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September 2019

Introduction
A growing body of research has revealed that paternal involvement significantly impacts
child health and development. Furthermore, recent studies have determined that a father's
support in the prenatal period may play an important role in preventing infant mortality, preterm
birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age birth. Similarly, previous research has
determined that obstetric complications, such as anemia, eclampsia, and placental abruption, are
more prevalent among women whose babies' fathers were absent during pregnancy

Recent studies have determined that a father's support during the prenatal period may
play an important role in preventing infant mortality, preterm birth, low birth weight, and small-
for-gestational-age birth. Similarly, previous research has determined that obstetric
complications, such as anaemia, eclampsia, and placental abruption, are more prevalent among
women whose babies' fathers were absent during pregnancy (Padilla & Reichman, 2001; Tan,
Wen, Walker, & Demissie, 2004; Alio, Mbah, Grunsten, & Salihu, 2011; Alio, Mbah, Kornosky,
Wathington, Marty, & Salihu, 2011). Moreover, only a few studies have evaluated both the
feelings of prenatal attachment in women and their partner concurrently (Lorensen, Wilson, &
White, 2004; Ustunsoz et al., 2010)

The quality (emotional connection) of the fathers' relationship with the pregnant woman
on the fathers' expectations, experiences and practices. Childbirth is the time when men are most
receptive to getting involved with their families , which makes male involvement critical for
healthy pregnancy outcomes, infant survival and ideal child development.

In addition, the findings have implications for providing holistic care and addressing the
mental health of male partners of maternal near miss survivors. Male partners play a critical role
in caring for and supporting women and newborns during the postnatal period, which in turn
impacts on long-tem health, coping ability and postnatal adjustment of the mothers and health of
the infant. In contexts where fathers are more involved during labor, the women's postnatal
health is better , breastfeeding rates are higher and rates of child survival are increased

Paternal involvement and support in the setting of teenage pregnancy has also been
identified as a strong factor in the improvement of teenage pregnancy birth outcomes and in the
subsequent development and behaviour of offspring. The World Health Organisation
recommends exclusive breastfeeding for all infants from birth to six months of age. The bio-
psychosocial benefits for mother and child are well evident in numerous studies and hence
breastfeeding is a healthcare initiative that is widely advocated

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