Recent Scenario of Solid Waste Management in India:

Developing countries like India records large number of population. Rapid increase in urbanization
and per capita income lead to high rate of municipal solid waste generation. In recent times, E-waste
and plastic waste also contribute considerably to total waste stream due to utilization of electronic
and other items. These wastes may cause a potential hazard to human health or environment if any
of the aspects of solid waste management is not managed effectively. In India, approach towards
Solid waste management is still unscientific. Solid Waste collection efficiency in India is around 70%
(Sharholy et al. 2007), while same is almost 100% in the developed countries. Even today, large
portion of solid waste is dumped indiscriminately on outskirts of towns or cities without any prior
treatment. This leads to groundwater contamination and increase in air pollution due to leachate
percolation and release of gases respectively. Various study reveals that out of total solid waste, 80%
can be utilized again either by recycling or reusing. Proper waste segregation and other factors have
high chnaces to lead recycling sector to work on advanced technology. However, plastic and paper
recycling have been especially growing due to continuous increasing consumption of both the
commodities. This study describes about current status of municipal solid waste management in
different zones of visakhapatnam in India. It further summarizes a collective, systematic effort
which improves implementation of legal frameworks, institutional arrangements, financial
provisions, technology, operations management, human resource development, and public
participation and awareness of Integrated SWM systems.

As per World Scientific Records basis India is sharing only 5% of world’s area accounting 3,185,263
km2. Out of total population, 68% lives in rural areas, while 32% lives in urban areas .Developing
countries like India is in industrialization phase, which also contribute to urbanization. In terms of
GDP, India is one of the fastest growing economy in the world with 7.30% GDP. It is expected that by
2030 India will be growing with GDP of 10%. Over-population, Rapid industrialization. Uncontrolled
urbanization thereby lead to increased rate of per capita waste generation.

Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) has proposed to strengthen the Municipal Solid Waste
Management sy tem covering collection, segregation, recycling, transportation, processing and
disposal with option for composting, waste to energy, disposal in all 110 urban local bodies (ULBs) in
Andhra Pradesh, which is in line with national objective of SWATCH BHARATH MISSION, a prestigious
project of Govt of India.

The GoAP intends to institutionalize a holistic Integrated, sustainable enviro friendly Municipal Solid
waste Management System in the urban s (ULBs) of the state. In view of this, Government has
appointed APUFIDC a government entity and nodal agency for the development of projects in Urban
Infrastructure. APUFIDC will be responsible for preparation of d tailed project reports for 110 ULB’s
in the state of Andhra Pradesh. As part of the process, all the 110 ULB’s have been divided in to 5
zones and APUFIDC Request for Proposal (RFP) from empanelled consultants to prepare D tailed
Project Report for Municipal solid waste management, in co with MSW rules 2000 under the aegis of
the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and the guidelines issued there under from time to time.

After the bidding process, the work of five zones has been awarded to 5 different empanelled
consultants. The consortium of Feedback Infra Pvt Ltd & Ec save Systems (P) Ltd have been awarded
with work of preparation of DPR of 1 consisting of 14 ULB’s in three districts viz. Visakhapatnam
Vizianagaram and Srikakulam.

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the project is to prepare a holistic, integrated, sustainable, e vironment friendly and executable
municipal solid waste management system which is in line with objective of the prestigious mission
of Govt of In SWACH BHARATH ABHIYAN and to meet the following requirements to impl ment the
Solid Waste Management in the ULB’s of A.P.

• Analyze the quantity and types of Municipal solid waste generated per ca ita per day, in the ULB’s
for different sources and type

• Appraise the current mechanism for Primary and Secondary collection of data.

treatment of solid waste which is matter of great concern. With rapid urbaniz tion and improving in
standard of living of the people, the waste generation is increasing day by day. Dumped waste and
unscientific disposal of solid waste will ultimately lead to health hazard and pollution to
environment.

SENT PROJECT DETAILS

The project area awarded to M/s. Feedback is ZONE 1, which covers ULB’s of , Vizianagaram and
Srikakulam districts. The proposed area Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation” falls under the
district of The present report gives the information on Visakhapatnam District comprising of two
ULB’s

Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) Narsipatnam Yelamanchali

Figure 1-4: Project Area

A team of technical experts from Feedback Infra Pvt. Ltd met the officials of the GVMC and discussed
regarding the existing solid waste management system in GVMC. The photographs with the officials
and field visits carried in PHOTO PLATE - 1.

The objective of the project is to prepare a holistic, integrated, sustainable, e vironment friendly and
executable municipal solid waste management system which is in line with objective of the
prestigious mission of Govt of In SWACH BHARATH ABHIYAN and to meet the following
requirements to impl ment the Solid Waste Management in the ULB’s of A.P.

Dumped waste and unscientific disposal of solid waste

Feedback is ZONE 1, which covers ULB’s of , Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. The proposed
area Municipal Corporation” falls under the district of Visakhapatnam

A team of technical experts from Feedback Infra Pvt. Ltd met the officials of the GVMC and discussed
regarding the existing solid waste management system in GVMC. The photographs with the officials
and field visits carried in Visakhapatnam.

Analyze the quantity and types of Municipal solid waste generated per capes of waste generated
Appraise the current mechanism for Primary and Secondary collection of solid waste, including
details of physical infrastructure such as Waste bins, Collection points, Road length covered, number
of Sanitary workers employed and type of vehicles used, etc

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• Study the adequacy of existing infrastructure facilities for collection, tran portation and disposal of
solid waste and list and quantify the deficiency based on the various available normative standards

• Appraise the daily collection made by Vehicles, Carrying capacity, distance treatment and disposal
site,

• Optimization of transport routes and location of transfer stations for cost effective transportation
• Existing tie up and arrangements of the Council, with Private operators, for collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

• Assess the present mode of disposal of solid waste such as burning, co posting, landfills and any
other m pliance within regulatory framework. Provisions in the existing system, if any, for
segregation of solid waste and recycling. Details of existing dum ing yards/compost yard such as
area, facilities available, adequacy cilities for any waste processing / treatment exist, details such as
plant size, capacity, maintenance expenses, etc.

• Evaluate the existing solid waste management expenditure incurred by the council with a view to
determine efficiency of operati per ton of waste, cost per capita and other operating parameters as
relevant

• Feasibility & Evaluation of the proposed landfill sites

• Suggestions for Institutional strengthening, staff requirement and training

• Amendments in laws if any.

Based on the studies carried out and deficiencies noted prepare Detailed proposal for improving the
solid waste management practices in the Town, which may meet the requirements of law and yet be
cost effective and impl mentable in the urban loc (DPR) shall suggest improvements to fulfill the
requirements laid down in MSW Rules 2000, notified by the MOEF, Govt of India.

