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1. Two results concerning groups are (1): If 𝐻 and 𝐾 are subgroups of 𝐺, then 𝐻 ∩𝐾 is a
subgroup (Theorem 0.4.4), and (2): Every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic (Theorem
0.4.5). For each of the following subgroups 𝐻 and 𝐾 of a cyclic group 𝐺 = [𝑎], identify
𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 by giving a generator. That is, write 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 = [𝑏] for some 𝑏 ∈ 𝐺.
(a) ℤ18
(c) ℤ∗13 . Hint: Show first that ℤ∗13 is cyclic with generator 2.
3. (a) Find all of the left cosets of the subgroup 𝐻 = 4ℤ8 of the group 𝐺 = ℤ8 . Recall
that for additively written groups, such as ℤ8 , the cosets are written additively
in the form 𝑎 + 𝐻 = {𝑎 + ℎ : ℎ ∈ 𝐻}.
Math 4023 1
Homework #4 Solutions Due: September 21, 2011
▶ Solution. 0+𝐻 = {0, 4}, 1+𝐻 = {1, 5}, 2+𝐻 = {2, 6}, 3+𝐻 = {3, 7}. ◀
(b) Suppose that 𝐺 = [𝑎] with 𝑜(𝑎) = 12. Find all of the cosets of the subgroup
𝐻 = [𝑎4 ].
▶ Solution. According to Lagrange’s Theorem (Theorem 0.4.9), ∣𝐾∣ ∣ ∣𝐻∣ and ∣𝐻∣ ∣ ∣𝐺∣.
Thus, ∣𝐻∣ = 42𝑚 and 42𝑚∣420. Hence, 420 = 42𝑚𝑡 so 𝑚𝑡 = 10 and 𝑚∣10. Thus,
𝑚 = 1, 2, 5, or 10. But 𝑚 ∕= 1 since 𝐻 ∕= 𝐾 (so it must have order > 42) and 𝑚 ∕= 10
since 𝐻 ∕= 𝐺 so ∣𝐻∣ ∕= 420. Thus, ∣𝐻∣ = 42𝑚 for 𝑚 = 2 or 𝑚 = 5. Thus, ∣𝐻∣ = 84 or
∣𝐻∣ = 210. ◀
5. Find the value of the Euler phi-function 𝜙(𝑛) for (a) 𝑛 = 97; (b) 𝑛 = 8800.
6. Use Euler’s Theorem (theorem 0.6.1) to find a number 𝑎 with 0 ≤ 𝑎 < 73 with
7. For each part, find the smallest positive 𝑥 that solves the given simultaneous congru-
ences.
Math 4023 2
Homework #4 Solutions Due: September 21, 2011
▶ Solution. There was a typo in this exercise. As stated, the obvious answer is
𝑥 = 5. ◀
▶ Solution. Use the Chinese Remainder Theorem. The moduli 5, 12, 13 are
pairwise relatively prime. Let 𝑁1 = 12 ⋅ 13 = 156, 𝑁2 = 5 ⋅ 13 = 65, and
𝑁3 = 5 ⋅ 12 = 60. Use the Euclidean algorithm (or inspection) to write:
156 − 31 ⋅ 5 = 1
5 ⋅ 65 − 27 ⋅ 12 = 1
5 ⋅ 60 − 23 ⋅ 13 = 1.
Math 4023 3