CHEMICAL BONDING

Lesson 3
LearningOutcomes
 Differentiate between ionic and covalent
bonding
 Describe polar from nonpolar bonds
 Draw accurate Lewis structures
 Apply correct bonding patterns in drawing
Lewis structures
 Identify bond length and bond strength of
single, double and triple bonds
 Explain octe rule and its exceptions
CHEMICAL BONDING

• Ionic Bond- strongest; attractive

force between ions of opposite
charge
• Covalent Bond- formed from sharing
of electrons
Nonpolar and Polar Covalent
Bonds

• Nonpolar Bonds- bond between

identical atoms
• Ex. H--H ; F--F
• Polar Bonds- bond between
atoms of different
electronegativities
Lewis Structures
• Gilbert N. Lewis
• Dots represent electrons in the valence
shell of the atom.

• Show which atoms are bonded together

and tell us whether atoms posess lone
pair electrons or have a formal charge
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES
Drawing Lewis Structures

 Determine the number of valence

electrons in the molecule or ion.

 Determine the connectivity (arrangement)

of atoms.

 Connect the atoms by single line between

atoms.
 Arrange
the remaining electrons so that each
atom has a complete valence shell.

 Show bonding electrons as single lines.

 Show nonbonding electrons as pairs of dots.

 Atoms share 1 pair of electrons in a single

bond, 2 pairs in a double bond, and 3 pairs in
a triple bond.
Bond Energy and Bond Length

Bond energy - the amount of energy

required to break a bond holding two atoms
together
triple bond > double bond > single bond

Bond length - the distance separating the

nuclei of two adjacent atoms
single bond > double bond > triple bond
 Bonding Patterns
 In neutral molecules containing C, H, N, O, and
halogen
 Hydrogen has one bond.

 Carbon has 4 bonds and no unshared

electrons.
 Nitrogen has 3 bonds and 1 unshared pair of
electrons.
 Oxygen has 2 bonds and 2 unshared pairs of
electrons.
 Halogen has 1 bond and 3 unshared pairs of
electrons.
 Draw the Lewis structure of acetic acid,
C 2H 4O 2 .
Lewis Structures and Resonance

Write the Lewis structure of CO32−

Resonance - two or more Lewis structures

that contribute to the real structure
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
• Incomplete octets- less than eight
electrons around an atom other than H

• Let’s look at BeH2

1 Be atom  2 valence electrons = 2 e−
2 H atoms  1 valence electrons = 2 e−
total 4 e

• H – Be – H
• Odd electron - if there is an odd number
of valence electrons
• Expanded octets- an element in the 3rd
period or below may have 10 and 12
electrons around it