Currently, 1,27,486 tons per day of municipal solid waste is being generated due to various
household activities and other commercial & institutional activities (CPCB, 2019). Municipal waste
and certain industrial waste have comparatively significant impact on environment. A substantial
amount of these wastes is extremely dangerous to the living organisms including human beings. It
may downgrade groundwater quality by leachate percolation and also cause air pollution by
emission of greenhouse gases through various course of treatment. Nowadays, E-waste and nuclear
waste are other waste streams which are requiring attention due to fastest growing electronics &
nuclear sector. To overcome this problem, effective solid waste management must be implemented.
The objectives of solid waste management are to control, collect, process, utilize and dispose of
solid wastes in such an economical way which protects health of human being and natural
environment and the objectives of those served by the system. In this regard, in 1989, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) adopted hierarchy of waste management practices . The
elements of hierarchy are:

-Source reduction

-Recycling of materials

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-Combustion

Landfilling

In India, initially there has not been much awareness about solid waste management and its
hierarchy. However, since last few years, the scenario of solid waste management has been changing
continuously. Still, there is a long way to implement an effective solid waste management practices.
Even today, only few portion of solid waste generated is disposed through proper treatment. Lack of
waste segregation is the biggest obstacle in implementing effective solid waste management.
Though, Plastic and paper recycling sector is growing due to huge market demand for these
commodities but lack of transportation in some areas, lack of advancements in treatment
technologies, financial shortage in municipalities are other factors for poor solid waste management
practices. It is important to recognize the fact that there are varying degrees of hazards associated
with different waste streams and there are economic advantage for ranking wastes according to the
level of hazards they present (Misra et al. 2004). In this study, comprehensive review of MSW of
Visakhapatnam in India has been provided to elaborate current status and to identify problems of
municipal solid waste management. It also summarizes future trends to make MSW effective.
However, it covers brief discussion of other wastes.

WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
Solid waste can be defined as waste not transported by water; that has been rejected for further
use. It includes industrial, mining, municipal and agricultural wastes. It mainly consists of a large
organic matter, ash and fine earth, paper and plastic, glass and metals. Composition of solid waste
however varies depending on various factors such as weather, living standards etc. Table-1 classifies
solid waste on basis of its source.

Solid waste can be classified in many ways according to its source, composition, phase, treatment
required etc. Table - 1 describes type of wastes on basis of its source. It includes residential,
municipal, mining, agricultural, industrial etc.

Type of Industrial Waste

Further municipal solid waste can be classified into putrescible solid wastes as garbage and
nonputrescible wastes . Rubbish may include variety of materials which may be combustible (paper,
plastic etc.) or noncombustible (glass, metal etc.). There are special wastes such as construction

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debris, leaves and street litter, abandoned automobiles, and old appliances that are collected and
managed separately. It consists of organic matter (51%), recyclables (17.5%) and others i.e. inert
(31%) . It should be noted that actual composition may differ due to informal separation of recycling
wastes at source.

Waste quantification has been carried out for Visakhapatnam from the following sources:

Residential /Individual houses

Slums

Market yards

Road /Street sweepings

Hotels & Restaurants

Shops/Office/Institutions

Hospitals/Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories

Marriage/Function halls

Construction waste

Residential and commercial area

Residential and commercial area

The residential and commercial areas are major sources of generation of solid waste. Based on the
average per capita generation of mu can be estimated that the waste generation from the
households is about 635 MT. The commercial areas like CMR central, RTC Bus stand, Purna Market,
Nehru Bazaar, Beach Road, Madhurawada Junction generates high quantity of solid waste.

The average per capita waste generation of solid waste in Visakhapatnam was observed to be 0.45-
0.47 kg/per capita/day. It is noticed that the waste gener tion from High-income groups was found
to be 0.40

Visakhapatnam Draft Report

Zoological & botanical gardens, etc.

Markets, Restaurants, parks and other commercial establishments’ details

Waste quantification has been carried out for Visakhapatnam from the following

Residential /Individual houses

Road /Street sweepings

Hotels & Restaurants

Shops/Office/Institutions

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Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories

Marriage/Function halls

Residential and commercial area

The residential and commercial areas are major sources of generation of solid waste. Based on the
average per capita generation of municipal solid waste, it can be estimated that the waste
generation from the households is about 635 MT. The commercial areas like CMR central, RTC Bus
stand, Purna Market, Nehru Bazaar, Beach Road, Madhurawada Junction generates high quantity of

The average per capita waste generation of solid waste in Visakhapatnam was 0.47 kg/per
capita/day. It is noticed that the waste gener income groups was found to be 0.40 – 0.45 kg/day and
from the low-income groups between 0.35 sweepings also contribute for increase of the per capita
waste generation for the city of Visakhapatnam.

It is noticed that the per capita waste generation is in the range of 0.45 0.47kg/per capita/day which
falls under middle Income roup as per the pa terns of composition characteristics and quantities
mentioned in the Municipal Solid Waste CPHEEO manual.

The quantity of waste generation based on per patnam is estimated at site considering various ward
wise activities which i cludes residential, commercial and street sweeping activities. For the present
DPR the per capita wa kg/capita/day with data generated at site during site survey. The estimated
quantity is also matched with the CPCB document on MSW.

The reason for the higher per material in Visakhapatnam and due to commercial establishments. The
ratio of residential, commercial and street sweeping is found to be around 32:57:11 which indicate
the higher commercial waste generation. A detailed survey work has been carried out as per the
MSW rules 2000 collecting the waste samples from individual identified residences, commercial
areas from different wards. However data generated in the previous age old data is also collected as
seco dary data from each wards and compiled waste generation.

It is noticed that the per capita waste generation is in the range of 0.45 0.47kg/per capita/day which
falls under middle Income roup as per the pa terns of composition characteristics and quantities
mentioned in the Municipal Solid Waste CPHEEO manual.

The quantity of waste generation based on per capita population of Visakh patnam is estimated at
site considering various ward wise activities which i cludes residential, commercial and street
sweeping activities. For the present DPR the per capita waste generation from Visakhapatnam is
considered 0.48 kg/capita/day with data generated at site during site survey. The estimated quantity
is also matched with the CPCB document on MSW.

The reason for the higher per capita waste generation is due to the packing food material in
Visakhapatnam and due to commercial establishments. The ratio of residential, commercial and
street sweeping is found to be around 32:57:11 which indicate the higher commercial waste
generation. A detailed survey work out as per the MSW rules 2000 collecting the waste samples
from individual identified residences, commercial areas from different wards. However data

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generated in the previous age old data is also collected as secondary data from each wards and
compiled with the present quantified waste 1 kg/day.

Slums

There are more than 600 slums in the Visakhapatnam city. Haphazard Distrib tion of slums within the
City is observed with outer fringe areas of the City ha ing major concentrations of slum population
relatively overcrowded dwellings; therefore, slum distribution is marginal in this area.

The quality of life in each of the slums is appalling with low level of municipal facilities. Unlike the
town wards, in the slum not possible, therefore, large size wheeled community dustbin is placed on
the outer boundary of each slum. These dustbins can be directly taken to the waste processing and
disposal site. The total waste generation con holds waste.

Market Waste

Next to household waste, one of the major contributors of municipal solid waste quantity is the
market waste. The four main vegetable & Fish / Meat markets are Purna Market and other small and
medium markets. from these markets was observed to daily, by-weekly and weekly markets found
in residential areas of the city. These markets produce wastes, which are ideal for production of
compost.

There are more than 600 slums in the Visakhapatnam city. Haphazard Distribution of slums within
the City is observed with outer fringe areas of the City having major concentrations of slum
population. In zone I, ward number 1, 2, 3 has relatively overcrowded dwellings; therefore, slum
distribution is marginal in this area.

The quality of life in each of the slums is appalling with low level of municipal facilities. Unlike the
town wards, in the slum areas door step waste collection is not possible, therefore, large size
wheeled community dustbin is placed on the outer boundary of each slum. These dustbins can be
directly taken to the waste processing and disposal site. The total waste generation contributes in
Household waste.

Daily sweeping of public roads, streets, lanes, and by where there is habitation of commercial
activity on one or both sides of the streets isolated pockets or roads. Street sweeping comprising of
dust, sand and stones. This waste also contains litter, and animal waste. Currently, most of the waste
generated in the City is collected as street sweeping, since wastes from majority of residential and
commercial ments are discarded on and along the roads.

