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Solution formation
Chapter 4 1
Solution Concentration
• Percentage
concentration:
number of grams of
solute per 100 g of
solution
l i
Solubility
• Solubility – the number of grams that dissolve in 100g
of solvent at a given temperature.
• A solution is said to be saturated when no more solute
can be dissolved at the current temperature.
• A solution containing less solute is called unsaturated
because it is able to dissolve more solute.
• Supersaturated solutions contain more solute than
required for saturation at a given temperature.
Supersaturated Solutions
• How are they prepared?
– Lower the temperature of a
saturated solution
• They are not stable.
• If a single crystal of solute
is added to a supersaturated
solution, the extra solute
crystallizes.
Chapter 4 2
Precipitates
• Many ionic compounds dissolve in water.
• Those that do not form a solid.
• Precipitate – a solid substance that separates
from solution.
• Precipitates can also form during reactions,
specifically precipitation reactions.
Types of Electrolytes
• Strong electrolyte – dissociates completely, totally
soluble in water
• N
Nonelectrolyte
l l – does
d not dissociate,
di i but
b isi totally
ll
soluble in water.
Chapter 4 3
Dissociation equations
• Represent what happens when an ionic
compound dissolves in water.
• Remember,
Remember ionic compounds dissociate into
ions! Don’t make up new ions when doing
so.
Na 2SO 4 ( s) → 2 Na + (aq ) + SO 24- (aq )
Na2SO4 → 2 Na+ + SO24-
10
Practice Problem
• Write the dissociation reactions for the
following compounds when dissolved in
water:
– (NH4)2SO4
– MgCl2
– Al(NO3)3
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12
Chapter 4 4
13
15
Chapter 4 5
Practice Problem
• Write the ionic and net ionic equations for
the following reaction:
CdCl2 + Na2S Æ CdS (s) + 2 NaCl
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17
Neutralization reactions
• Arrhenius gave first comprehensive theory of acids
and bases.
• He proposed that acids form hydrogen ions (H+) and
bases released hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
– Acids Æ H+
– Bases Æ OH-
• The characteristic reaction between acids and bases is
neutralization.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) Æ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
• In general, the reaction of an acid and a base produces
water and a salt.
18
Chapter 4 6
Acids (what’s really happening)
• Acid – a substance that reacts with water to produce
hydronium ion, H3O+.
• In general, acids are molecular compounds that react with
water to produce ions
• This is called ionization:
Acid molecule + H2O Æ H3O+ + anion
19
Acids continued
HCl( g ) + H 2O → H 3O + (aq ) + Cl - (aq )
HCl( g ) ⎯H⎯
⎯
2O
→ H + (aq) + Cl - (aq )
20
21
Chapter 4 7
Bases
• Base – a substance that produces hydroxide ion
, OH-, in water.
• Typically, they will be ionic compounds
containing either OH- or O2-.
• Exceptions: molecular bases
B + H2O Æ HB+ + OH-
• For example
NH3 + H2O Æ NH4+ + OH-
22
24
Chapter 4 8
25
Dynamic Equilibrium
HC2 H 3O + H 2O ⇔ H 3O + + C2 H 3O −
• An dynamic
equilibrium exists
between the weak
acid and ion.
• Note the double
arrow indicating
the equilibrium 26
NH 3 + H 2O ⇔ NH 4+ + OH − 27
Chapter 4 9
We are skipping
section 4.4
How to recognize…
• An acid: look for a polyatomic anion with
extra hydrogens
– H3PO4
– HC2H3O2
– H2CO3
• A base: look for hydroxide ion (OH-) or an
organic compound containing nitrogen
– NH3
– CH3NH2
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30
Chapter 4 10
Metathesis Reactions
• Also called double replacement reactions (think of
switching dance partners)
• Must form a product = usually ppt or water
Soluble or Insoluble?
• KCl
• MgCO3
• MnO2
• CaI2
• BaSO4
33
Chapter 4 11
Reactions of ionic solutions
• What happens when we mix two different
ionic solutions?
– Either they react to form a precipitate or they
don’t.
36
Chapter 4 12
More neutralization reactions
• When one reactant is weak:
NH 3 + HCl → NH 4Cl
• Weak acid with weak base
HC2 H 3O2 + NH 3 → NH 4C2 H 3O2 37
Practice Problems
• Write the complete, ionic and net ionic equations
for the reaction of
– HCl with KOH
– H2CO3 with LiOH
– NH3 with HNO3
– CH3NH2 with HC2H3O2
Concentration
• Concentration – relationship of solute to
solvent in a solution.
• The molar concentration or molarity (M) is
defined as
Chapter 4 13
Concentration continued
• Notice that molarity has two units: mol/L
• It can be used as a conversion factor
between moles and volume
volume.
40
Diluting a solution
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Chapter 4 14
How many grams of AgNO3 are needed to prepare
250. mL of 0.0125 M AgNO3? (MM of = 169.87
g/mol)
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44
Chapter 4 15
How many milliliters of 0.124M NaOH contain enough
NaOH to react with 15.4 mL of 0.108M H2SO4?
46
47
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Chapter 4 16
Titration Tools
• A buret allows us to measure the volume of the
known solution.
– Always record to two decimal places
• An indicator is used to tell us when the reaction is
complete
– In lab, the indicator was phenolphthalein.
– It goes from colorless to light pink when you have
reached the end point.
• The indicator changes colors at the end point.
• The end point is the point at which the acid is
exactly neutralized.
Titration Calculations
Do not use the
1. Write a balanced equation. dilution equation!
2. Write down what you know.
3. Write down what you are looking for.
4
4. Start with what you know (not where the question marks
are!)….also, don’t start with a number that has 2 sets of
units.
5. Use stoichiometry to determine moles of question mark
6. Determine the concentration of the question mark.
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51
Chapter 4 17
Stoichiometry Flow Chart
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Chapter 4 18