Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Surface.
Why are boundary conditions important ?
Why are boundary conditions important ?
• When a free-space electromagnetic wave is incident upon a medium
secondary waves are
• transmitted wave
• reflected wave
• The transmitted from the incident side
• The reflected wave is wave is due to the E and H fields at the boundary as
seen due to the E and H fields at the boundary as seen from the
transmitted side
• To calculate the transmitted and reflected fields we need to know the
fields at the boundary
• These are determined by the boundary conditions
Boundary Conditions contd
• At a boundary between two media, µr ,εr ,σ are different on
either side.
• An abrupt change in these values changes the characteristic
impedance experienced by propagating waves
• Discontinuities results in partial reflection and transmission
of EM waves
• The characteristics of the reflected and transmitted waves
can be determined from a solution of Maxwells equations
along the boundary
Boundary conditions
• The tangential component of E is continuous E1t, H1t µ1,ε1,σ1
at a surface of discontinuity
• E1t = E2t E2t, H2t µ2,ε2,σ2
• Except for a perfect conductor, the
tangential component of H is continuous at a
surface of discontinuity
• H1t = H2t
Ex2
H x2
• Ampere’s law
∂D
0 0 ∫ H.ds = ∫∫
A ∂t
+ J .dA
0 0
∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y ∂D z
H y2 + H y1 + H x1∆x − H y 3 − H y4 − H x 2 ∆x = + J z ∆x∆y
2 2 2 2 ∂t
0
As ∆y → 0, (∂D z ∂t + J z )∆x∆y → 0 That is, the tangential
component of H is
H x1∆x − H x 2 ∆x = 0 continuous
⇒ H x1 = H x 2
6
Proof of boundary conditions - Dn
Dn1
∆y
∆x
∆z µ1,ε1,σ1
µ2,ε2,σ2
Dn 2
• The integral form of Gauss’ law for electrostatics is:
∫∫ D.dA = ∫∫∫V ρdV
applied to the box gives
Dn1∆x∆y − Dn 2 ∆x∆y + Ψedge = ρ s ∆x∆y
As dz → 0, Ψedge → 0 hence
The change in the normal component of D at a
Dn1 − Dn 2 = ρ s boundary is equal to the surface charge
density
7
Proof of boundary conditions - Dn cont.
Dn1 − Dn 2 = ρ s
• For an insulator with no static electric charge ρs=0
Dn1 = Dn 2
Dn1 = ρ s
8
Proof of boundary conditions - Bn
• Proof follows same argument as for Dn on page 47,
• The integral form of Gauss’ law for magnetostatics is
∫∫ B.dA = 0
– there are no isolated magnetic poles
9
Conditions at a perfect conductor
• In a perfect conductor σ is infinite
• Practical conductors (copper, aluminium silver) have very large
σ and field solutions assuming infinite σ can be accurate
enough for many applications
• Finite values of conductivity are important in calculating Ohmic
loss
• For a conducting medium J=σE
• infinite σ⇒ infinite J
• More practically, σ is very large, E is very small (≈0) and J is
finite
Conditions at a perfect conductor
• It will be shown that at high frequencies J is confined to a surface
layer with a depth known as the skin depth
• With increasing frequency and conductivity the skin depth, δx
becomes thinner
Current sheet
δx
δx
Lower frequencies, smaller σ Higher frequencies, larger σ
H x2
• Ampere’s law: ∂D
0
∫ H.ds = ∫∫
A ∂t
+ J .dA
0 Jsz∆x
0
∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y ∂D
H y2 + H y1 + H x1∆x − H y 3 − H y4 − H x 2 ∆x = z + J z ∆x∆y
2 2 2 2 ∂t
0
As ∆y → 0, ∂D z ∂t ∆x∆y → 0, J z ∆x∆y → ∆xJ sz