It is therefore not possible to accurately assess the waste generation rate from street sweeping.
However based on the discussion with the sweepers and san tary staff it was estimated that this
waste is for 4 lane roads, 40 kg/km/day for double roads and 30 kg/km/day for single roads. For the
total 2825 km of road length in Visakhapatnam it is estimated that 65 MT of street sweeping wastes
are generated generated through drain cleaning was observed to be 50 the waste generation is a
continuous process, waste collection, transportation and disposal is required to be done daily. There
can therefore be no holiday in street sweeping primary collection, transportation, processing and
disposal of waste.

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Drain cleanings are the major components of waste in urban areas. A major portion of sanitary
worker’s time goes for the cleaning of streets and drains. Most of the waste generation and rubber.
Drains can be cleaned and the waste will be thrown on the road side.

It is therefore not possible to accurately assess the waste generation rate from street sweeping.
However based on the discussion with the sweepers and san tary staff it was estimated that this
waste is in the range of 60-65 kg/km/day for 4 lane roads, 40 kg/km/day for double roads and 30
kg/km/day for single roads. For the total 2825 km of road length in Visakhapatnam it is estimated
that 65 MT of street sweeping wastes are generated per day. The total generated through drain
cleaning was observed to be 50-54 tons/day. Since the waste generation is a continuous process,
waste collection, transportation and disposal is required to be done daily. There can therefore be no
holiday in primary collection, transportation, processing and disposal.

Drain cleanings are the major components of waste in urban areas. A major portion of sanitary
worker’s time goes for the cleaning of streets and drains.

Hotels and Restaurants:

There are around 600 to 650 hotels, star hotels, Bar and restaurants in Visak patnam City. The waste
generation from these hotels and restaurants is o served to be 18-21 tons/day. All of them are
storing their waste o tic containers. Dry and wet waste may be stored separately. In case of restau
rants, waste may be stored in smaller containers or plastic bags.

Marriage/ Function halls in Visakapatnam

These are places where large quantity of waste is genera ally during functions/marriages and other
social gatherings. Waste generated from the function halls comprise of mainly organic waste such as
food waste, flowers and leaves. Number of function halls in the city is about 160. The maximum
quantity of waste generation from these halls was observed to be 0.08-0.09/kgpercapita/perday.

Commercial establishments

The waste from the commercial establishments lik e shops and offices, whol sale and retail stores,
Paint shops, Jewellery shops and general stores have been considered in this category. The number
of commercial establishments is about 80,000. In order to assess the waste visits and field
assessment surveys were carried out in the major commercial areas of Visakhapatnam. About 40 to
42 MT of waste is generated from commercial establishments.

Hospitals/Health centers

About 664 Clinics, 50 hospitals and 66 nursing homes are present in different areas of Visakapatnam
city. Two types of waste are generated from these esta lishments, one is municipal refuse and other
is bio-medical waste. These two types of waste may be stored separately. About 2-3 MT of waste is
generated by the Hospitals. Municipal waste may stored in black ploythene bag or in black colored
buckets. Biomedical waste may be stored separately. The municipal vehicles will collect the waste
and dump at Kapuluppada Dump site.

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Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any constru tion/demolition activity takes
place, such as, building roads, remodeling etc. It sts mostly of inert and non-biodegradable material
such as concrete, plastic etc.

Quantification for this category was done based on the survey, seating capacity and average
occupancy days in a year. The maximum quantity of waste 0.09 Kg/ per capita/day. Waste generated
from the function halls will be around 14 TPD. The peak waste generation is during certain
auspicious months.

The commercial establishments lik e shops and offices, wholesale and retail stores, Paint shops,
Jewellery shops and general stores have been considered in this category. The number of
commercial establishments is about e generated by these establishments, field visits and field
assessment surveys were carried out in the major areas.

Discussions were also held, with the shop owners on the amount of waste gensal practices. Hence,
based on the survey the waste generation factor will be around 0.63 kg per unit. This quantity is
observed to be very high.

Waste generated from parks and gardens mainly comprise of organic waste such as leaves, grass and
bush cuttings. The waste quantification for this category was done based on the discussions with the
Forest officers, gardeners and sweepers involved in waste collection and were estimated as 500
kg/unit for large parks like VUDA, Tenneti, Kailasagiri, Thotlakonda park etc., and for small parks
waste generation factor was estimated to 120 kg/unit per day.

The total parks under recreational and open space are around 40. At this rate the total solid waste
generated from parks in the Visakhapatnam works out to be 5-6TPD.

Visakhapatnam is one of the important educational centers in Andhra Pradesh. One of the famous
Universities in India is Andhra University in Visakhapatnam. The City has approximately 180 Primary
Schools,45 Secondary Schools and 15Colleges. Garbage generation from this category was done
based on the size of the school or institution. The activities of these institutions generally do not
contribute much to the solid waste of the city. Waste generation factor is also assumed based on the
capacity of the school. A quantity of about 4 construction and demolition waste reaches the dump
site every day.

Temples

Most of the waste from temples will be food waste, plastic, paper, leave ers. Waste Quantification
for this category can be done based on the bins provided in theApproximately 5 Average waste
generation per unit can be estimated as 12 kg/unit for medium and small temples and 108 kg/unit
for big temples. At this rate quantity of waste generation from the temples are estimated to 5.0 MT.

Waste from Chicken, Beef, Mutton and Fish Stalls

Waste quantification of this category was done based on the field visit and fi assessment survey
team, discussions with the vendors and the officials of the Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam.

9
Waste generation factor can be est mated as 0.4 - 20 kg/unit. The total waste generation from the
Chicken, Beef, Mutton and Fish Stalls are about 3-4 tons per day.

Slaughter House

There are two slaughter houses located in Hanumanthavagu, for sheep & goats and another is in
Chengalrao peta for Beef only. It is estimated that 1,00,375 numbers of medium animals slaughtered
per annum in th Slaughter house and 3650 numbers of big animals slaughtered per annum in the
Chengalraopeta slaughter house. Waste quantification was done based on the CPHEEO manual,
waste generation from the slaughter houses is 2.4 ton per day. The total waste generated from the
slaughter house is about 2.5 day.

Cinema Halls

Most of the waste generation from this category was paper, food, plastic, bo tles. Waste

Quantification of this category was done by the general assessment and seating capacity. Waste
generation factor is 6 kg/unit. There are 35 cinema theatres in the Visakhapatnam city and waste
quantification was works out to be around 0.8 to 1.0 Tons per day.

The average daily waste generation estimated i tons. At this rate the gross per capita generation of
solid waste in GVMC area work outs to 500-950 gm/capita/day eration from various sources and
waste generated.

Summary of Waste Generation

The average daily waste generation estimated in Visakhapatnam is around 920 tons. At this rate the
gross per capita generation of solid waste in GVMC area work outs to 470 gm/capita/day.

Table gives the breakdown of waste ge eration from various sources

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Storage of waste at the source is the first important step of solid waste ma agement. Every
household, shops establishments, market yards etc., generate solid waste on day-to day basis.

The waste should normally stored at the source of waste generation till collected for disposal.
Generally it is observed that no bins for storag use bins, shops and establishments, institutions etc.
normally do not have waste storage bins. As a result most of the waste from the domestic places,
instit tions and even from hospitals comes on to th patnam is no different and more over with
open drainage system, it is observed that the surface drains are clogged with wastes especially
plastic bags etc. The situation in slum areas is further worse, the drains being com waste.

