive.
This design has much more scope for future research and
development. Though it is a project, we hope some modifications
in this project will lead to reasonable diversity of usage.

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References
(as per the IEEE recommendations)

Electronics book
You tube
Google images
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=12&cad=rja
&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiXgdnY7bXTAhUDpo8KHUSmAloQFghYMAs&url=http
s%3A%2F%2Felectrosome.com%2Fsimple-water-level-
indicator%2F&usg=AFQjCNE-53uAlgb4OG8suVs1W-
3FhTDcJA&sig2=VMTlSo3RjsnobRe3axr_xg
http://www.alldatasheet.com/view.jsp?Searchword=Bc548

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Appendices
7404:-

The 7404 contain six independent inverter or NOT gates. An inverter

takes an input signal and "reverses" it; a low input signal produces a high
output while a high input produces a low input.

7408:-
AND gate can be designed by using two simple diodes. The circuit driving
voltage V is applied to the parallely connected diodes and the output is
collected as the voltage drop at the diodes. In logic gates, the terms high
voltage level means +5 V and low logic level means 0 V or ground.

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Common Cathode 7 Segment Display:-

An LED or Light Emitting Diode, is a solid state optical PN-junction

diode which emits light energy in the form of “photons” when it is
forward biased by a voltage allowing current to flow across its junction,
and in Electronics we call this process electroluminescence.

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