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Conditions at a Boundary

Surface.
Why are boundary conditions important ?
Why are boundary conditions important ?
• When a free-space electromagnetic wave is incident upon a medium
secondary waves are
• transmitted wave
• reflected wave
• The transmitted from the incident side
• The reflected wave is wave is due to the E and H fields at the boundary as
seen due to the E and H fields at the boundary as seen from the
transmitted side
• To calculate the transmitted and reflected fields we need to know the
fields at the boundary
• These are determined by the boundary conditions
Boundary Conditions contd
• At a boundary between two media, µr ,εr ,σ are different on
either side.
• An abrupt change in these values changes the characteristic
impedance experienced by propagating waves
• Discontinuities results in partial reflection and transmission
of EM waves
• The characteristics of the reflected and transmitted waves
can be determined from a solution of Maxwells equations
along the boundary
Boundary conditions
• The tangential component of E is continuous E1t, H1t µ1,ε1,σ1
at a surface of discontinuity
• E1t = E2t E2t, H2t µ2,ε2,σ2
• Except for a perfect conductor, the
tangential component of H is continuous at a
surface of discontinuity
• H1t = H2t

• The normal component of D is continuous at


the surface of a discontinuity if there is no
surface charge density. If there is surface D1n, B1n µ1,ε1,σ1
charge density D is discontinuous by an
amount equal to the surface charge density. D2n, B2n µ2,ε2,σ2
– D1n = D2n+ρs
• The normal component of B is continuous at
the surface of discontinuity
– B1n = B2n 4
Proof of boundary conditions - continuity of Et
∆x
E y1 E x1 E y3 µ1,ε1,σ1
∆y E y2 E y4 µ2,ε2,σ2

Ex2

• Integral form of Faraday’s law:


∂B
0 0 ∫ E.ds = − ∫∫ A ∂t
.da
0 0
∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y ∂B
E y2 + E y1 + E x1∆x − E y 3 − E y4 − E x 2 ∆x = − z ∆x∆y
2 2 2 2 ∂t
0
As ∆y → 0, (∂B z ∂t )∆x∆y → 0 That is, the tangential
component of E is
E x1∆x − E x 2 ∆x = 0 continuous
⇒ E x1 = E x 2
5
Proof of boundary conditions - continuity of Ht
∆x
H y1 H x1 H y3 µ1,ε1,σ1
∆y H y2 H y4 µ2,ε2,σ2

H x2

• Ampere’s law
 ∂D 
0 0 ∫ H.ds = ∫∫ 
A  ∂t
+ J .dA

0 0

∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y  ∂D z 
H y2 + H y1 + H x1∆x − H y 3 − H y4 − H x 2 ∆x =  + J z ∆x∆y
2 2 2 2  ∂t 
0
As ∆y → 0, (∂D z ∂t + J z )∆x∆y → 0 That is, the tangential
component of H is
H x1∆x − H x 2 ∆x = 0 continuous
⇒ H x1 = H x 2
6
Proof of boundary conditions - Dn
Dn1
∆y

∆x

∆z µ1,ε1,σ1
µ2,ε2,σ2

Dn 2
• The integral form of Gauss’ law for electrostatics is:
∫∫ D.dA = ∫∫∫V ρdV
applied to the box gives
Dn1∆x∆y − Dn 2 ∆x∆y + Ψedge = ρ s ∆x∆y
As dz → 0, Ψedge → 0 hence
The change in the normal component of D at a
Dn1 − Dn 2 = ρ s boundary is equal to the surface charge
density
7
Proof of boundary conditions - Dn cont.
Dn1 − Dn 2 = ρ s
• For an insulator with no static electric charge ρs=0
Dn1 = Dn 2

• For a conductor all charge flows to the surface and for an


infinite, plane surface is uniformly distributed with area
charge density ρs
In a good conductor, σ is large, D=εE≈0 hence if
medium 2 is a good conductor

Dn1 = ρ s

8
Proof of boundary conditions - Bn
• Proof follows same argument as for Dn on page 47,
• The integral form of Gauss’ law for magnetostatics is

∫∫ B.dA = 0
– there are no isolated magnetic poles

Bn1∆x∆y − Bn 2 ∆x∆y + Ψedge = 0


⇒ Bn1 = Bn 2

The normal component of B at a boundary is


always continuous at a boundary

9
Conditions at a perfect conductor
• In a perfect conductor σ is infinite
• Practical conductors (copper, aluminium silver) have very large
σ and field solutions assuming infinite σ can be accurate
enough for many applications
• Finite values of conductivity are important in calculating Ohmic
loss
• For a conducting medium J=σE
• infinite σ⇒ infinite J
• More practically, σ is very large, E is very small (≈0) and J is
finite
Conditions at a perfect conductor
• It will be shown that at high frequencies J is confined to a surface
layer with a depth known as the skin depth
• With increasing frequency and conductivity the skin depth, δx
becomes thinner

Current sheet

δx
δx
Lower frequencies, smaller σ Higher frequencies, larger σ

• It becomes more appropriate to consider the current density in


terms of current per unit with:

lim Jδx = J s A/m


δx → 0 11
Conditions at a perfect conductor cont.
∆x
H y1 H x1 H y3 µ1,ε1,σ1
∆y H y2 H y4 µ2,ε2,σ2

H x2

• Ampere’s law:  ∂D 
0
∫ H.ds = ∫∫ 
A  ∂t
+ J .dA
 0 Jsz∆x
0
∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y  ∂D 
H y2 + H y1 + H x1∆x − H y 3 − H y4 − H x 2 ∆x =  z + J z ∆x∆y
2 2 2 2  ∂t 
0
As ∆y → 0, ∂D z ∂t ∆x∆y → 0, J z ∆x∆y → ∆xJ sz

H x1 − H x 2 = J sz That is, the tangential component of H is discontinuous


by an amount equal to the surface current density
12
Conditions at a perfect conductor cont.
• From Maxwell’s equations:
• If in a conductor E=0 then dE/dt=0
• Since
∂H
∇ × E = −µ
dt
Hx2=0 (it has no time-varying component and also
cannot be established from zero)
H x1 = J sz
The current per unit width, Js, along the surface of a
perfect conductor is equal to the magnetic field just
outside the surface:
• H and J and the surface normal, n, are mutually
perpendicular: J = n×Hs
13
Summary of Boundary conditions
At a boundary between non-conducting media
E t1 = E t 2 n × (E1 − E 2 ) = 0
H t1 = H t 2 n × (H1 − H 2 ) = 0

Dn1 = Dn 2 n.(D1 − D 2 ) = 0
Bn1 = Bn 2 n.(B1 − B 2 ) = 0

At a metallic boundary (large σ)


n × (E1 − E 2 ) = 0
n × (H1 − H 2 ) = 0
n.(D1 − D 2 ) = ρ s
n.(B1 − B 2 ) = 0
At a perfectly conducting boundary
n × E1 = 0
n × H1 = J s
n.D1 = ρ s
n.B1 = 014

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