Seasonal variations in the waste quantity arise from factors with respect to both climate, cultural,
and religious events. During monsoon, the waste b comes wet and heavy and total tonnage
increases. Climate affects the gener tion of vegetative waste and at the end of the autumn season
leaves may co prise a significant proportion of the street sweepings. The wastes from ma riage
halls are generally more during the marriage season. About 15 spoilage is anticipated in summer
mato, cauliflower etc., so these factors does have bearing on the waste generation.

Source segregation of recyclables and biodegradables (organic waste) will not only provide an
efficient way for resource recover reduce the pressure and pollution at Landfill sites. It is
understood that impl mentation of such practices takes time and requires significant cooperation
from the public. However, initiation should be made and efforts shoul verted to progressively
increase the segregation practices. Community Partic pation indicates various actions that could
be taken by GVMC to increase the public participation for the management of MSW. The sections
below deal with issues that need to be considered for source segregation and various options
available to GVMC to implement the system.

Individual houses

Mixed waste is stored in various containers like plastic bins, cartons, plastic carry bags etc by
households. Source segregation is not patnam. Domestic waste will be collected by push carts

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followed by streets bins. In most of the wards door to door collection is in practice, some types of
rece tacles presently used for storage by Visakhapatnam households are:

• Buckets

• Plastic Bins

• Polythene bags/containers.

TheHospitals/Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories

Two types of waste are generated from these establishments, one is municipal refuse and other is
bio-medical waste and are stored separately in hospital premises. The municipal vehicles carry the
waste to the dump site.

Construction waste

This waste should be stored within the site with a proper screen around prevent scattering of the
waste. The owner may request for providing appr priate skips/containers for storing their waste on
payment basis.

--Existing collection and transportation system by GVMC

a) Primary Collection System: Door to Door Collection

Transportation of waste from secondary collection points at regular intervals is one of the essential
jobs in MSW Management. Presently segregation and Door to-Door garbage collection is being
carried and Bheemli. Waste is collected from the Households and recyclables sold a way by the
workers and the Organic waste is collected into the plastic baskets in the trolley. In-Organic Waste
particularly thin plastic carry bags not purchased are separately collected into Gunny Bags.

Waste collection by push Carts

Push Carts ( Total 800 Nos) a each one handled by 2 to 3 workers covering 200 to 250 houses for
both collection and segregation. Presently 4 are being covered in 45 Sanitary Divisions. In the
remaining Households rec clables are segregated through Rickshaws (720 Nos).In most of the wards
door to door collection is in practice.

b) Secondary Waste Collection

The collection and transportation of waste is practiced on all the days of the year including the
public holidays by GVMC. In GVMC, waste stored in open spaces is either loaded manually or with
the help of loaders (in case of huge a cumulations) in trucks. The vehicles involved in the solid waste
transportation in Visakhapatnam include dumper ,placers, tractors, mini vans, tippers (big & small).
Dumper placers will carry the bin and unload the waste at the transfer station and will perform on
an average of 4-5 trips per day. Mini tippers transport the waste from the open secondary collection
points to transfer stations. Dumper placers deployed with a capacity of 4.5 cum for carrying the
waste from Secondary collection point to the Kapuluppada .

Transportation:

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75 Dumper placers, 132 TATA Acres, 64 Small Tippers transport the garbage from storage point to
transfer station and windows compost. 10 Big Tippers (Taras) Transport waste from transfer station
to Kapuluppada.

d) Man Power

1313 permanent workers, 3919 Out Sourcing workers, 30 Permanent Drivers, and 200 Out Sourcing
Drivers are working.

Scientific processing of Waste

GVMC by following Solid Waste management handling rules 2000 selected one of the least
expensive and less capital intensive, but approved method of win rows composting. The windrows
composting is decentralized covering the entire city as follows:

Transfer station :

Being area of Visakhapatnam city is city, transfer station is established to transfer the waste from
dumper placers & trucks. The transfer station is located at town road. The collection vehicles i
cluding dumper placers, tippers and tractors will secondary open collection points & dumper bins
and transfer of waste directly in the transfer stations.

A ramp facility is also provided to facilitate unloading of vehicles or dumper placer containers,
directly into large container trucks at transfer station Waste is weighed at Weigh Bridge at the
entrance gate, a record is being maintained for in time, out time, weight of the solid waste disposing
in to the transfer st tion and vehicle number. The big Tarus vehicle (20 ton capacity) transport the
waste to disposal site located at Kapuluppada which is 25 kms away from the city.

Treatment and disposal of Waste:

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The collected waste from Households will be deposited into the concrete/mild steel bins located in
respective wards by nicipal corporation lifts waste from the bins, at a frequency of once in a day. The
waste from the road side bins and street sweepings is collected regularly and transported to the
disposal yard.

The waste generated from all the wards will be disposed at the dump site located near Kapuluppada.
Currently, GVMC disposes the entire waste generated at Kapuluppada disposal site. This site is
operating for the last 7 years with about 80 acres. Three JCBs and one bulldozer are employed by
GVMCforsolid waste disposal management, including the operation of the waste disposal site.

The existing waste disposal site where crude open dumping is practiced with no leachate collection
and treatment system and d quirements of the MSW 2000 Rules. Open burning of waste,
indiscriminate di posal, presence of stray animals & rag pickers at the disposal site and leachate
migration into the subsurface are common occurrences.

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The total quantity of waste generation and the quantity reaching the dump yard may not be same.
The total waste dumped at Kapuluppada dump site is about 600-650 TPD, where as the total waste
generation is about 920 TPD.

M/s. Maridi Eco Industries Pvt. Ltd plant in 5 acres within the Kapuluppada disposal site.

Compost Plant

There is a small compost plant in the Visakhapatnam city which is located in ward no. 10 behind
Eenadu office. It was established on pilot 2001 with coordination of NGO Ex acres and is receiving a
total solid waste of 5 to 6 Tons per day. There are 27 members working for this compost plant to
segregate the recyclables and bi degradable, and compost plant maintenance. There are 3 dumper
bins provided in this compost plant to carry the inert material and disposes it in the Kapulu pada
disposal site. Composting is done in the aerobic process which is in presence of oxygen.

Institutional Aspects

The Chief Medical Health Officer has the responsibility for overall SWM management assisted by a
team of Assistant Medical Health Officers, Sanitary Supervisors, Sanitary Inspectors, Engineers, Ward
Officers, Sanitary Officials and Workers. At the central level there is an Executive Engineer assisted
by Deputy Engineers, drivers and helpers.

15
For the ease of management, entire Visakhapatnam City is divided into 6 sanitary zones. The zone
wise distribution of sanitary workers is done in accordance with the population density of the
division and length of roads.

Key Concerns in the Existing System

• Secondary storage points are in very poor condition

• Rag pickers who are taking out most of the recyclables which is having high calorific value.

• Drain silt and Municipal solid waste is getting mixed

•Transfer station maintenance is not good and waste is being dumped at kapuluppada without any
treatment and no scientific landfill.

• No scientific disposal, w treatment and No scientific landfill.

Deficiency Analysis / Compliance of MSW Rules 2000

The below table shows the deficiency analysis in the MSW management system existing currently.

16
17
Quantification of municipal waste generated was carried out by Pvt. Ltd from 10th April to 30th May
2015 separately for different sources of generation such as residential, commercial, institutional,
street sweeping and drain cleaning, markets, slaughter houses, function halls, cinema halls, etc.
Waste composition, characteristics and quantities of solid waste is essential for:

• It provides the basic data on which the management system is planned, designed and operated.

• The changes/trend in composition and quantity of waste over a period of time are

• known which help in future planning.

• It provides the information for the selection of equipment and appropriate technology.

• It indicates the amount and type of material suitable for processing, recovery and

• recycling.

• The forecast trends assist designers and manufacturers in the production of vehicles and
equipment suitable for the future needs.

• The waste generation rates have been worked out on the basis of field surveys, waste sampling
and discussion with the different waste generators and the officials of the Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation. The results of the study are set out in this section.

18
a) Sources of waste generation

A waste characterization study for Greater Visakhapatnam was carried on 22 May to 30th May 2015,
to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of waste samples. The sources of waste
generation from GVMC are as follows.

 Residential /Individual houses

 Slums
 Market yards
 Road /Street sweepings
 Hotels & Restaurants
 Shops/Office/Institutions
 Hospitals/Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories
 Marriage/Function halls
 Contruction waste.

--Methodology for waste quantification and characterization:

Information on the nature of wastes, its composition, physical and chemical characteristics and the
quantities generated are basic requirements for devising solid waste management plans. For the
purpose of solid waste management, it is important to look into the properties of the waste material
apart from their origin. Accordingly, they may be classified as:

• Biodegradable: Organic materials, which can be degraded by biological agents, e.g., microbes are
known as biodegradable. Examples are food m terial, fruit and vegetable waste, garden waste (plant
waste) etc.

• Recyclables: Plastic, Paper, metal

• Combustibles: Relatively dry material having a high calorific value, such as paper, plastic, rags,
cardboard, etc. are known as combustibles.

• Hazardous; Certain items which are hazardous for human or animal health and detrimental for the
environmental genic nature, are classified as hazardous waste e.g., hospital waste, certain industrial
etc.

• Inert; Dust, cinder, grit and other debris are known as inerts.

During the collection of municipal solid waste samples the major collection sites are identified which
are covering a larger size of population. Based on the type of area such as residential, commercial,
industrial, market, slum etc. sa pling points are distributed uniformly all over the study area. The
sampling points are further classified based on economic status of population such as high, middle
and low income group.

About 10 kg of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is collected from ten points outside and inside of the
solid waste heap of city. The total quantity of waste collected is thoroughly mixed and then reduced
by method of quartering till a sample of such a size is obtained which can be handled personally. The
sample so obtained is subjected to physical analysis.

19
The methodology adopted for collecting MSW samples at city is as per CPHEEO manual based on the
type of area such as residential, commercial, industrial, market and slum etc.

The Physical Characteristics like moisture content, density, percentage of different components such
as, paper, plastic, glass metal,organic matter and sand,soil,bricks,stone etc. were analysed.

The Chemical Characteristics like pH, percentage of Nitrogen, Potassium and phosphorus, total
carbon and C/N ratio were analyzed and represented in the report. Calorific value of the MSW in Kilo
Calories Toxic characteristics were also analyzed and given in the report.

The information on the quantity of wastes generated and its composition are the basic needs for the
planning of a solid waste management system. Quantity and characteristics of solid waste generated
varies with income, socio economic conditions, social developments and cultural practices.

In high income countries the waste generated is more compared to that of low income countries
whereas the density of wast tries and high in low income countries indicating that more volumes of
wastes are generated in high income as compared to low income.

Review of National Statistics

The characteristics of solid wastes There have been tremendous changes with time, and these
changes are expected to continue.

The information on the quantity of wastes generated and the basic needs for the planning of a solid
waste management system. Quantity and characteristics of solid waste generated varies with
income, socio economic conditions, social developments and cultural practices. The chara teristics
and quantity of waste generated based on the income pattern is pr sented in the Table 4.2
generated is more comp sity of waste is low from high tries indicating that more volumes are
generated in high compared to low income.

20
Review of National Statistics - Waste Quantification:

Historically it is observed that the quantity of waste generated has been i creasing with
improvement in life style. However, India still remains to be on a very low per capita generation of
municipal solid waste. From the solid waste quantities generated in various Indian cities.

MSW Survey

The quantity of waste generation is estimated and considered by using the following in the city.

-Secondary sources

- Primary survey results

Secondary Data Collection

As per municipal records quantity of waste generation in Visakhapatnam is about 1090 MT/day. The
sources of waste contributing to the total tonnage are given in the following.

21
22
Primary Survey results

The methodology adopted for collecting MSW samples at Visakhapatnam is as per CPHEEO manual
based on the type of area such as residential, commercial, industrial, market and slum etc.

To assess the waste generation levels primary survey was also carried out in s lected wards of
Visakhapatnam City. Around six typical wards were selected and data related to number of persons
in each ward, the waste generation in terms of residential, commercial and street sweeping waste
details were co lected on day to day basis. Waste Characterization was also carried during the
survey.

23
The primary survey carried by Feedback is shown in Photographs. The wards of Visakhapatnam
identified for survey purpose are 31, 18, 40, 54, 62 and 71. The survey was conducted on three
consequent days and waste contributing levels of each of the ward was assesed in kgs.

The per capita waste generation is estimated based on the total municipal waste generation to the
corresponding population for each ward and extrap lated to arrive at the suggested waste
generation from the whole of the Visakhapatnam city.

From the above table it’s seen that the average per capita generation for Visakhapatnam city is
about 0.47 kg/capita/day. The survey continued for other identified wards of Visakhapatnam the
respective wards identified are 3, 16, 33, 52, 68 and 71. The survey conducted for three consequent
days and waste co tributing levels from each ward was assessed in kgs

24
Apart from the above, waste generation was also assessed based on the capa ity of each vehicle and
the number of trips made in a day to the dumpsite. The necessary details were collected and the
waste quantity reaching the dumpsite is found to be 600-700 tons per day which translates to about
0.45 kg/capita/day to 0.47 kg/capita/day.

Waste Quantification:

Waste Quantities depend on the population. the municipality is estimated based on the population
of the town and the per capita waste generation. The future waste generation from each of the

25
towns is also been predicted. The Future Generation Trends of Waste have been carried out by
population forecasting methods.

For the present report, the geometric progression method has been considered for arriving at
population projections for the year 2012 as well for the year en ing i.e 2030 year. The projected
tables were presented below:

26
The necessary details were collected and the waste quantity reaching the dumpsite is found to be
about 600-700tons per day which transaates to about 0.45 kg/capita/day to 0.47 kg/capita/day.
However it should be noted that the quantity of waste reaching the dumpsite is about 75-80% of the
generation quantities only.

Collection and Transportation Plan:

This plan provides Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) for primary and secondary waste
collection system and transportation system for Visakhapatnam City. This includes the planning,
infrastructure requirements, quantities, and corresponding cost estimates for the collection and
transportation systems were made in the end of the system is broadly based on 4R Environmental
Protection Rules (Reduce, Rec cle, Reuse, and Recove primary aspects of the proposed plan include
the following:

1. Compliance with Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules of 2000.

2. Compulsory segregation at the source.

3. Provision of segregation transportation.

4. Waste to be covered at all stages of handling.

5. Reduction of manual handling of waste by providing of proper PPEs to the workers.

6. 100% collection and transportation of the generated waste

7. Maximum recovery of resources by segregation of recyclables and biod gradable waste.

8. Advocate 4R’s i.e. reduce, recycle, reuse, and recover materials in MSW management

27
9. Promote information, education and communication across the stak holders to ensure system
efficiency and sustainability.

10. Ensure economic sustainability of the proposed system by introducing public private partnership
in MSW management

11. Adequate health and safety provisions for workers at all stages of waste handling

12. Regular environmental monitoring a cilities

13. Have robust complaint

14. Conduct regular internal and external independent audits on the eff ciency of entire SWM
system.

Recommended C&T Plan :

The suggestions are mainly for:

• Promotion of the two bins-for biodegradable waste and another for recyclable waste, so as to
facilitate an organised and hierarchical system of waste collection and disposal, without letting the
waste to reach the secondary collection stages.

• Organization of door to door collection with community participation on cost recovery basis and
minimize the multiple handling of waste, improvement in the productivity of labour and equipment

• Containerized secondary storage facilities phasing out open storage

• Daily transportation of waste to the integrated MSW disposal facility.

• Container transportation using simple hydraulic system mounted vehicles.

• Awareness creation for source segregation and storag

• Monitoring system to increase the productivity

28
Based on the existing Collection and transportation system, the comprehensive collection and
transportation plan depicted above:

Identification of MSW processing technology:

The most important objective of municipal waste management is a safe disposal of the waste,
generated daily. This would involve the following activities:

• Separation of recyclable fractions and recycling the same

• Beneficial utilization of organic fraction of the waste

• Disposal of inerts into a scientifically designed landfill

The disposal of waste involves processing or separate or utilize the waste fractions organic and
inorganic, of which the recyclables are sent for recycling areas the organics which dominate the
proportion go to aerobic composting, vermi-composting or waste to energy conversion. These
different options require many inputs for decision making processes and would involve different
capital investments. A careful consideration of waste quantity generated is also an important part of
this decision making.

In the following sections the processing techniques and methodologies in use are explained,
subsequently an optimum model of waste processing and di posal for the GVMC is arrived.

-- MSW PROCESSING TECHNIQUES:

There are several MSW processing technologies which are being followed in various parts of the
world. Further, it is to mention that out of the various processing technologies, the technologies
which are b use in Indian conditions are: (i) Composting, (ii) Anaerobic digestion to recover biogas
and electricity, (iii) Refuse Derived Fuel and (iv) Pyrolysis, as below under different technical groups

29
Waste generated (Tons per Annum)

During 2004-05, CPCB conducted survey through NEERI in 59 cities and estimated 39,031 TPD MSW
generation .Municipal solid waste generation in year 2010-11 is about 1,27,486 Tons per day. The
same was about 1,00,000 TPD (Tons Per day) in year 2000 as per report (May, 2000) of Ministry of
Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India. In year 2010-11, survey was again conducted by
CIPET at the instance of CPCB and estimated 50.592 MSW generation.

The above data accounts for proper scientific waste disposal, this amount can be very large in
actual. Per capita waste generation varies between 0.2 to 0.6 kg per capita per day depending upon
population size, living standards etc. It is estimated to increase at 1.33% annually. Industrial sector
generates 100 million tons/year of no-hazardous solid waste consisting coal ash more than 70
million tons/year. About 8 million tons/year of hazardous waste is generated in each year out of 4.8
million tons is recyclable.People still throw household waste without following proper waste
management channel, few industries dumping their wastes illegally and lack of awareness is still
there related to agricultural waste disposal. Electronics industry is one of those sectors which is
rapidly growing in the world. Extensive use of electronic items and their short life causes the
disastrous proportions of E-waste. Apart from these, nuclear waste is of prior importance due to its
adverse environment impacts.

30
WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION

Until 1980, there was not much data available about solid waste generation and solid waste
management was paid very little attention. But, implementation of Hazardous Waste Management
Rules (1989) under Environment Protection Act - 1986 has changed the attitude of government and
local authorities.

According to Municipal Waste Management Rules (2000), it is the responsibility of municipalities to

prohibit littering of solid waste in cities, towns and in urban areas notified by governments. To
facilitate compliance, municipal authority organized house to house collection through the following
methods:

- Community bin collection

-House to house collection

Collection on regular time interval (which must be pre-informed)

Scheduling by using bell ringing of musical vehicle (without exceeding the noise levels)

To increase collection efficiency, the integration of these methods is required. The transportation of
municipal solid waste is generally carried out twice in a week or weekly basis by container carriers.
However,open trucks, dumper trucks are used for waste collection.

Waste collection efficiency has increased remarkably in few rural areas. Since collection costs are 50-
70% of solid waste budget, it is the most significant area for cost reductions. Interrelated variables
such as labor costs, crew size, union restrictions, collection frequency, distance (travel time) to
disposal and performance and annual costs of equipment must be considered during planning stage.

Scenario of MSW Collection in India many local bodies has taken initiative for efficient waste
collection alongwith certain NGOs having expertize in this sector of Solid Waste Management. It has
been observed that waste collection is much greater urban areas as compared to that of rural areas.
States like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Tripura has taken initiatives to increase
collection efficiency.

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WASTE SEGREGATION 3R CONCEPT

Waste segregation is the biggest obstacle for effective solid waste management. It is common in
developed countries like U.S., Europe and Japan; but countries like India most often collect MSW in a
mixed form. Our local bodies GVMC(Greater Visakhapatnam Muncipal Corporation) took
initiativemeasures toseparate collection of solid wastes like difeerentiating trash bins using
parameters like color coding.

Blue ---

Green

Iolet

India still need to adapt to the advancements in source separation techniques. However, paper and
certain type of plastics are separately collected at source level by waste pickers or waste buyers.
Source separation increases recycling efficiency. It also improves performance of waste treatment
units due to good quality of feed and lesser amount of impurities.

3R Concept Reduce: The term ‘Reduce’ can be defined as a reduction in the amount and/or toxicity
of waste entering the waste stream. Use of green elements as raw materials, extension of product
life cycle, optimum process design, reducing energy and heat losses, replacing raw materials by
lighter material can help to reduce the amount of waste generation. ‘Reduce’ is the top ranking
component of solid waste management hierarchy because it represents most effective means of
reducing economical costs and environmental impacts associated with handling waste (Henry &
Heinke). Life cycle assessment is very important for effective source reduction of waste.

Reuse: The term ‘Reuse’ means usage (or utilization) of a product in the same application for which
it was originally used. For example, a plastic bag can carry groceries home from the market over and
over again, a tin can be used as a multi-purpose container. A product can also be reused for some
other purpose, such as occurs when glass jars are reused in a workshop to hold small objects such as

32
screws or nails. Remanufacturing is often used in this regard which means restoring a product to like
new condition. It involves disassembling the product, cleaning and refurbishing the useful parts and
stocking those parts in inventory. While repair means only those parts that have failed are replaced.

Recycling: The recovery of materials for recycling is given second highest priority in the solid waste
management hierarchy after source reduction. ‘Recycling’ simply means use of waste as raw
materials for other products. It includes collection and separation of recyclables and processing
them to useful raw materials for other products. It can be classified as preconsumer and
postconsumer recyclable materials. Preconsumer materials consist of scrap that is recycled back into
manufacturing process without having been turned into a useful product. Postconsumer recyclables
are products that have been used by consumers, such as newspaper or plastic bottles. Glass,
aluminium, heavy metals, construction and demolition debris are another example of recyclables. An
example of resource recovery system for mixed solid waste is shownbelow.

ENERGY CONTENT OF MSW

The energy content of MSW depends on its composition and moisture content. It is reported that
MSW can yield an average of 95 m3 CH4/tonne, having 19.43 MJ/m3 calorific value. If we consider
conversion efficiency 25% and overall generator efficiency 80%, energy cab be produced at a rate of
12.98·105 KWh/year. Bomb calorimeter is used to determine the energy content of waste. It
involves complete burning of a sample and then measuring the rise in temperature of a surrounding
water bath . This value is known as higher heating value (HHV). The heating value of MSW in
industrialized area is higher than other areas due to higher percentage of manufactured materials
such as paper, metals, plastics etc.have developed an equation that predict heating values based on
paper and food fractions, plus a term that accounts for plastic, leather and rubber. However, this
equation must be verified for solid waste of India.

HHV (kJ/kg) = 53.5 (F + 3.6 CP) + 372 PLR

where, F is food, CP is cardboard and paper, and PLR is plastic, leather and rubber, all expressed as
mass percentages . However, certain energy of HHV is lost to vaporize moisture, therefore lower
heating value (LLV) should be considered which is also known as net energy.

OPERATIONAL WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANTS

33
SOLID WASTE TREATMENT

The remaining final solid waste is disposed in landfills after necessary treatment to decreasethe
adverse environmental impacts. The objective of treatment is to improve physical and/or chemical
characteristics of waste, reduce toxicity and reduce its final volume . In India, different treatment
methods are practiced depending on the type of waste. They are characterized by their capacity to
treat specific type of waste, residues generation, cost, risk associated, safety and other
environmental aspects . The various treatment methods practiced for MSW and other similar type of
waste are : Composting, landfills, Thermal processes (incineration, pyrolysis) etc. However, the same
is not effective for hazardous industrial waste. There must be separate consideration to handle
hazardous waste. Common methods which are adopted for hazardous waste are chemical fixation,
volume reduction, detoxification, degradation, encapsulation etc.

34
Composting:

Composting is a biological process of decomposition and stabilization of organic matter of solid

waste by microbes either in presence or absence of oxygen. Depending on availability of oxygen, it is
further classified as aerobic composting and anaerobic composting also known as biomethanation. It
can also be classified as open or window, mechanical or closed etc. depending upon operating
condition and design of plant. In India, large amount of waste is treated by this method for which
efficiency depends on temperature .

Anaerobic Digestion:

In Anaerobic Digestion biodegradable material is converted by a series of ba terial groups into

methane and CO lecules into small units like sugar this step is referred to as hydrolysis, another
group of bacteria converts the resulting smaller molecules into volatile fatty acids mainly acetate,
but also hydrogen (H2 and CO2) and this process is called acidification. The last group of Bacteria
the methane prodicers produce biogas. In addition to biogas, anaerobic bioconversion consisting of
inorganic, non ble, and bacterial biomass. If the feedstock entering the process is sufficiently free of
objectionable materials like colorful plastic, this residue can have market value as compost.
Anaerobic Digestion process is also referred to as Bio methanization process. A pictorial
representation of this process is as below:

Bio Reactor Landfill:

35
A bioreactor landfill is a wet land fill designed and operated with the o of converting and stabilizing
biodegradable organic components of the waste within a reasonable time frame by enhancing the
microbiological decompos tion processes. The technology significantly increases the extent of waste
d composition, conversion rates and process effectiveness over what would ot erwise occur in a
conventional wet landfill. Stabilization in this context means that landfill gas and leachate emissions
are managed within one generation (twenty to thirty years) and that any failure this time would not
result in environmental pollution. There is better energy recovery including increased total gas
available for energy use and increased green house reduction from reduced emissions and increase
in fossil sets. These factors lead to increased community acceptance of this waste processing
technology. Management of a bioreactor landfill requires a different operating protocol to
conventional landfills. Liquid addition and recirculation is the single most important operational
variable to enhance the microbiological decomposition processes. Other strategies can also be used
to optimize the st bilization process, including waste shredding, pH adjustment, nutrient addition
and temperature management.

Thermal processing technologies:

Thermal technologies are those technologies that operate at temperature greater than 2000C and
have higher reaction rates. They typically operate in a temperatures greater than 200degrees celsius
to 5500 degrees celsius. Thermal technologies include advanced thermal recycling a state of the
form of waste to energy facilities) and thermal conversion (a process that converts the organic
carbon based portion of the MSW waste stream into a synthetic gas which is subsequently used to
produce products such as electricity , chemicals , or green fuels). The calorific value of garbage will
help to identify the treatment technologies like Waste Energy and other thermal processes. These
technologies are briefly described below:

Aerobic Digestion:

Aerobic composting means bacterial conversion of organics in presence of air. It yields compost as
final product which is extensively used as fertilizer. Final product is free from odour and pathogens.
It can reduce waste volume to 50-85%. Mechanical controlled plants are being installed in
metropolitan cities, while manually control plants are set in relatively smaller urban township.
During 1975- 1980, large scale composting plants were installed in cities like Bangalore, Baroda,
Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Jaipur, Kanpur and Indore having capacity of 150 to 300 tonne/day. But due
to poor performance and no usefulness in soil enrichment, plants were shut down. After that the
first large scale plant was set up in Mumbai in 1992 with 500 t/day capacity of MSW followed by
Vijaywada, Delhi, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Bhopal, Luknow and Gwalior.

36
Installed capacity of compost plants state wise statitics

Biomethanation:

It is the process of conversion of organic matter into stable, inert residue by microorganisms in the
oxygen-free environment. It yields methane-rich biogas which can be used for electricity, cooking
and inert residue which can be used as manure. Microorganisms used in this process are known as
methanogens. The biggest advantage of biomethanation is that it can reduce the release amount of
methane – a powerful greenhouse gas and simultaneously generates electricity. Another important
aspect of this technology is its relevant use in rural areas for cooking.

Incineration :

Incineration is a combustion process which simply means drying and burning of waste. The final
product of the process is CO2, H2O in vapor form and ash with a large amount of heat. It requires
high temperature ranging between 980 to 2000 °C.Incineration reduces the final waste upto 75%
approximately. This process releases large amount of heat which if recovered properly can turn out
to be a potential source of energy generation . Bio-medical waste and certain toxic industrial waste
are also treated by this method having small capacity incinerators

In most of the Indian cities, incineration is less common due to solid waste composition i.e. high
organic matter (40% to 60%), high moisture content (40% to 60%) and presence of inert material
(30% to 50%) and low calorific value (800 to 1100 kcal/kg). Calorific value must fall between 1200-
1400 kcal/kg for energy generation. Modification in design of incinerator and scientific waste
management leads to avail large scope of this technology in recent times. Delhi was the first city to
have MSW incineration plant. In 1987, the plant was constructed at Timarpur, New Delhi with a
capacity of 300 t/day costing Rs. 250 million by Miljotecknik volunteer, Denmark. But, its poor
performance led to shut down of plant after 6 month of operation. The disadvantage with this
process is that it releases compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen and halogens deteriorating air
quality. To overcome the problem, scrubbing, filtering are used to dilute concentrations to
acceptable level prior to release into atmosphere. It also forms poisonous soluble metal oxides
which must be controlled by recovery/detoxification/disposal.

37
Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is an effective waste-to-energy concept refers to destructive distillation of the solid waste
to recover its constituents and energy. It is a thermal degradation process in absence of air which
yields recyclable products such as char, oil/wax and combustible gase. It is generally preferred for
treatment of waste having less moisture content like paper, cloth, plastic, yard wastes etc. as waste
containing high moisture content require more heat supply. In this process, the solid waste is heated
in a pyrolysis reactor at 600-1000 °C which yields oil phase i.e. methanol, acetone, acetic acid etc;
gaseous phase i.e. H2, CH4, CO, CO2 etc. and solid phase i.e. carbon char and inert materials. Various
reactors employed for pyrolysis are fixed bed reactor, rotary kiln, fluidized bed reactor and other
innovative reactors. The total heat can be further divided into three types based on its consumption.
Q1 is amount of heat which is required for moisture vaporization, Q2 refers to calorific requirement
of pyrolysis, while Q3 is the radiation loss during the process. It depends on various factors such as
temperature, heating rate, residence time in reactor zone, material size etc.The biggest advantage of
pyrolysis over incineration is very little effect to environment in terms of air pollution. Though, high
initial cost and operation cost make this process difficult to emerge as commercially sound practice.

Landfills:

In India like many developing countries, waste is disposed in an open area without any precautions.
In most of the indian cities, waste is thrown outskirts of the city area without any prior treatment
which leads to environmental deterioration. Open dumping of solid waste leads percolation of
leachate to underground water and gas emissions resulting into excessive air pollution. It also
disturbs aesthetic surrounding by its odorus environment. Various study reported that groundwater
of residential areas near landfills is significantly contaminated by leachate percolation it is reported
that only 25-30% gas can be recovered in the absence of base liner and top covering.

To overcome this problem, secure and sanitary landfill must be included in landfilling practices. The
term ‘Secure landfill’ refers sites allocated for managing hazardous wastes and term ‘Sanitary
Landfill’ refers to sites allocated for managing municipal solid wastes . There are many landfill sites
operating in India, but their efficiency towards pollution reduction is still need to be concerned. Due
to increasing waste generation, the land requirement will increase in coming years in urban areas.
Contrary, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, the land availability is decreasing day by
day. Therefore, before ultimate disposal through landfilling volume and toxicity of solid waste must
be reduced by other treatment options. As secure landfilling is expected to be the ultimate disposal
option which receives residues remained after other treatments, further improvements in its design
and planning are necessary. Landfill should be provided composite liners to restrict leachate
percolation to underground water level. It must be equipped with proper collecting and ventilating
system in order to recover gas produced. Under the MSW rules, Government of India has made it
mandatory to install Land Fill Gas (LFG) control system. LFG should be used either for energy
generation or direct recovery of heat or should be flared to avoid air quality degradation.Moisture is
an important factor which needs to be considered while designing a landfill.

GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INITIATIVES

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is taking care of the issues related to solid waste
management together with Central and State Pollution Control Boards. There are various rules

38
framed under Environment Protection Act - 1986 for improving management of solid waste. SWM
falls under state list as it is considered as public health and sanitation as per Indian Constitution. Due
to its local nature, SWM is the responsibility of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) (European Business and
Technology Centre).

1. Legislation Environment Protection Act – 1986

2. Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules – 1989
3. Manufacturing, Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Waste Rules – 1989
4. Bio-Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules – 1998
5. Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules – 2000
6. Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules – 2011
7. E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules – 2011

Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules – 2000 A PIL was filed by Almitra H. Patel in
Supreme Court based on allegations of failure of MSW management by GOI, State Governments and
Local Authorities. The Supreme Court then appointed an Expert committee which submitted its
report to Local authorities were asked to implement the recommendations given by Expert
committee. The major recommendations have been included in the Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling Rules – 2000) notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest,
September 2000. These rules apply to every municipal authority responsible for collection,
segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste.

Responsibility of Municipal Authority

The territorial area of the municipality, is responsible for the implementation of the provisions of
these rules, and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation,
transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. The municipal authority or an
operator of a facility shall make an application in FormI, for grant of authorization for setting up
waste processing and disposal facility including landfills from the State Board or the Committee in
order to comply with the implementation programme laid down in Schedule I.

The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation schedule laid down
in Schedule I. The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report in Form-II,

a. to the Secretary-incharge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State or as

the case may be of the Union territory, in case of a metropolitan city;

b. to the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other towns and
cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30th day of June every year.

Responsibilty of State Government and The Union Territory

The Secretary-incharge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State or the
Union territory, as the case may be, shall have the overall responsibility for the enforcement of the
provisions of these rules in the metropolitan cities. The District Magistrate or the Deputy
Commissioner of the concerned district shall have the overall responsibility for the enforcement of
the provisions of these rules within the territorial limits of their jurisdiction.

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Responsibility of Pollution Control Boards and Committees

The State Board or the Committee shall monitor the compliance of the standards regarding
ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and the compost quality including incineration
standards as specified under Schedules II, III and IV.
The State Board or the Committee, after the receipt of application from the municipal authority
or the operator of a facility in Form I, for grant of authorization for setting up waste processing
and disposal facility including landfills, shall examine the proposal taking into consideration the
views of other agencies like the State Urban Development Department, the Town and Country
Planning Department, Air Port or Air Base Authority, the Ground Water Board or any such other
agency prior to issuing the authorization.

The State Board or the Committee shall issue the authorization in Form-III to the municipal
authority or an operator of a facility within forty-five days stipulating compliance criteria and
standards as specified in Schedules II, III and IV including such other conditions, as may be necessary.
The authorization shall be valid for a given period and after the validity is over, a fresh authorization
shall be required.

The Central Pollution Control Board shall co-ordinate with the State Boards and the Committees with
particular reference to implementation and review of standards and guidelines and compilation of
monitoring data.

- Initiatives In 2000, CPHEEO developed a manual consisting of guidelines and procedures to

implement MSW Rules.

Under Electricity Act - 2003, provisions has been made for tariff by state regulators. In addition,
incentives are also provided in the form of relief in tax and other duties (i.e. exemption in Income
Tax, Custom & Excise Duties) Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development has set up
benchmark/targets for SWM such as:

In 2004, the MOEF had constituted an expert body to frame guidelines in religious cities in the
country. In 2005, a Technology Advisory Group which was constituted under the directions of High
Court; submitted its report considering the scope of improvement and implementation of new
technologies for effective SWM.

There is an urgent need to implement the provisions of Municipal Solid Waste Rules2000
adequately. Poor waste management practice must be shifted to scientific approach. Waste
Collection and Waste Segregation are two components of SWM which require prior attention and
can open up market for waste management sector. However, for source reduction, public awareness
is equally important. The amount of waste remaining after treatment should be disposed of in
closed landfills. Not only in Urban cities, Effective Solid Waste Management should be implemented
to rural areas as well. Government has taken various initiatives to improve waste management
services, but there is still a long journey to travel to achieve the objectives of effective municipal
solid waste management. However in recent years, government with support of local authorities
has accelerated the implementation of better waste management practices. Various NGOs play a
vital role in spreading awareness among public and involve citizens for better waste management

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practices. The most recent initiative is ‘Swachchh Bharat Abhiyan’, also known as ‘Clean India
Mission’. One of the objective of this initiative is to aware citizens about the importance of proper
waste management approach. It aims to involve citizens in the campaign of Clean India & to clean
urban cities and also rural areas with public support. However, there is a need to ensure that all
citizens are taken into confidence and involved morally to this Clean India Mission. Government has
also changed its policies to make waste management sector open for private companies, Public
Private Partenership (PPP) model has been practiced for various services such as collection,
transportation, treatment, development of landfill sites, operation and maintenance of units etc.
PPP model can help to generate and increase revenues and eventually competency level which are
essential for effective solid waste management. However, lack of finance, institutional deficiency
and lack of public support are main barriers to effective solid waste management. 80-90% of total
budget is being spent on collection and transportation only, there is a need to allot more money to
disposal and treatment of solid waste. Viability of existing business model is still a matter of concern
for this sector. The local bodies should be provided support in terms of finance & involvement in
decision making so that they can effectively decentralize their responsibilities and develop business
atmosphere among private sector.

CONCLUSION

Despite the fact that Solid waste management practices has been improving in recent years, the
pace of improvement needs to be accelerated. Measures mentioned in MSW rules must be
implemented. Time has come to encourage technology based entreprenureship to achieve effective
solid waste management. NGOs should be involved in various components of waste management
including public awareness. Public involvement in management of solid waste is of significant
importance. Authorities must protect fundamental right of citizens by implementing best practices
and citizens must perform fundamental duties by their contribution to those practices.

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